陳其(qi)美(1878—1916),字(zi)英士,號(hao)無為,浙江湖州吳(wu)興人,中國(guo)近(jin)代(dai)民主(zhu)革命家、中國(guo)同盟(meng)會元老。在辛亥革命時期與黃興同為孫中山的(de)左右股(gu)肱。蔡元培(pei)稱(cheng)其(qi)可(ke)與歷代(dai)俠士齊名(ming)列傳,并盛贊陳其(qi)美為“民國(guo)第一豪俠”。
1906年(nian)(nian)陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)赴日(ri)本留學(xue),入東京(jing)警監學(xue)校(xiao),同(tong)年(nian)(nian)加(jia)入中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)同(tong)盟會。期間(jian)與(yu)蔣介(jie)石、黃(huang)郛結(jie)為(wei)金(jin)蘭兄弟。1908年(nian)(nian)奉孫中(zhong)(zhong)山派遣(qian)回(hui)國(guo),往來于浙滬(hu)(hu)京(jing)津各地聯(lian)絡革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)人。1909年(nian)(nian)創辦《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)公(gong)報》、《民聲叢(cong)報》,宣(xuan)傳革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)。1910年(nian)(nian)與(yu)宋(song)教仁、譚(tan)人鳳等人組織中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)同(tong)盟會中(zhong)(zhong)會總(zong)部(bu),以(yi)推(tui)動(dong)長江(jiang)流域的革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)活動(dong)。1911年(nian)(nian)在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)武裝(zhuang)起義,上(shang)海(hai)光復(fu)后被(bei)推(tui)舉為(wei)滬(hu)(hu)軍都(dou)督。隨即又攻克浙江(jiang)巡撫衙門,組織蘇浙鎮滬(hu)(hu)聯(lian)軍攻克南京(jing)。1912年(nian)(nian)被(bei)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱(kai)解除(chu)滬(hu)(hu)軍都(dou)督職務(wu)。1913年(nian)(nian)二次革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)爆發(fa)(fa),陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)被(bei)推(tui)舉為(wei)上(shang)海(hai)討袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)軍總(zong)司(si)令,攻打江(jiang)南制(zhi)造局未果,11月(yue)(yue)應(ying)孫中(zhong)(zhong)山之命(ming)赴日(ri)本,繼續(xu)籌劃(hua)反(fan)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)。1914年(nian)(nian)加(jia)入中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang),任總(zong)務(wu)部(bu)長。1915年(nian)(nian)潛回(hui)上(shang)海(hai)策(ce)動(dong)武裝(zhuang)反(fan)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),11月(yue)(yue)在(zai)洪憲帝制(zhi)呼之欲出之際,陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)策(ce)劃(hua)暗(an)殺(sha)了(le)上(shang)海(hai)鎮守使、海(hai)軍上(shang)將鄭(zheng)汝成,12月(yue)(yue)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)肇(zhao)和艦起義。云南護國(guo)討袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)軍興,陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)百(bai)折不回(hui),誓(shi)死捍衛共和,繼續(xu)在(zai)江(jiang)浙一(yi)帶(dai)策(ce)動(dong)反(fan)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)軍事行動(dong),袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱(kai)對其(qi)(qi)恨之入骨。1916年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)18日(ri),受袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱(kai)指使的張宗昌派出程國(guo)瑞(rui),假借簽約(yue)援助討袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)經費,在(zai)日(ri)本人山田純(chun)三郎(lang)寓所(suo)將陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)暗(an)殺(sha)身亡。
陳(chen)其(qi)美遇刺后,孫(sun)中山(shan)疾呼:“失我長城(cheng)”,并奮筆疾書(shu)悼聯(lian):“可憐麟鳳(feng)供炰脯;如此江山(shan)待祓除”。
清光緒(xu)四年(1878年),陳其(qi)美出生在浙江湖(hu)州一個商人家庭(ting),讀過七年私(si)塾,15歲喪父,在一個小(xiao)鎮的當(dang)鋪一共(gong)當(dang)了12年的學(xue)徒(tu),后到上海做了兩年同康泰絲棧的佐理會計。
清光緒三十二年(nian)(1906年(nian))春,陳其美(mei)28歲那年(nian)才在(zai)弟(di)弟(di)等的資助下(xia)東渡日本留學。
在日本(ben)的兩年(nian)陳(chen)其(qi)美先后學習過警察、法律和軍(jun)事(shi)學。同年(nian)(1906年(nian))冬加(jia)入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)同盟會(hui),并(bing)介紹同鄉蔣介石、黃(huang)郛等人加(jia)入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)同盟會(hui)。和同時(shi)代的浙江籍(ji)革命黨(dang)人相比,陳(chen)其(qi)美出(chu)(chu)道較晚,與光復會(hui)也毫無淵源。那個時(shi)候(hou)的陳(chen)其(qi)美還(huan)并(bing)不出(chu)(chu)色,直到(dao)回國(guo)時(shi)仍(reng)是默(mo)默(mo)無聞。
陳(chen)其美嶄(zhan)露(lu)鋒芒(mang)是在(zai)清光緒三十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1908年(nian)(nian)(nian))回國后在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)的革命活動(dong)(dong)。從1907年(nian)(nian)(nian)到1910年(nian)(nian)(nian)是中國同盟(meng)會(hui)成(cheng)立以來(lai)困(kun)難的時期。在(zai)這(zhe)種困(kun)境下陳(chen)其美在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)重整旗(qi)鼓、打開了(le)局面,從空言(yan)漸進于實行,“黨(dang)勢為之(zhi)一(yi)振(zhen)”,因(yin)此(ci)引(yin)起了(le)遠在(zai)海(hai)外的孫(sun)中山的注(zhu)意。1910年(nian)(nian)(nian)與宋教仁(ren)、譚(tan)人鳳等人組織(zhi)中國同盟(meng)會(hui)中會(hui)總部,以推動(dong)(dong)長江流域的革命活動(dong)(dong)。
