陳(chen)其美(1878—1916),字英(ying)士(shi),號無為,浙江湖州吳興人,中國(guo)近代民(min)主革(ge)(ge)命家、中國(guo)同(tong)(tong)盟會元老。在辛亥革(ge)(ge)命時期與(yu)黃興同(tong)(tong)為孫(sun)中山的左右股肱。蔡元培稱其可與(yu)歷代俠士(shi)齊名列傳,并盛贊陳(chen)其美為“民(min)國(guo)第一豪俠”。
1906年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)陳其美(mei)(mei)赴日本留(liu)學,入(ru)東京(jing)警監(jian)學校,同年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)加入(ru)中(zhong)國(guo)同盟會。期(qi)間與蔣(jiang)介石、黃郛(fu)結(jie)為金蘭兄弟。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)奉孫中(zhong)山(shan)派(pai)遣回國(guo),往來于浙(zhe)(zhe)滬(hu)(hu)京(jing)津各地聯絡革(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)人。1909年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)創(chuang)辦《中(zhong)國(guo)公報(bao)》、《民聲叢報(bao)》,宣(xuan)傳革(ge)命(ming)。1910年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)與宋教仁、譚人鳳(feng)等人組織中(zhong)國(guo)同盟會中(zhong)會總(zong)部(bu),以推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)長江(jiang)流域(yu)的革(ge)命(ming)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在上(shang)海發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)武裝(zhuang)起義,上(shang)海光(guang)復后被推(tui)舉(ju)為滬(hu)(hu)軍(jun)(jun)都督。隨(sui)即又攻(gong)(gong)克浙(zhe)(zhe)江(jiang)巡撫衙門,組織蘇浙(zhe)(zhe)鎮滬(hu)(hu)聯軍(jun)(jun)攻(gong)(gong)克南(nan)京(jing)。1912年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被袁(yuan)世凱(kai)解除滬(hu)(hu)軍(jun)(jun)都督職務。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)二次(ci)革(ge)命(ming)爆發,陳其美(mei)(mei)被推(tui)舉(ju)為上(shang)海討袁(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)總(zong)司令,攻(gong)(gong)打江(jiang)南(nan)制(zhi)造局未果,11月應孫中(zhong)山(shan)之命(ming)赴日本,繼續籌劃(hua)反(fan)袁(yuan)革(ge)命(ming)。1914年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)加入(ru)中(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)命(ming)黨(dang),任總(zong)務部(bu)長。1915年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)潛回上(shang)海策動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)武裝(zhuang)反(fan)袁(yuan),11月在洪憲帝制(zhi)呼之欲出之際,陳其美(mei)(mei)策劃(hua)暗殺(sha)了上(shang)海鎮守使、海軍(jun)(jun)上(shang)將(jiang)鄭汝成,12月發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)肇和艦起義。云南(nan)護國(guo)討袁(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)興,陳其美(mei)(mei)百(bai)折不回,誓死捍衛(wei)共(gong)和,繼續在江(jiang)浙(zhe)(zhe)一帶策動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)反(fan)袁(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)事行動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),袁(yuan)世凱(kai)對其恨之入(ru)骨。1916年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)5月18日,受袁(yuan)世凱(kai)指(zhi)使的張宗昌派(pai)出程國(guo)瑞,假借簽約援(yuan)助(zhu)討袁(yuan)經(jing)費,在日本人山(shan)田(tian)純(chun)三郎寓(yu)所將(jiang)陳其美(mei)(mei)暗殺(sha)身亡。
陳其(qi)美遇刺后,孫中山疾呼:“失我長城(cheng)”,并奮筆疾書悼聯:“可憐麟(lin)鳳供(gong)炰脯;如此江山待祓除”。
清光緒四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1878年(nian)(nian)),陳其美出生在(zai)浙江(jiang)湖州一個商(shang)人家庭,讀過七年(nian)(nian)私塾(shu),15歲喪父,在(zai)一個小(xiao)鎮的當(dang)鋪一共當(dang)了12年(nian)(nian)的學(xue)徒,后(hou)到上海(hai)做了兩年(nian)(nian)同康(kang)泰絲棧的佐理(li)會(hui)計。
清光緒三(san)十二年(1906年)春,陳其美(mei)28歲那年才在弟弟等的資助下東渡日本留學。
在(zai)日本的(de)兩年(nian)陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)先后學(xue)習過警察、法(fa)律和軍事(shi)學(xue)。同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(1906年(nian))冬加入中國同(tong)(tong)盟會(hui),并介紹(shao)同(tong)(tong)鄉蔣介石、黃郛等(deng)人加入中國同(tong)(tong)盟會(hui)。和同(tong)(tong)時代的(de)浙江籍革命黨人相比(bi),陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)出(chu)道較晚,與光復會(hui)也毫無(wu)淵源。那個時候的(de)陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)還并不(bu)出(chu)色(se),直到(dao)回國時仍(reng)是默(mo)默(mo)無(wu)聞(wen)。
