瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)Perilitus coccinellae(Schrank)是繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)科優繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)亞科緣(yuan)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)屬(shu)的(de)一個(ge)物種(zhong)。瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)操控瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)保護(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)(jian)的(de)時間長度存在差異。有時候(hou)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)會(hui)一直保持警惕,直到(dao)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)破繭(jian)(jian)而(er)出(chu),蛻(tui)變(bian)成(cheng)黃(huang)蜂(feng)(feng)。以幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內和(he)一部分(fen)以繭(jian)(jian)在田間越冬,春季(ji)3-4月羽(yu)化為成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。寄(ji)主(zhu)有七星(xing)瓤(rang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、稻紅(hong)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生,單寄(ji)生。
北京(jing)(海淀,延慶,懷柔),山西(花(hua)塔,榆(yu)次(ci),臨汾),內(nei)蒙(meng)古(賀蘭(lan)山),浙江(西天目山,東陽),福(fu)建(福(fu)州,漳(zhang)州,龍溪),河南(安陽),四川(西昌),云南(昆明,開遠),新(xin)疆(烏(wu)魯木齊)。
全(quan)世(shi)界(包(bao)括夏威夷和新西(xi)蘭)。
雌蜂(feng)體長(chang)約4毫米。頭(tou)頂黃褐(he)色(se)(se),顏面黃色(se)(se),復眼、單眼座及后頭(tou)黑色(se)(se),觸角由基部至端部深褐(he)色(se)(se)至黑色(se)(se);胸部及并胸腹節黑色(se)(se);足(zu)暗褐(he)色(se)(se),前足(zu)稍淡;翅透(tou)明,略帶煙褐(he)色(se)(se),翅痣與翅脈暗褐(he)色(se)(se);腹部,第(di)1背板(ban)端部變寬具刻紋及皺(zhou)狀刻點(dian),第(di)2節及其后各節背板(ban)平滑,具光澤。產卵管突出,直(zhi),產卵管鞘長(chang)約為腹長(chang)之(zhi)半,被均勻白毛。
頭光(guang)滑具白色(se)柔毛,顏面中(zhong)(zhong)央略(lve)隆(long)起,與(yu)唇基(ji)(ji)間分界明(ming)顯,唇基(ji)(ji)窩深(shen),有后頭脊(ji);觸(chu)角與(yu)體(ti)約(yue)等長(chang)(chang),22節。中(zhong)(zhong)胸盾(dun)片(pian)(pian)(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)葉(xie)前半部(bu)(bu)及側葉(xie)后半部(bu)(bu)光(guang)滑具光(guang)澤,稍隆(long)起,盾(dun)縱溝寬(kuan)而淺,有網(wang)狀(zhuang)皺紋,至(zhi)盾(dun)片(pian)(pian)(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)葉(xie)前半部(bu)(bu)連成一(yi)片(pian)(pian)(pian),似“U”字(zi)形;小(xiao)盾(dun)片(pian)(pian)(pian)具網(wang)紋;并胸腹(fu)節具粗網(wang)紋,自基(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)1/3以后向下(xia)傾斜,后半部(bu)(bu)有細(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)脊(ji)。前翅徑(jing)(jing)(jing)室上緣短于徑(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)端部(bu)(bu)距翅端的(de)距離,徑(jing)(jing)(jing)脈(mo)第(di)(di)1段(duan)很短,約(yue)與(yu)基(ji)(ji)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)基(ji)(ji)段(duan)等長(chang)(chang),無第(di)(di)2肘(zhou)(zhou)間脈(mo),回脈(mo)自肘(zhou)(zhou)室伸出,小(xiao)脈(mo)后叉式。腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)第(di)(di)1節有柄,具網(wang)狀(zhuang)皺紋,第(di)(di)2節以后各(ge)節背板光(guang)滑,具光(guang)澤。產卵管鞘黑(hei)色(se),約(yue)為腹(fu)長(chang)(chang)之半,被有白色(se)細(xi)毛。幼蟲長(chang)(chang)橢(tuo)圓形,黃白毛,頭部(bu)(bu)較粗,后端較細(xi),無足,腹(fu)末(mo)有水泡狀(zhuang)突起。老熟時體(ti)長(chang)(chang)約(yue)5.5毫米(mi)。繭(jian)(jian)長(chang)(chang)約(yue)5毫米(mi),紡錘(chui)形,黃褐色(se),繭(jian)(jian)外有一(yi)層疏松的(de)深(shen)灰(hui)黃色(se)薄絲。單繭(jian)(jian)。
寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主有(you)(you)七星(xing)(xing)瓤(rang)(rang)蟲(chong)、稻(dao)紅瓢蟲(chong)。成蟲(chong)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng),單寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)。蜂幼蟲(chong)老熟(shu)時鉆出寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主體外,在其腹下吐絲結繭(jian),繭(jian)白色,并有(you)(you)一絲與瓤(rang)(rang)蟲(chong)相連,此時蟲(chong)已進(jin)人垂死狀態,俯在蜂繭(jian)之上(shang),尤如孵蛋一樣,觸之能(neng)微動,不(bu)食(shi)不(bu)動維持十天左(zuo)右,寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)蜂才咬破繭(jian)的一端(切口(kou)整齊(qi))羽(yu)化出來。貴定地區四月底在麥田可見七星(xing)(xing)瓢蟲(chong)被寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng);9月間(jian)可見稻(dao)田稻(dao)紅艦蟲(chong)被寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)。另發(fa)現有(you)(you)一種金小蜂作重寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng),從蟲(chong)繭(jian)蜂繭(jian)內羽(yu)化出來。