陳其美(mei)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)結交青幫作(zuo)為羽翼,成為青幫在(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)的頭領(ling),出入于(yu)酒樓、茶館、戲院(yuan)、澡堂等地,以(yi)掩護革(ge)(ge)命活動(dong)(dong)(dong)。并創辦精武武術學校,邀請霍(huo)元甲任總(zong)(zong)教師(shi),吸(xi)收大批江浙資本家如虞(yu)洽卿、王一亭、沈縵云等加入中國(guo)同盟會(hui)(hui),通過他(ta)們(men)結交了(le)李(li)平書、朱葆(bao)三(san)等商界聞人、社會(hui)(hui)名流,推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)他(ta)們(men)贊助革(ge)(ge)命,從而(er)掌(zhang)握了(le)商會(hui)(hui)、商團武裝等,使中國(guo)同盟會(hui)(hui)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)有了(le)比(bi)較扎實的社會(hui)(hui)基(ji)礎(chu)。陳其美(mei)1909年創辦《中國(guo)公(gong)報(bao)》、《民聲叢報(bao)》,宣(xuan)傳(chuan)革(ge)(ge)命,又(you)協助于(yu)右任創辦著名的《民立報(bao)》。清宣(xuan)統二年(1910年)與宋教仁、譚(tan)人鳳、楊(yang)譜生(sheng)等人組織中國(guo)同盟會(hui)(hui)中會(hui)(hui)總(zong)(zong)部,以(yi)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)長江流域的革(ge)(ge)命活動(dong)(dong)(dong)。因陳其美(mei)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)有社會(hui)(hui)基(ji)礎(chu),熟悉情況(kuang),又(you)是楊(yang)譜生(sheng)的親戚,就委(wei)托他(ta)為庶(shu)務,主持日常工(gong)作(zuo)。
1911年10月10日(ri)武昌起義(yi)爆發(fa),陳(chen)其美在11月1日(ri)夜與(yu)李(li)平書(shu)(shu)等人(ren)一起商(shang)定在上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)發(fa)動起義(yi)。11月3日(ri),陳(chen)其美率(lv)領革命(ming)軍(jun)(jun)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)江南(nan)制造(zao)局(ju)(ju),但(dan)局(ju)(ju)內總辦張楚寶負隅頑抗,陳(chen)其美命(ming)令(ling)大(da)(da)家(jia)停止進(jin)(jin)攻(gong),只身闖入制造(zao)局(ju)(ju),希望勸說守軍(jun)(jun)放下(xia)武器,結果(guo)被扣留。第二天(tian)凌晨,上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)商(shang)團總司令(ling)李(li)英(ying)石率(lv)領商(shang)團一千余人(ren)偕同李(li)燮和所部的(de)光復軍(jun)(jun)再次(ci)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong),終(zhong)于攻(gong)克江南(nan)制造(zao)局(ju)(ju),救出陳(chen)其美。此后,上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)全(quan)(quan)市很(hen)快光復。在漢(han)口失(shi)(shi)陷兩天(tian)后,即11月4日(ri)就傳來(lai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)光復的(de)喜訊,使得武漢(han)的(de)革命(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)士(shi)(shi)氣(qi)大(da)(da)振,同時,上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)的(de)光復牽(qian)制了(le)(le)武漢(han)的(de)清軍(jun)(jun),為攻(gong)取杭州、南(nan)京等地打下(xia)了(le)(le)堅(jian)實的(de)基礎,從而加速了(le)(le)長(chang)江流域各(ge)省的(de)革命(ming)進(jin)(jin)程。孫中山不(bu)止一次(ci)地說,當(dang)時響(xiang)應最(zui)有力、對全(quan)(quan)國影響(xiang)大(da)(da)的(de)是上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai),“英(ying)士(shi)(shi)在此積(ji)極進(jin)(jin)行,故漢(han)口一失(shi)(shi),英(ying)士(shi)(shi)則能(neng)取上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)以抵之,由上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)乃(nai)能(neng)窺取南(nan)京。后漢(han)陽一失(shi)(shi),吾黨(dang)又得南(nan)京以抵之,革命(ming)之大(da)(da)局(ju)(ju)因(yin)以益振。則上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)英(ying)士(shi)(shi)一木(mu)之支者(zhe),較他著尤多也(ye)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)起義(yi)成功后,開會推(tui)舉上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)都(dou)(dou)督,大(da)(da)家(jia)幾乎一致推(tui)舉陳(chen)其美,連李(li)平書(shu)(shu)也(ye)表示贊成。陳(chen)其美就這樣(yang)被選(xuan)為滬軍(jun)(jun)都(dou)(dou)督。
在上海光復后,陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)又派柏(bo)文蔚、范鴻仙赴南京(jing)(jing),派蔣介石、黃郛、陳泉卿赴杭(hang)州,策動蘇杭(hang)、鎮(zhen)江起義及發動皖贛等省(sheng)響應。很快,蘇州、杭(hang)州、鎮(zhen)江也宣布光復。這時的南京(jing)(jing),由于(yu)地(di)勢(shi)險(xian)要,并(bing)且兩江總督張(zhang)人駿、江寧將軍(jun)鐵良、江南提督張(zhang)勛頑固不化,負隅頑抗。陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)指出,如南京(jing)(jing)不破,蘇滬各(ge)地(di)‘倘難安枕”。陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)隨即組織(zhi)江浙聯軍(jun),會攻(gong)南京(jing)(jing),并(bing)推舉(ju)新軍(jun)首領徐紹楨為(wei)聯軍(jun)總司(si)令。經過二十(shi)多(duo)天的努(nu)力,1911年(nian)12月2日(ri)南京(jing)(jing)光復,同時也緩(huan)解了湖北方(fang)面漢陽失守(shou)的危(wei)急形勢(shi),使(shi)得辛(xin)亥革命(ming)最(zui)終成功(gong)。正(zheng)如孫中山評(ping)價陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei):“東南半壁,君實鎖鑰”。
孫(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)辭去(qu)臨(lin)時(shi)大總統(tong)后,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美也(ye)辭去(qu)滬(hu)軍都督(du),但(dan)(dan)他(ta)沒有去(qu)北京就任(ren)工商總長。直到1912年秋天,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美才與黃(huang)(huang)興繼孫(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)之后進京。孫(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)曾樂觀地向袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱建議,請袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱練兵十(shi)年,自己修鐵路十(shi)年,黃(huang)(huang)興開礦十(shi)年,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美興工商十(shi)年,就可以(yi)富國(guo)(guo)強兵。孫(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)被(bei)委任(ren)為全(quan)國(guo)(guo)鐵路督(du)辦,黃(huang)(huang)興為礦務總辦。據英國(guo)(guo)外交官(guan)的(de)報告說陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美“將被(bei)派往(wang)國(guo)(guo)外調查(cha)政治制(zhi)度(du)”,袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱曾經要送(song)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美17萬元,作為出洋(yang)游歷之資,勸陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美勿問(wen)國(guo)(guo)事(shi),但(dan)(dan)遭到陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美拒(ju)絕。