陳其美嶄露(lu)鋒芒是在(zai)清光緒三(san)十四年(nian)(nian)(1908年(nian)(nian))回國(guo)后(hou)在(zai)上(shang)海的(de)革命活(huo)(huo)動(dong)。從1907年(nian)(nian)到1910年(nian)(nian)是中國(guo)同(tong)盟會成立以來困難的(de)時(shi)期。在(zai)這種困境下陳其美在(zai)上(shang)海重整旗鼓、打開了局面,從空言漸進于實行,“黨勢為之一振(zhen)”,因此(ci)引(yin)起(qi)了遠在(zai)海外(wai)的(de)孫中山(shan)的(de)注意。1910年(nian)(nian)與(yu)宋教仁(ren)、譚人鳳等(deng)人組織中國(guo)同(tong)盟會中會總部,以推動(dong)長江(jiang)流域(yu)的(de)革命活(huo)(huo)動(dong)。
陳其美在(zai)上海結(jie)交青幫(bang)作為羽(yu)翼,成(cheng)為青幫(bang)在(zai)上海的頭領,出(chu)入于(yu)酒樓、茶(cha)館、戲院、澡堂(tang)等地,以(yi)掩護革命(ming)活(huo)動(dong)。并(bing)創(chuang)辦(ban)(ban)精武武術學校,邀請霍(huo)元(yuan)甲(jia)任總教(jiao)師,吸收(shou)大批江(jiang)浙資本家(jia)如(ru)虞洽卿、王一(yi)亭、沈縵云等加入中(zhong)國(guo)同盟會,通(tong)過他們結(jie)交了(le)李平(ping)書、朱(zhu)葆三等商(shang)界(jie)聞人、社會名(ming)流(liu),推(tui)動(dong)他們贊助革命(ming),從而掌握了(le)商(shang)會、商(shang)團武裝(zhuang)等,使中(zhong)國(guo)同盟會在(zai)上海有(you)了(le)比較扎(zha)實的社會基(ji)礎。陳其美1909年(nian)創(chuang)辦(ban)(ban)《中(zhong)國(guo)公報》、《民聲叢報》,宣傳革命(ming),又(you)協(xie)助于(yu)右任創(chuang)辦(ban)(ban)著(zhu)名(ming)的《民立報》。清宣統二年(nian)(1910年(nian))與宋教(jiao)仁、譚人鳳、楊(yang)譜生等人組織(zhi)中(zhong)國(guo)同盟會中(zhong)會總部,以(yi)推(tui)動(dong)長(chang)江(jiang)流(liu)域的革命(ming)活(huo)動(dong)。因(yin)陳其美在(zai)上海有(you)社會基(ji)礎,熟悉(xi)情(qing)況,又(you)是楊(yang)譜生的親戚,就(jiu)委托他為庶務,主持日常工作。
1911年(nian)10月10日武昌起(qi)義(yi)爆(bao)發,陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)在11月1日夜(ye)與李(li)(li)平書(shu)等人(ren)一(yi)起(qi)商定在上(shang)(shang)海(hai)發動起(qi)義(yi)。11月3日,陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)率領(ling)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)軍(jun)進攻上(shang)(shang)海(hai)江(jiang)南(nan)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)局,但局內總辦(ban)張楚寶負隅頑(wan)抗,陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)命(ming)(ming)令(ling)大(da)家停(ting)止進攻,只(zhi)身闖入(ru)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)局,希望勸(quan)說(shuo)守軍(jun)放下(xia)武器,結(jie)果被(bei)扣留(liu)。第二天凌晨,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)商團總司令(ling)李(li)(li)英(ying)石率領(ling)商團一(yi)千余人(ren)偕同(tong)李(li)(li)燮和所部的(de)光(guang)復軍(jun)再次(ci)進攻,終于攻克(ke)江(jiang)南(nan)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)局,救(jiu)出陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)。此后,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)全(quan)市很快光(guang)復。在漢口失(shi)陷(xian)兩天后,即11月4日就傳(chuan)來(lai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)光(guang)復的(de)喜訊,使得武漢的(de)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)人(ren)士(shi)氣大(da)振,同(tong)時(shi),上(shang)(shang)海(hai)的(de)光(guang)復牽制(zhi)(zhi)了(le)武漢的(de)清軍(jun),為攻取(qu)(qu)杭(hang)州、南(nan)京(jing)等地打下(xia)了(le)堅實的(de)基礎,從而加(jia)速(su)了(le)長江(jiang)流域各(ge)省的(de)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)進程。孫中山不止一(yi)次(ci)地說(shuo),當時(shi)響(xiang)應最(zui)有(you)力、對全(quan)國影響(xiang)大(da)的(de)是上(shang)(shang)海(hai),“英(ying)士(shi)在此積極(ji)進行(xing),故漢口一(yi)失(shi),英(ying)士(shi)則(ze)能取(qu)(qu)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)以抵之(zhi),由(you)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)乃能窺取(qu)(qu)南(nan)京(jing)。后漢陽一(yi)失(shi),吾黨(dang)(dang)又(you)得南(nan)京(jing)以抵之(zhi),革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)之(zhi)大(da)局因以益振。則(ze)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)英(ying)士(shi)一(yi)木之(zhi)支者,較他著尤(you)多也(ye)。上(shang)(shang)海(hai)起(qi)義(yi)成(cheng)功后,開會推舉上(shang)(shang)海(hai)都(dou)督,大(da)家幾乎一(yi)致(zhi)推舉陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei),連李(li)(li)平書(shu)也(ye)表(biao)示(shi)贊成(cheng)。陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)就這樣(yang)被(bei)選為滬(hu)軍(jun)都(dou)督。