黃蜂(feng)家(jia)族的(de)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)繭蜂(feng)將(jiang)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)變成僵(jiang)尸(shi)的(de)全過程。瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)繭蜂(feng)鎖定(ding)目標,準備將(jiang)一(yi)(yi)枚卵(luan)注入(ru)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)體內(nei)。在(zai)蜂(feng)毒的(de)侵襲下,瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)將(jiang)陷(xian)入(ru)癱瘓狀態。在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)體內(nei),卵(luan)孵(fu)化成幼蟲(chong),發育幾天之后(hou)(hou)便在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)腹(fu)部抓出一(yi)(yi)個小洞。隨(sui)后(hou)(hou),幼蟲(chong)在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)腿(tui)之間織出一(yi)(yi)個繭,幼蟲(chong)蛻(tui)變期間,瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)的(de)尸(shi)體一(yi)(yi)直安息在(zai)繭頂部。
研(yan)究指出(chu)絕(jue)大多數寄生(sheng)蟲(chong)(chong)最終(zhong)都殺死宿(su)主,一(yi)些(xie)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)經受住可怕(pa)的(de)(de)考驗,幸(xing)存(cun)下來。30%到40%的(de)(de)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)宿(su)主在(zai)黃蜂幼蟲(chong)(chong)孵(fu)化之后(hou)仍然存(cun)活(huo),其中一(yi)些(xie)個(ge)體還能(neng)繼續產卵。這些(xie)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)之所以能(neng)夠幸(xing)存(cun)的(de)(de)原因在(zai)于,黃蜂幼蟲(chong)(chong)只以并(bing)不(bu)對瓢蟲(chong)(chong)構成致(zhi)命威脅(xie)的(de)(de)組織為食,例如脂肪(fang)。
仍然活(huo)著的(de)瓢蟲(chong)站(zhan)在蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)繭上(shang)面(mian),此時的(de)瓢蟲(chong)具有(you)(you)攻擊性,攻擊入侵者。這種行(xing)為(wei)與黃蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)幼蟲(chong)鉆出并結繭后留(liu)在瓢蟲(chong)體內的(de)毒(du)液有(you)(you)關。研(yan)究小組將捕食(shi)性草蜻(qing)蛉(ling)放入培養皿(min),蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)繭有(you)(you)的(de)上(shang)面(mian)站(zhan)著活(huo)瓢蟲(chong),有(you)(you)的(de)站(zhan)著死蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)繭,有(you)(you)的(de)則沒(mei)有(you)(you)這個保鏢(biao)。實驗結果顯示,草蜻(qing)蛉(ling)在攻擊受到僵(jiang)尸(shi)保鏢(biao)保護的(de)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)繭時成功率較低。
瓢蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)操控瓢蟲(chong)(chong)保護蜂(feng)繭(jian)的時(shi)間長度存在(zai)差(cha)異。有時(shi)候瓢蟲(chong)(chong)會一(yi)直保持(chi)警(jing)惕,直到(dao)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)破繭(jian)而出,蛻變成黃蜂(feng)。其他情況下,瓢蟲(chong)(chong)被控制的時(shi)間只有幾天。研究發(fa)現,如(ru)果投(tou)入(ru)更多時(shi)間和(he)能量控制它(ta)們的瓢蟲(chong)(chong)保鏢,黃蜂(feng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)成年(nian)后產卵(luan)較少(shao)。這是科學家第一(yi)次(ci)發(fa)現控制宿主與自身繁殖之間的取(qu)舍關系。
最終,一只新黃蜂從(cong)受到(dao)保護的繭中(zhong)鉆出。布(bu)羅(luo)德表示(shi)這項研究揭開了加(jia)拿大(da)的一個謎團。他說:“在森林(lin)中(zhong)散步時,我(wo)們經常看到(dao)瓢蟲站在一個繭上面,這讓我(wo)們大(da)為(wei)迷惑。現在,我(wo)們終于找(zhao)到(dao)答案。”
以幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內和一部分以繭在(zai)(zai)田(tian)間越冬,春(chun)季3-4月(yue)羽化為成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),產卵于瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腹末(mo)或腹側(ce)的節(jie)間膜內,單寄生,幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)老熟后在(zai)(zai)寄主腹部背面第(di)4-5節(jie)間咬圓孔外(wai)出,在(zai)(zai)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體下吐絲作(zuo)繭。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)壽命平(ping)(ping)均7天,蛹期平(ping)(ping)均14天,卵和幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期共(gong)43天,第(di)1代(dai)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期在(zai)(zai)4月(yue)上旬至4月(yue)底,第(di)2代(dai)在(zai)(zai)6月(yue)。
生境:農田、果園、森林。
地理(li)分布:河(he)北、山東、河(he)南(nan)、陜西、上海、四川、臺(tai)灣、福建、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西、云南(nan)。