不(bu)久,宋(song)教仁在上海火車站被(bei)暗殺,孫(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)提出訴諸武力(li),陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美當(dang)時(shi)是支持(chi)黃(huang)(huang)興“法律(lv)解(jie)決”主張的(de)。孫(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)最終也(ye)表示同(tong)意,在此期間堅持(chi)了四個月司(si)法解(jie)決,并未武力(li)行動,但(dan)(dan)袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱卻(que)率先攻屠九江,發動內戰,挑起內亂,江西都督(du)李(li)烈鈞在一周(zhou)后被(bei)迫(po)(po)宣(xuan)布自衛抗暴(bao),二次(ci)革(ge)命爆(bao)發。由于軍事(shi)實力(li)懸殊,二次(ci)革(ge)命失(shi)利,袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱出五萬元大洋(yang)懸賞(shang)緝拿陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美。1913年11月,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美被(bei)迫(po)(po)流亡日本。
二次革命(ming)失(shi)(shi)利后,孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)進行(xing)了反(fan)思:革命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)不(bu)能群(qun)龍無首,或互爭雄長,并據此組(zu)建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)(dang),手訂了入黨(dang)(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)誓約(yue)。而(er)(er)就是這一誓約(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)關于(yu)“附從(cong)孫(sun)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)再(zai)舉革命(ming)”一詞、入黨(dang)(dang)(dang)人須(xu)于(yu)署名下蓋指模,黃興認為不(bu)夠平等(deng),黨(dang)(dang)(dang)內同(tong)志多方設法彌縫(feng)分(fen)歧(qi)未果,黃興遠(yuan)走美(mei)(mei)(mei)國。在這場爭論(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)扮演的(de)(de)角色既重要又微(wei)妙。這種作用不(bu)僅在于(yu)陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)以加(jia)入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)實際行(xing)動支持(chi)了孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan),更(geng)因為在黃興赴美(mei)(mei)(mei)國后,陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)發(fa)出(chu)了《致黃克強勸一致服從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)繼續(xu)革命(ming)書(shu)》,信中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)出(chu)了政(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)政(zheng)治的(de)(de)一種理(li)(li)論(lun),而(er)(er)為孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)所激賞。回顧中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國同(tong)盟會組(zu)織以來的(de)(de)歷史,陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)總(zong)結說(shuo):“征諸過去之(zhi)(zhi)事實,則(ze)吾黨(dang)(dang)(dang)重大之(zhi)(zhi)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai),果由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)想誤(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)耶?抑認中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)想為誤(wu)而(er)(er)反(fan)對之(zhi)(zhi)致于(yu)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)耶?惟(wei)其(qi)(qi)前日(ri)認中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)想為誤(wu),皆致失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai);則(ze)于(yu)今日(ri)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)所主張,不(bu)宜輕以為理(li)(li)想而(er)(er)不(bu)從(cong),再(zai)貽(yi)他日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)悔。此美(mei)(mei)(mei)所以追懷往(wang)事而(er)(er)欲(yu)痛滌吾非者(zhe)也。”孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)特把(ba)此信作為附錄收入《建(jian)國方略》,可見陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)主張和孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)的(de)(de)思想十分(fen)契合。
陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)在日(ri)本期間(jian),向孫(sun)中(zhong)山提出:新一輪(lun)討伐(fa)袁世(shi)凱的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)應選(xuan)擇在敵軍力(li)(li)量相(xiang)對較弱、又(you)靠近北(bei)京的(de)(de)東北(bei)三省作為(wei)(wei)基礎力(li)(li)量,只有(you)在東北(bei)奠定基礎,才能成功實現南北(bei)合舉起義(yi)。孫(sun)中(zhong)山非常(chang)贊同(tong),委任陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)黨總務(wu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)長,派(pai)(pai)(pai)陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)戴季陶(tao)(tao)前往(wang)東北(bei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)中(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)黨東北(bei)支部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),組織軍隊,開展反(fan)對袁世(shi)凱的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)斗爭。1914年1月(yue),陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)戴季陶(tao)(tao)由日(ri)本神戶乘船(chuan)啟(qi)程,在1月(yue)26日(ri)抵達大(da)連,建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)秘(mi)密聯絡據(ju)點,籌建(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)黨東北(bei)支部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)。