在上海光復(fu)后,陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)又派柏文(wen)蔚(yu)、范鴻仙赴南京(jing)(jing),派蔣(jiang)介石、黃郛(fu)、陳泉卿(qing)赴杭州(zhou),策(ce)動(dong)(dong)蘇杭、鎮江起義及發動(dong)(dong)皖贛(gan)等省響(xiang)應。很快,蘇州(zhou)、杭州(zhou)、鎮江也宣(xuan)布光復(fu)。這(zhe)時的(de)(de)(de)南京(jing)(jing),由(you)于地(di)勢險(xian)要,并(bing)(bing)且兩江總(zong)督張人駿、江寧將(jiang)軍鐵良、江南提督張勛(xun)頑固不化,負隅頑抗。陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)指出,如南京(jing)(jing)不破(po),蘇滬各地(di)‘倘難安枕”。陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)隨(sui)即組織江浙聯(lian)軍,會攻南京(jing)(jing),并(bing)(bing)推(tui)舉(ju)新軍首(shou)領徐紹(shao)楨為聯(lian)軍總(zong)司令。經過二十(shi)多天的(de)(de)(de)努(nu)力,1911年12月2日(ri)南京(jing)(jing)光復(fu),同時也緩(huan)解(jie)了(le)湖北方面漢陽失守的(de)(de)(de)危急形勢,使(shi)得辛亥革(ge)命最(zui)終成功。正(zheng)如孫(sun)中山(shan)評價(jia)陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei):“東南半壁,君實鎖鑰”。
孫中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)辭(ci)去(qu)臨時(shi)大(da)總統(tong)后(hou)(hou),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)也辭(ci)去(qu)滬軍都(dou)督,但他沒有去(qu)北京就(jiu)任工商總長。直到(dao)1912年(nian)秋天(tian),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)才與黃(huang)興(xing)(xing)繼(ji)孫中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)之后(hou)(hou)進京。孫中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)曾樂觀(guan)地向袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)建議,請袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)練兵十年(nian),自己修鐵(tie)路(lu)十年(nian),黃(huang)興(xing)(xing)開礦(kuang)十年(nian),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)興(xing)(xing)工商十年(nian),就(jiu)可(ke)以富國(guo)強兵。孫中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)被(bei)(bei)委任為全(quan)國(guo)鐵(tie)路(lu)督辦,黃(huang)興(xing)(xing)為礦(kuang)務(wu)總辦。據英(ying)國(guo)外交官的(de)報告(gao)說陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)“將被(bei)(bei)派往國(guo)外調查(cha)政治制度”,袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)曾經要送陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)17萬元(yuan),作為出(chu)洋游歷(li)之資,勸陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)勿(wu)問(wen)國(guo)事,但遭到(dao)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)拒(ju)絕。不久,宋教仁(ren)在(zai)上(shang)海火車站被(bei)(bei)暗殺,孫中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)提出(chu)訴諸武力(li),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)當時(shi)是支持(chi)黃(huang)興(xing)(xing)“法律(lv)解決(jue)(jue)”主(zhu)張的(de)。孫中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)最(zui)終也表示同(tong)意,在(zai)此期間堅持(chi)了四個月司法解決(jue)(jue),并未武力(li)行動,但袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)卻率先攻屠(tu)九江,發(fa)動內戰(zhan),挑起內亂,江西都(dou)督李烈鈞在(zai)一(yi)周后(hou)(hou)被(bei)(bei)迫(po)宣(xuan)布自衛抗暴(bao),二次革命(ming)爆發(fa)。由于軍事實力(li)懸殊(shu),二次革命(ming)失利,袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)出(chu)五萬元(yuan)大(da)洋懸賞緝拿(na)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。1913年(nian)11月,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)被(bei)(bei)迫(po)流亡(wang)日本。
