棘頭蟲
spiny-headed worm
亦(yi)稱棘頭動(dong)物(wu)(acanthocephalan)
棘(ji)頭(tou)動(dong)物(wu)門(Acanthocephala)無脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu),約(yue)600種。嘴(zui)上(shang)(shang)有鉤。世界性分(fen)布,體長(chang)從不(bu)足1公(gong)分(fen)(0.4寸)到50公(gong)分(fen)(約(yue)20寸)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。均為(wei)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),成(cheng)(cheng)蟲寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)在脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(通常為(wei)魚),幼蟲寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)在節肢動(dong)物(wu)(昆蟲、蛛形類(lei)、甲殼(ke)類(lei)),稱(cheng)棘(ji)頭(tou)蚴。穿過(guo)腸(chang)壁(bi)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)血(xue)腔,外長(chang)一(yi)囊(nang)(nang),發育成(cheng)(cheng)像小(xiao)型(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲的(de)棘(ji)頭(tou)體。縮入(ru)(ru)(ru)吻(wen),進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)休(xiu)眠期,稱(cheng)囊(nang)(nang)棘(ji)蚴。被(bei)終末宿生(sheng)(sheng)(脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu))吞(tun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)后,棘(ji)頭(tou)動(dong)物(wu)在腸(chang)內脫出,用嘴(zui)鉆入(ru)(ru)(ru)腸(chang)壁(bi),并發育成(cheng)(cheng)熟。如(ru)囊(nang)(nang)棘(ji)蚴被(bei)其他宿主吞(tun)吃,則它(ta)穿過(guo)腸(chang)壁(bi)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)體腔,形成(cheng)(cheng)包囊(nang)(nang),但仍(reng)有侵染性,如(ru)此(ci)一(yi)宿主被(bei)終末宿主吞(tun)吃,它(ta)仍(reng)可(ke)發育成(cheng)(cheng)熟。
豬巨吻(wen)棘(ji)頭蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)又稱棘(ji)頭蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),屬(shu)棘(ji)頭動(dong)物門后棘(ji)頭蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)綱(gang).成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)寄生于(yu)(yu)豬的小(xiao)腸(chang),偶爾寄生于(yu)(yu)人,引起人體棘(ji)頭蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病。
成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)乳白色(se)或淡紅色(se),活體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)時(shi)背(bei)腹略扁平(ping),固(gu)定(ding)后為(wei)圓(yuan)柱形.體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)表(biao)有明(ming)顯(xian)的橫皺紋(wen),尤以體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)前部為(wei)甚(shen).體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)前部略粗大,向(xiang)后逐漸(jian)變細(xi),尾端鈍圓(yuan).蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)由吻(wen)突(tu)(tu)、頸部和軀(qu)(qu)干三部分組成(cheng).吻(wen)突(tu)(tu)呈球形,可伸縮,周圍有5~6排(pai)(pai)尖(jian)銳透明(ming)的吻(wen)鉤,每排(pai)(pai)6個,呈螺旋形排(pai)(pai)列.頸部短,圓(yuan)柱形,與吻(wen)鞘(qiao)相連(lian),肌肉的活動,可使吻(wen)突(tu)(tu)收(shou)縮入鞘(qiao)內(nei),吻(wen)鞘(qiao)收(shou)縮時(shi),吻(wen)突(tu)(tu)則神出.軀(qu)(qu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)具(ju)假體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)腔,無消化道,靠(kao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)壁吸收(shou)營養.雌雄(xiong)異(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。
在棘頭蟲(chong)(thorny-headed worm)那里,這種普(pu)通(tong)的(de)雄性(xing)寄生(sheng)蟲(chong)通(tong)過“黏腺”將(jiang)防(fang)戴綠(lv)帽子的(de)策略發展(zhan)成(cheng)為一(yi)種接近藝術(shu)的(de)形(xing)式。交配(pei)之(zhi)后,它們不會守(shou)在配(pei)偶身(shen)旁,甚至不花一(yi)點時間(jian)守(shou)護雌(ci)性(xing)。它們沒必要這么做,而只(zhi)是用黏液封住了雌(ci)性(xing)的(de)陰道。
本(ben)病流行具有明顯的季(ji)節性和區域(yu)性,應(ying)加強衛生知(zhi)識宣傳,教育兒童不捕食甲蟲(chong).提倡豬圈養.熟飼(si)料(liao)養豬.治(zhi)療藥物有丙硫(liu)咪唑(zuo)、甲苯(ben)咪唑(zuo)等.出(chu)現并發(fa)癥時(shi)(shi),應(ying)及時(shi)(shi)手術(shu)取出(chu)蟲(chong)體。
糞(fen)便中很少能查見(jian)蟲(chong)卵,診(zhen)斷(duan)性驅蟲(chong)治(zhi)療或急腹癥手術(shu)檢獲蟲(chong)體,作蟲(chong)種堅定可確(que)診(zhen)。
豬(zhu)是本病(bing)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)傳染(ran)源.我國有(you)9科35種鞘翅目昆(kun)蟲(chong)可作中(zhong)間宿(su)主(zhu),其中(zhong)以(yi)天(tian)牛(niu)、金龜子(zi)感染(ran)率最(zui)高.豬(zhu)巨吻(wen)棘(ji)頭蟲(chong)的(de)(de)成蟲(chong)主(zhu)要(yao)寄生于豬(zhu)的(de)(de)小腸,偶爾可寄生于人(ren)體,引(yin)起(qi)人(ren)體棘(ji)頭蟲(chong)病(bing)。
人感(gan)染棘(ji)頭(tou)蟲主要(yao)與(yu)飲食習慣有關.生食或(huo)半生食天牛、金龜子往(wang)往(wang)導致感(gan)染.感(gan)染的人群以學齡前兒童和青少年為主。