1914年2月(yue)陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)組建(jian)(jian)(jian)了中(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)黨奉(feng)天(tian)(tian)機(ji)關部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣寧武(wu)和(he)(he)朱(zhu)霽青(qing)兩人(ren)前往(wang)奉(feng)天(tian)(tian)和(he)(he)遼西招集舊部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣鮑化南潛(qian)入丹(dan)東聯合武(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)力(li)(li)量,又(you)致信蔣介(jie)石(shi),要他去浙江籌款(kuan)和(he)(he)到上海購(gou)運武(wu)器。經過多方努力(li)(li),陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)將幾(ji)支革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)武(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)聯合起來。陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)與戴季陶(tao)(tao)商議(yi),利用奉(feng)天(tian)(tian)省南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)地區反(fan)動勢力(li)(li)統治較為(wei)(wei)薄(bo)弱的(de)(de)形勢,開展武(wu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)討伐(fa)袁世(shi)凱的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)斗爭。起義(yi)計劃(hua)是以(yi)大(da)連為(wei)(wei)指揮中(zhong)樞(shu),先占領(ling)丹(dan)東,然后向奉(feng)天(tian)(tian)省各(ge)地發展,以(yi)達到實現奉(feng)天(tian)(tian)全省光復的(de)(de)戰略目標。1914年2月(yue)22日(ri),按計劃(hua)開始部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)署,陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)坐鎮大(da)連奉(feng)天(tian)(tian)機(ji)關部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)指揮。以(yi)從(cong)大(da)連出發的(de)(de)起義(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)隊先經莊河(he),再向丹(dan)東進發。陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)然后命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)令鮑化南等人(ren)率領(ling)起義(yi)軍從(cong)鳳城和(he)(he)朝鮮(xian)新義(yi)州向丹(dan)東進發。
從大連出發的(de)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)于1914年(nian)2月27日先后(hou)到達雞冠山,在(zai)那里待命休整,等待其(qi)他幾支(zhi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)會(hui)師(shi)。然后(hou)合力(li)(li)攻占(zhan)丹(dan)東。起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)正在(zai)分頭秘(mi)密(mi)集(ji)合時,被(bei)奉系軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)閥張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)作(zuo)霖的(de)密(mi)探(tan)偵知,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)作(zuo)霖一方面(mian)向日本關東洲都督(du)府提出交涉并要求(qiu)(qiu)日軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)大連租(zu)借地(di)內協助干預,一方面(mian)在(zai)全(quan)省范(fan)圍內全(quan)力(li)(li)搜捕(bu)前(qian)往丹(dan)東會(hui)合起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)革命黨人。關東洲日本統治當(dang)局當(dang)即派出軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)警(jing)沿安奉鐵路進行圍堵(du),攔截起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)進入丹(dan)東市區(qu)。僅僅幾天(tian)時間,就有七十多(duo)名(ming)革命黨人慘遭張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)作(zuo)霖殺害。陳其(qi)美感覺到目(mu)前(qian)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)武裝(zhuang)力(li)(li)量(liang)難與奉系軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)閥張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)作(zuo)霖的(de)反動(dong)(dong)武裝(zhuang)相對抗,于是(shi)下令分路撤退,等待時機另行組(zu)織發動(dong)(dong)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)。孫中山在(zai)日本得知張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)作(zuo)霖下令四處搜捕(bu)陳其(qi)美的(de)情況(kuang)后(hou),密(mi)電陳其(qi)美要求(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)迅速返回日本。
民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)三年(nian)(nian)(1914年(nian)(nian))1月(yue)(yue)袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)(kai)下令解散國(guo)會,并廢止《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)臨(lin)時約法》,民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)四年(nian)(nian)(1915年(nian)(nian))袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)(kai)復(fu)辟(pi)帝(di)制的(de)(de)(de)野心日(ri)(ri)益暴露。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue)陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)與許崇(chong)(chong)智奉孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)前往廣東秘密籌備建立(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)廣東支(zhi)部。陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)與許崇(chong)(chong)智由東京啟程(cheng),途(tu)經上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)時,上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)革命(ming)(ming)(ming)同(tong)志(zhi)堅持(chi)(chi)要留陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)主(zhu)持(chi)(chi)反袁(yuan)工作。許崇(chong)(chong)智寫信給(gei)孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan),孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)同(tong)意(yi)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)又在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)積(ji)極(ji)開展革命(ming)(ming)(ming)活動。陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)革命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)秘密活動的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)息很快(kuai)(kuai)被(bei)(bei)(bei)袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)(kai)得知(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)立(li)(li)(li)刻(ke)派其(qi)(qi)爪牙(ya)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)率重(zhong)(zhong)兵屯(tun)防上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai),兼控制海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)獨霸一(yi)(yi)(yi)方,血腥殺(sha)(sha)(sha)戮,瘋狂屠殺(sha)(sha)(sha)革命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),到處(chu)張貼告示(shi)(shi)宣(xuan)布“留藏匪類者,處(chu)死”,讓軍警在(zai)(zai)(zai)南市、閘北等(deng)(deng)地挨家挨戶搜(sou)查(cha)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)坐鎮上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)期間(jian),報紙上(shang)(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)登(deng)出(chu)“破獲(huo)亂黨(dang)機關(guan)”、“亂黨(dang)分(fen)子被(bei)(bei)(bei)正法”的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)息,慘遭(zao)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)戮者多達兩(liang)萬余人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),以(yi)至(zhi)(zhi)老百姓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)曾流傳這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)口溜:“鎮守使署(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鬼門關(guan),黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)去不(bu)(bu)(bu)復(fu)還”。當(dang)(dang)時上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)籠(long)罩在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)片白(bai)(bai)色恐怖(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)決定暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),挫一(yi)(yi)(yi)挫袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)銳(rui)氣(qi),這(zhe)對起兵發(fa)(fa)難(nan)也(ye)有幫助。民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)四年(nian)(nian)(1915年(nian)(nian))11月(yue)(yue)10日(ri)(ri),這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)天是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)天長節,當(dang)(dang)時駐扎在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)總領事要開會慶祝,而(er)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)鎮守使、海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍上(shang)(shang)(shang)將(jiang)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)最高軍政首長,照例也(ye)應(ying)前往祝賀。所(suo)以(yi)陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)便(bian)將(jiang)暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)行(xing)(xing)動安(an)排(pai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)天。陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)安(an)排(pai)精于(yu)槍(qiang)法的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)山(shan)(shan)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)埋(mai)伏(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)英租界(jie)外(wai)(wai)白(bai)(bai)渡橋(qiao)(qiao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶負責(ze)暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),又布置了十幾個革命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)死士埋(mai)伏(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)到日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)領事館(guan)所(suo)必(bi)須經過的(de)(de)(de)路上(shang)(shang)(shang)。11月(yue)(yue)9日(ri)(ri)晚,陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)專門召見王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)山(shan)(shan),說:“欲在(zai)(zai)(zai)滬(hu)發(fa)(fa)難(nan),必(bi)先殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),故(gu)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)既(ji)所(suo)以(yi)倒(dao)袁(yuan),亦既(ji)所(suo)以(yi)存民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)也(ye),二君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)謂何?”大家心中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)很清楚(chu),暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)動危(wei)險萬分(fen),即(ji)便(bian)獲(huo)得成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong),行(xing)(xing)刺者也(ye)難(nan)以(yi)生還。但王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)山(shan)(shan)卻慨然應(ying)諾,當(dang)(dang)即(ji)表(biao)示(shi)(shi):“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))不(bu)(bu)(bu)除,袁(yuan)(世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)(kai))不(bu)(bu)(bu)孤”,“必(bi)誓死以(yi)奉公命(ming)(ming)(ming)”!決心以(yi)生命(ming)(ming)(ming)誅除國(guo)賊,救國(guo)救民(min)(min)(min)。