二次革(ge)(ge)命(ming)失利后,孫中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)進行了(le)(le)反思(si):革(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)不(bu)能(neng)群龍無首,或互爭雄長,并據此(ci)組(zu)建中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)(dang),手訂了(le)(le)入黨(dang)(dang)之誓(shi)約。而(er)就(jiu)是(shi)這一誓(shi)約中(zhong)(zhong)關于(yu)(yu)“附從孫先生再(zai)舉(ju)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)”一詞、入黨(dang)(dang)人須(xu)于(yu)(yu)署名下蓋指模,黃(huang)興認為(wei)不(bu)夠平等(deng),黨(dang)(dang)內(nei)同志多方(fang)設法(fa)彌縫分歧未果,黃(huang)興遠(yuan)走美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)。在這場爭論中(zhong)(zhong),陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)扮演的(de)角色(se)既重要(yao)又微(wei)妙。這種作用不(bu)僅在于(yu)(yu)陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)以(yi)加入中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)實際(ji)行動支持了(le)(le)孫中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan),更因為(wei)在黃(huang)興赴美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)后,陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)發(fa)出(chu)了(le)(le)《致黃(huang)克強勸(quan)一致服從中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)先生繼續革(ge)(ge)命(ming)書(shu)》,信(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)提出(chu)了(le)(le)政(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)政(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)一種理(li)論,而(er)為(wei)孫中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)所(suo)激賞。回(hui)顧中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)同盟會組(zu)織以(yi)來的(de)歷(li)史,陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)總(zong)結說:“征諸過(guo)去之事實,則吾(wu)黨(dang)(dang)重大之失敗(bai),果由中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)先生之理(li)想誤之耶(ye)?抑認中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)先生之理(li)想為(wei)誤而(er)反對之致于(yu)(yu)失敗(bai)耶(ye)?惟其前日(ri)認中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)先生之理(li)想為(wei)誤,皆致失敗(bai);則于(yu)(yu)今(jin)日(ri)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)先生之所(suo)主張(zhang),不(bu)宜輕以(yi)為(wei)理(li)想而(er)不(bu)從,再(zai)貽他日(ri)之悔。此(ci)美(mei)(mei)所(suo)以(yi)追(zhui)懷往事而(er)欲痛滌吾(wu)非者也。”孫中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)特把此(ci)信(xin)作為(wei)附錄(lu)收(shou)入《建國(guo)(guo)方(fang)略》,可見陳(chen)其美(mei)(mei)主張(zhang)和孫中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)思(si)想十分契合(he)。
陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)在(zai)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)期間,向(xiang)孫中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)提出:新一輪(lun)討伐(fa)袁世凱的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)應選擇在(zai)敵軍(jun)(jun)力量相對較(jiao)弱(ruo)、又(you)靠近北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)的(de)(de)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)三省(sheng)作為(wei)基礎力量,只有在(zai)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)奠定基礎,才(cai)能(neng)成功實(shi)現南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)合舉起(qi)義。孫中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)非常贊同,委任陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)總務部(bu)(bu)長,派(pai)(pai)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)和戴季陶前往東北(bei)(bei)(bei)建(jian)立中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)支(zhi)部(bu)(bu),組(zu)織(zhi)軍(jun)(jun)隊,開(kai)展(zhan)反對袁世凱的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)斗爭。1914年1月,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)和戴季陶由日(ri)(ri)本(ben)神戶乘船啟程(cheng),在(zai)1月26日(ri)(ri)抵達大連(lian)(lian),建(jian)立秘密聯絡據點,籌建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)支(zhi)部(bu)(bu)。1914年2月陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)組(zu)建(jian)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)奉(feng)(feng)(feng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)機關部(bu)(bu),派(pai)(pai)遣寧(ning)武和朱霽青兩人前往奉(feng)(feng)(feng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)和遼(liao)西招集(ji)舊部(bu)(bu),派(pai)(pai)遣鮑化南(nan)潛入丹(dan)(dan)東聯合武裝力量,又(you)致信蔣介(jie)石,要他去浙江籌款和到上海購運武器。經(jing)過多(duo)方(fang)努(nu)力,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)將幾支(zhi)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)武裝聯合起(qi)來。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)與戴季陶商議,利用奉(feng)(feng)(feng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)省(sheng)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)和東部(bu)(bu)地區反動勢力統治較(jiao)為(wei)薄弱(ruo)的(de)(de)形勢,開(kai)展(zhan)武裝討伐(fa)袁世凱的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)斗爭。起(qi)義計劃是以大連(lian)(lian)為(wei)指揮中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樞,先占領丹(dan)(dan)東,然后向(xiang)奉(feng)(feng)(feng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)省(sheng)各地發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan),以達到實(shi)現奉(feng)(feng)(feng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)全省(sheng)光復的(de)(de)戰略(lve)目標。1914年2月22日(ri)(ri),按計劃開(kai)始部(bu)(bu)署(shu),陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)坐鎮大連(lian)(lian)奉(feng)(feng)(feng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)機關部(bu)(bu)指揮。以從(cong)大連(lian)(lian)出發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)起(qi)義部(bu)(bu)隊先經(jing)莊河,再向(xiang)丹(dan)(dan)東進發(fa)(fa)(fa)。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)然后命(ming)令鮑化南(nan)等人率領起(qi)義軍(jun)(jun)從(cong)鳳城(cheng)和朝鮮新義州(zhou)向(xiang)丹(dan)(dan)東進發(fa)(fa)(fa)。
從大連(lian)出發的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)于(yu)1914年2月27日(ri)(ri)先后到(dao)達雞冠山(shan),在(zai)那里待命(ming)休(xiu)整,等待其他幾(ji)支義軍(jun)(jun)(jun)會(hui)師。然后合力(li)攻占丹(dan)(dan)東(dong)(dong)。起(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)(jun)(jun)正在(zai)分頭秘密集合時,被(bei)奉系(xi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)閥張(zhang)作(zuo)霖(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)密探偵知,張(zhang)作(zuo)霖(lin)(lin)一方(fang)面(mian)向(xiang)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)關(guan)東(dong)(dong)洲都督府(fu)提出交涉(she)并要求日(ri)(ri)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)大連(lian)租(zu)借地內(nei)協助(zhu)干預(yu),一方(fang)面(mian)在(zai)全省范圍內(nei)全力(li)搜(sou)捕(bu)前往(wang)丹(dan)(dan)東(dong)(dong)會(hui)合起(qi)(qi)義的(de)(de)革命(ming)黨(dang)人。關(guan)東(dong)(dong)洲日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)統治當(dang)局當(dang)即派出軍(jun)(jun)(jun)警沿安奉鐵(tie)路進(jin)行圍堵,攔(lan)截起(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)入丹(dan)(dan)東(dong)(dong)市區。僅僅幾(ji)天時間(jian),就有(you)七十多名革命(ming)黨(dang)人慘遭張(zhang)作(zuo)霖(lin)(lin)殺害。陳其美感覺到(dao)目(mu)前起(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)武(wu)裝力(li)量難與奉系(xi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)閥張(zhang)作(zuo)霖(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)反動武(wu)裝相對抗,于(yu)是下令分路撤退,等待時機另行組織發動起(qi)(qi)義。孫中山(shan)在(zai)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)得知張(zhang)作(zuo)霖(lin)(lin)下令四處搜(sou)捕(bu)陳其美的(de)(de)情況后,密電陳其美要求其迅速(su)返回日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)。