11月(yue)(yue)10日(ri)(ri)清晨(chen),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)手持(chi)(chi)兩(liang)支(zhi)手槍(qiang),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)山(shan)(shan)身懷(huai)兩(liang)顆炸(zha)彈(dan),埋(mai)伏(fu)(fu)到了外(wai)(wai)白(bai)(bai)渡橋(qiao)(qiao)側(ce)。十一(yi)(yi)(yi)點左右,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與其(qi)(qi)司務長乘汽車快(kuai)(kuai)靠近外(wai)(wai)白(bai)(bai)渡橋(qiao)(qiao)時,因(yin)車輛擁擠,行(xing)(xing)駛得比(bi)較慢。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)山(shan)(shan)立(li)(li)(li)即(ji)將(jiang)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)枚(mei)炸(zha)彈(dan)擲向鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)座車,只(zhi)聽“轟隆”一(yi)(yi)(yi)聲,車蓋(gai)爆裂,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)場重(zhong)(zhong)傷,車被(bei)(bei)(bei)迫(po)停(ting)下。而(er)埋(mai)伏(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)旁的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)立(li)(li)(li)刻(ke)沖(chong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)前,用槍(qiang)對準鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭(tou)部連開十槍(qiang),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)場斃命(ming)(ming)(ming)。行(xing)(xing)刺成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)后(hou),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)山(shan)(shan)本(ben)(ben)可從容(rong)脫(tuo)身,但兩(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)卻登(deng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)外(wai)(wai)白(bai)(bai)渡橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)頭(tou)對著圍觀人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群進行(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)鐘的(de)(de)(de)演講,大談革命(ming)(ming)(ming)。直至(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)聞訊趕來的(de)(de)(de)租界(jie)巡捕沖(chong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)橋(qiao)(qiao)頭(tou)包圍,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)山(shan)(shan)把槍(qiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)扔(reng),說道:“吾志(zhi)已償,雖死無憾”。旋即(ji)被(bei)(bei)(bei)捕。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)山(shan)(shan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)幸被(bei)(bei)(bei)捕后(hou),在(zai)(zai)(zai)法庭上(shang)(shang)(shang)鎮定自若,侃侃而(er)談:“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)助袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)(kai)叛(pan)反民(min)(min)(min)國(guo),余等(deng)(deng)為民(min)(min)(min)除賊,使天下咸知(zhi)(zhi)吾人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)討賊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi),且知(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)賊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可為。”當(dang)(dang)法官(guan)再三盤問主(zhu)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)及同(tong)黨(dang)時,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)山(shan)(shan)堅不(bu)(bu)(bu)吐實(shi),只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自豪地說:“吾為民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)立(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大功(gong),雖死無憾”。慷慨陳辭,不(bu)(bu)(bu)屈不(bu)(bu)(bu)撓,后(hou)英勇就義(yi)。這(zhe)種犧(xi)牲(sheng)精神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)難(nan)能可貴,這(zhe)種暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)行(xing)(xing)動之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)英勇悲壯,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)言而(er)喻的(de)(de)(de)。孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)先生高度評價此次暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)行(xing)(xing)動,稱:“此等(deng)(deng)氣(qi)魄,真足令人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生敬,滬(hu)去此賊,事大可為。”
革(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)因暗殺鄭汝成成功,信(xin)心倍增,積極籌備在上海(hai)發(fa)動武裝起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi),陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)秘密(mi)聯(lian)絡上海(hai)海(hai)陸(lu)(lu)軍(jun)隊起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi),而此時袁世(shi)凱突(tu)然要把此處兵力調走,那起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)就難了(le)(le),于是(shi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)時間(jian)不(bu)得(de)不(bu)提前(qian)(qian)到(dao)12月(yue)5日。在起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)前(qian)(qian),陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)已經和(he)(he)(he)(he)肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)兵艦(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)艦(jian)長打好招呼,而參加這次起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)有蔣介(jie)石、邵(shao)元沖、吳忠信(xin)等人(ren)(ren),分任軍(jun)事、財政、總務之責(ze),總司令是(shi)楊虎(hu)。