民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)三年(nian)(1914年(nian))1月袁世凱(kai)(kai)下(xia)令解(jie)散國(guo)(guo)會,并廢止《中華民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)臨時(shi)約法(fa)》,民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)四年(nian)(1915年(nian))袁世凱(kai)(kai)復辟帝制的(de)(de)(de)(de)野(ye)心(xin)日(ri)(ri)益暴露。同(tong)(tong)年(nian)2月陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美與許崇智(zhi)(zhi)奉孫(sun)中山(shan)(shan)之命(ming)(ming)前(qian)往廣(guang)(guang)東秘密(mi)籌(chou)備建立中華革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)廣(guang)(guang)東支部(bu)。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美與許崇智(zhi)(zhi)由東京啟程,途(tu)經(jing)(jing)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)時(shi),上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)同(tong)(tong)志(zhi)堅持要留陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)主(zhu)持反袁工作。許崇智(zhi)(zhi)寫信給孫(sun)中山(shan)(shan),孫(sun)中山(shan)(shan)表示(shi)同(tong)(tong)意。于是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美又在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)積極開(kai)展革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)活動(dong)。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美等(deng)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)秘密(mi)活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)消息很快(kuai)被(bei)袁世凱(kai)(kai)得(de)知,于是(shi)(shi)立刻派其(qi)(qi)爪牙鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)率重兵屯防上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai),兼(jian)控制海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)獨霸一(yi)(yi)方,血腥殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)戮,瘋狂屠殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)(ren),到處張(zhang)貼(tie)告示(shi)宣布“留藏匪類(lei)者,處死(si)(si)”,讓軍(jun)警在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)南市(shi)、閘北等(deng)地挨(ai)家挨(ai)戶搜查。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)坐鎮上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)期間(jian),報(bao)紙上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)不(bu)斷登出(chu)“破(po)獲亂(luan)黨(dang)機關”、“亂(luan)黨(dang)分子被(bei)正法(fa)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)消息,慘遭鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)戮者多(duo)達(da)兩萬余人(ren)(ren),以(yi)(yi)(yi)至(zhi)老百姓中曾流傳這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)順口(kou)溜:“鎮守(shou)使(shi)(shi)(shi)署是(shi)(shi)鬼門關,黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)去不(bu)復還(huan)”。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)籠罩在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)片白(bai)色(se)恐怖之中,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美等(deng)人(ren)(ren)決定暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),挫一(yi)(yi)挫袁世凱(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銳氣(qi),這(zhe)對起兵發難也有幫助。民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)四年(nian)(1915年(nian))11月10日(ri)(ri),這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)是(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)天(tian)長節,當(dang)(dang)時(shi)駐扎在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)總領(ling)事要開(kai)會慶(qing)祝,而上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)鎮守(shou)使(shi)(shi)(shi)、海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)將鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因(yin)是(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)最高(gao)軍(jun)政首長,照例也應(ying)前(qian)往祝賀。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美便(bian)將暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)行(xing)(xing)動(dong)安排在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美安排精(jing)于槍法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明山(shan)(shan)二人(ren)(ren)埋伏(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)英(ying)租界外(wai)白(bai)渡(du)橋(qiao)一(yi)(yi)帶負責暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),又布置了十(shi)幾個革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)死(si)(si)士埋伏(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)到日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)領(ling)事館所必(bi)須經(jing)(jing)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)路上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。11月9日(ri)(ri)晚,陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美專門召(zhao)見王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明山(shan)(shan),說(shuo):“欲在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)滬(hu)發難,必(bi)先(xian)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),故殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)既所以(yi)(yi)(yi)倒袁,亦(yi)既所以(yi)(yi)(yi)存民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)也,二君之意謂何(he)?”大(da)家心(xin)中都很清楚(chu),暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)動(dong)危險萬分,即(ji)便(bian)獲得(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功,行(xing)(xing)刺者也難以(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)還(huan)。但(dan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明山(shan)(shan)卻(que)慨(kai)然應(ying)諾,當(dang)(dang)即(ji)表示(shi):“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))不(bu)除,袁(世凱(kai)(kai))不(bu)孤”,“必(bi)誓死(si)(si)以(yi)(yi)(yi)奉公命(ming)(ming)”!決心(xin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)命(ming)(ming)誅除國(guo)(guo)賊,救(jiu)國(guo)(guo)救(jiu)民(min)(min)。11月10日(ri)(ri)清晨,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)手(shou)持兩支手(shou)槍,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明山(shan)(shan)身懷(huai)兩顆炸彈(dan),埋伏(fu)到了外(wai)白(bai)渡(du)橋(qiao)側。十(shi)一(yi)(yi)點左右,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與其(qi)(qi)司務長乘汽(qi)車(che)快(kuai)靠近外(wai)白(bai)渡(du)橋(qiao)時(shi),因(yin)車(che)輛(liang)擁擠,行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)得(de)比較(jiao)慢。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明山(shan)(shan)立即(ji)將第一(yi)(yi)枚炸彈(dan)擲向鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)座車(che),只聽“轟隆”一(yi)(yi)聲(sheng),車(che)蓋爆裂,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)場(chang)重傷,車(che)被(bei)迫停下(xia)。而埋伏(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)旁的(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)立刻沖上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)前(qian),用槍對準鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭(tou)部(bu)連開(kai)十(shi)槍,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)場(chang)斃命(ming)(ming)。行(xing)(xing)刺成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功后(hou),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明山(shan)(shan)本(ben)(ben)可從容脫身,但(dan)兩人(ren)(ren)卻(que)登上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)外(wai)白(bai)渡(du)橋(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)頭(tou)對著圍(wei)觀人(ren)(ren)群進行(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)分鐘的(de)(de)(de)(de)演講,大(da)談(tan)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)。直至(zhi)被(bei)聞(wen)訊趕(gan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)租界巡捕(bu)(bu)沖上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)橋(qiao)頭(tou)包(bao)圍(wei),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明山(shan)(shan)把(ba)槍一(yi)(yi)扔(reng),說(shuo)道:“吾志(zhi)已償(chang),雖死(si)(si)無憾”。