起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)時間(jian)定在1915年12月(yue)5日下午三(san)點,兵分兩(liang)路(lu),一(yi)(yi)路(lu)由楊虎(hu)帶領(ling)占(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)艦(jian),另(ling)一(yi)(yi)路(lu)由尹(yin)神武率(lv)領(ling)占(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)應(ying)瑞(rui)、通(tong)濟(ji)兩(liang)艦(jian),做肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)援(yuan)。其(qi)(qi)他岸上的(de)(de)(de)(de)革(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)聽到(dao)艦(jian)隊炮聲后(hou)行動。由楊虎(hu)帶領(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二十多位革(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)從上海(hai)法(fa)租(zu)界碼頭(tou)下水,開小汽艇前(qian)(qian)往肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)艦(jian),非(fei)常順利地奪取了(le)(le)肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)艦(jian),并在下午六點向(xiang)江(jiang)南制造局(ju)開炮。制造局(ju)及(ji)城內一(yi)(yi)部分聯(lian)絡成熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)警,立即(ji)響(xiang)應(ying)。不(bu)幸(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),另(ling)一(yi)(yi)路(lu)由尹(yin)神武率(lv)領(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隊伍所乘的(de)(de)(de)(de)小汽輪被租(zu)界巡捕房干涉,不(bu)能(neng)按照計劃占(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)應(ying)瑞(rui)及(ji)通(tong)濟(ji)兩(liang)艦(jian)。因此,肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)陷入(ru)了(le)(le)孤立無援(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)境地。陸(lu)(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)同志聽到(dao)肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)炮聲,按照原計劃分別(bie)向(xiang)電報局(ju)、電話局(ju)等機關進(jin)攻,陳其(qi)(qi)美(mei)與蔣介(jie)石督戰指揮。但因寡不(bu)敵眾(zhong),北洋軍(jun)閥炮火(huo)猛烈,并且(qie)應(ying)瑞(rui)、通(tong)濟(ji)兩(liang)艘軍(jun)艦(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)被袁世(shi)凱派來的(de)(de)(de)(de)上海(hai)交涉員(yuan)楊晟以(yi)三(san)十萬元收買(mai),兩(liang)艘軍(jun)艦(jian)將矛頭(tou)指向(xiang)肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)。肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)楊虎(hu)等人(ren)(ren)見到(dao)形勢危(wei)急,被迫(po)撤離,肇(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)不(bu)幸(xing)失敗(bai)。
1916年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)袁世(shi)凱(kai)帝制自為(wei)(wei)(wei),蔡鍔在(zai)(zai)云(yun)南(nan)組織護(hu)國(guo)(guo)軍(jun),揭起(qi)討伐袁世(shi)凱(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)旗。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)積極響應,在(zai)(zai)1916年(nian)(nian)4月(yue)派夏爾(er)玙赴浙(zhe)江舉事(shi)。因(yin)計(ji)劃(hua)泄露,夏爾(er)玙慘遭北洋軍(jun)閥殺(sha)(sha)害。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)數次(ci)起(qi)兵討袁,成為(wei)(wei)(wei)袁世(shi)凱(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心腹大(da)患。袁世(shi)凱(kai)先派人(ren)(ren)(ren)給陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)送去七(qi)十(shi)萬(wan)元,讓陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)出(chu)(chu)洋游(you)歷,并威脅說,否則就用這筆錢作(zuo)經費(fei)(fei),買通刺客對(dui)(dui)他進(jin)行(xing)(xing)暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)聽后(hou)(hou)(hou)哈(ha)(ha)哈(ha)(ha)大(da)笑,予以(yi)(yi)拒(ju)絕,并寫下(xia)(xia)銘文:“死不(bu)(bu)畏死,生不(bu)(bu)偷生。男兒大(da)節,光與(yu)日爭。道之茍(gou)直,不(bu)(bu)憚鼎烹。渺然(ran)(ran)一(yi)身(shen),萬(wan)里(li)長城(cheng)”。以(yi)(yi)此表(biao)達為(wei)(wei)(wei)革(ge)命犧牲的(de)(de)(de)(de)決心。袁世(shi)凱(kai)于是(shi)命令駐軍(jun)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)宗昌(chang)負責(ze)實施(shi)暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)。張(zhang)宗昌(chang)接(jie)受(shou)暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)令后(hou)(hou)(hou),便找來程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)策(ce)劃(hua)。程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)與(yu)張(zhang)宗昌(chang)早(zao)年(nian)(nian)相(xiang)識(shi),后(hou)(hou)(hou)隨張(zhang)宗昌(chang)走南(nan)闖北,頗為(wei)(wei)(wei)忠心。由于陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)謹慎(shen),行(xing)(xing)蹤隱秘(mi)(mi),要(yao)想暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)他絕非易(yi)事(shi)。程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)帶(dai)(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)來到(dao)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai),秘(mi)(mi)密(mi)打(da)探陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)蹤,伺機(ji)行(xing)(xing)刺。不(bu)(bu)久(jiu),程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)得知陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)正在(zai)(zai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)策(ce)動反袁起(qi)義籌措經費(fei)(fei),于是(shi)便設下(xia)(xia)了(le)(le)一(yi)條毒計(ji)。張(zhang)宗昌(chang)和(he)(he)程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)假(jia)意開設了(le)(le)一(yi)家鴻豐煤礦公司,然(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)派密(mi)探李(li)(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)讓他與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)聯絡,謊稱該公司有一(yi)塊礦地,準備抵押(ya)給別人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)獲取(qu)貸(dai)款,請(qing)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)幫助從中(zhong)介紹,事(shi)成之后(hou)(hou)(hou),將把(ba)貸(dai)款的(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)分之四(si)付給陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)革(ge)命經費(fei)(fei)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)雖然(ran)(ran)有所(suo)懷疑,但為(wei)(wei)(wei)革(ge)命大(da)業(ye)還是(shi)同(tong)意了(le)(le),并約定(ding)時(shi)間簽訂合同(tong)。1916年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)18日傍晚,李(li)(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)根據事(shi)先約定(ding),以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)間人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)份,帶(dai)(dai)著程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)、許國(guo)(guo)霖(lin)和(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)“律師”身(shen)份出(chu)(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)吳國(guo)(guo)華來到(dao)了(le)(le)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)秘(mi)(mi)密(mi)寓所(suo)法租界薩坡塞(sai)路14號。而此時(shi),在(zai)(zai)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)寓所(suo)周圍(wei),早(zao)已(yi)埋伏好了(le)(le)張(zhang)宗昌(chang)選(xuan)派的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾名(ming)殺(sha)(sha)手,只(zhi)等(deng)接(jie)到(dao)信號就采取(qu)行(xing)(xing)動。李(li)(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)與(yu)程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)等(deng)來到(dao)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)寓所(suo),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)將他們請(qing)到(dao)客廳落座。寒暄幾句后(hou)(hou)(hou),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)方拿出(chu)(chu)合同(tong),準備簽字。此時(shi),李(li)(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)突然(ran)(ran)站起(qi)身(shen)來,說忘(wang)了(le)(le)帶(dai)(dai)合同(tong)底稿,要(yao)回去取(qu)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)起(qi)身(shen)相(xiang)送。李(li)(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)走出(chu)(chu)門(men)口,這是(shi)事(shi)先約定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信號,埋伏在(zai)(zai)附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩名(ming)殺(sha)(sha)手立即沖進(jin)屋里(li),舉起(qi)手槍,對(dui)(dui)準陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)連(lian)開三槍,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)當場犧牲,年(nian)(nian)僅38歲。
蔣介石聽(ting)到陳其美遇刺的消息,馬上趕(gan)(gan)來撫尸痛哭。孫中山剛由日本回國,也(ye)立即趕(gan)(gan)來,流淚不(bu)止,當場手書“失我長城(cheng)”四字,以(yi)志其哀。陳其美犧牲后,海內(nei)外(wai)各(ge)團體、各(ge)界人士的唁電、祭文、挽聯、挽額(e)絡(luo)繹不(bu)絕。
1927年(民國(guo)十(shi)(shi)六年),北伐(fa)軍占領上(shang)海,5月18日,舉行了陳其(qi)美逝世十(shi)(shi)一周年紀念大會,蔣(jiang)介石專程從南京趕來發表演說:“上(shang)海之(zhi)所以有革命如此之(zhi)成績者,為(wei)陳英士(shi)先(xian)生首倡革命之(zhi)功也。若無陳英士(shi)先(xian)生,即無今日之(zhi)中國(guo)國(guo)民黨,并無今日之(zhi)國(guo)民革命。”
陳其美在孫(sun)中山的影(ying)響和(he)帶動下(xia)做出(chu)過以下(xia)貢獻:
一(yi)、作(zuo)為辛亥革命時(shi)的滬軍(jun)都督、中國同盟會骨干,陳其美(mei)曾參與推動中華民國南(nan)京臨時(shi)政府成立。
二(er)、袁(yuan)世凱上臺(tai)后,陳其美追隨孫中山進行二(er)次革命(ming)和護國戰爭,是其主要的(de)助手,曾策劃(hua)一系列反袁(yuan)軍事行動(dong)。
三、支持孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)革命(ming)(ming)。從支持孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)的(de)角度而言,陳其美是孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)堅(jian)定的(de)追(zhui)隨者(zhe),助建中(zhong)(zhong)華革命(ming)(ming)黨,在二次(ci)革命(ming)(ming)失敗后、革命(ming)(ming)遭受(shou)重大挫(cuo)折時,取代黃興成為孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)反袁斗爭的(de)重要(yao)助手,籌(chou)集巨款全力(li)支持。
四、陳其美曾多(duo)次在江浙滬、北京、天津、山西乃(nai)至(zhi)東北聯(lian)絡(luo)會(hui)黨、組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)起義,他在上海組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)滬軍都督(du)府,通過這一機構(gou)在政治、社會(hui)運動(dong)各(ge)方面發揮(hui)作用。
中(zhong)國(guo)近代(dai)偉大的民主革命(ming)先行(xing)者(zhe)孫(sun)中(zhong)山:民國(guo)長城、民國(guo)起義首功(gong)之人(ren)。
民主革命家(jia)、思想家(jia)章太(tai)炎(yan):愿君化(hua)彗尾;為我掃幽燕。
中華(hua)革命(ming)黨支部電挽陳其美:英(ying)公(gong)其死矣;吾輩忍生乎。
于右任(ren):求仁而得(de)何怨(yuan);賊(zei)民之主不忠。
岑春煊(xuan)、李(li)烈鈞、方聲濤、林虎(hu)、張開儒、章(zhang)士釗、高爾登、文(wen)群、楊永泰、程子(zi)楷、李(li)根源、曾彥等電合(he)挽(wan)陳其美:凜存肩于后(hou)死;傷健翮之先摧。
中(zhong)國國民黨元老(lao)于(yu)右任挽陳其美:十年薪膽(dan)余亡(wang)命;百(bai)戰河山吊(diao)國殤。
中華民國總統(tong)孫中山挽陳其美:可憐麟(lin)鳳供(gong)炰脯;如此江山待祓(fu)除。
菲律賓中華革命黨支部電挽(wan)陳其(qi)美:世(shi)竟無鉏麍喻義;公終繼(ji)漁父銜冤。功成不屑黃(huang)金印(yin);身死長留碧(bi)浪(lang)湖(hu)。
周震鱗:為國捐軀,吾(wu)公志愿;緝兇善(shan)后,儕輩(bei)仔肩(jian)。