旋即(ji)被(bei)捕(bu)(bu)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明山(shan)(shan)不(bu)幸被(bei)捕(bu)(bu)后(hou),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)庭上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鎮定自若,侃侃而談(tan):“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)助袁世凱(kai)(kai)叛反民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo),余等(deng)為(wei)民(min)(min)除賊,使(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)下(xia)咸(xian)知吾人(ren)(ren)討賊之義,且知民(min)(min)賊之不(bu)可為(wei)。”當(dang)(dang)法(fa)官再三盤問主(zhu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)及同(tong)(tong)黨(dang)時(shi),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明山(shan)(shan)堅不(bu)吐實,只是(shi)(shi)自豪地說(shuo):“吾為(wei)民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)立一(yi)(yi)大(da)功,雖死(si)(si)無憾”。慷慨(kai)陳(chen)辭(ci),不(bu)屈(qu)不(bu)撓(nao),后(hou)英(ying)勇(yong)就義。這(zhe)種犧牲(sheng)精(jing)神之難能(neng)可貴(gui),這(zhe)種暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)行(xing)(xing)動(dong)之英(ying)勇(yong)悲(bei)壯,是(shi)(shi)不(bu)言而喻的(de)(de)(de)(de)。孫(sun)中山(shan)(shan)先(xian)生(sheng)高(gao)度評價此次暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)行(xing)(xing)動(dong),稱(cheng):“此等(deng)氣(qi)魄,真足(zu)令人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)敬,滬(hu)去此賊,事大(da)可為(wei)。”
革命(ming)黨人(ren)(ren)因暗(an)殺鄭汝成(cheng)成(cheng)功,信心倍增(zeng),積極籌(chou)備在(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)發動武裝(zhuang)起(qi)義(yi)(yi),陳其美秘(mi)密聯絡上(shang)(shang)海(hai)海(hai)陸(lu)軍(jun)隊(dui)起(qi)義(yi)(yi),而(er)(er)此(ci)(ci)時袁世凱突然(ran)要(yao)把(ba)此(ci)(ci)處(chu)兵力調走,那(nei)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)就難(nan)了,于是起(qi)義(yi)(yi)時間不得不提(ti)前到(dao)12月(yue)(yue)5日。在(zai)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)前,陳其美已(yi)經和(he)(he)肇(zhao)和(he)(he)兵艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)長打好招呼,而(er)(er)參(can)加這次起(qi)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)主要(yao)人(ren)(ren)員有蔣介(jie)石、邵元沖(chong)、吳忠信等人(ren)(ren),分(fen)(fen)任軍(jun)事、財政、總務之責,總司令是楊虎。起(qi)義(yi)(yi)時間定(ding)在(zai)1915年12月(yue)(yue)5日下午三點,兵分(fen)(fen)兩(liang)路(lu),一路(lu)由楊虎帶領(ling)占(zhan)領(ling)肇(zhao)和(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),另一路(lu)由尹神武率領(ling)占(zhan)領(ling)應(ying)(ying)瑞、通濟(ji)兩(liang)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),做肇(zhao)和(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)后(hou)援。其他(ta)岸上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)革命(ming)黨人(ren)(ren)聽到(dao)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隊(dui)炮聲(sheng)后(hou)行動。由楊虎帶領(ling)的(de)(de)二十多(duo)位革命(ming)黨人(ren)(ren)從上(shang)(shang)海(hai)法(fa)租(zu)界碼頭下水,開(kai)小汽艇前往肇(zhao)和(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),非常順利地(di)奪取了肇(zhao)和(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),并(bing)在(zai)下午六點向(xiang)江(jiang)南制造(zao)局(ju)開(kai)炮。制造(zao)局(ju)及城內一部分(fen)(fen)聯絡成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)軍(jun)警,立(li)即(ji)響應(ying)(ying)。不幸(xing)的(de)(de)是,另一路(lu)由尹神武率領(ling)的(de)(de)隊(dui)伍所乘(cheng)的(de)(de)小汽輪(lun)被租(zu)界巡(xun)捕房干涉,不能(neng)按(an)(an)照計劃占(zhan)領(ling)應(ying)(ying)瑞及通濟(ji)兩(liang)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。因此(ci)(ci),肇(zhao)和(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)陷入了孤立(li)無援的(de)(de)境地(di)。陸(lu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)同志(zhi)聽到(dao)肇(zhao)和(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)炮聲(sheng),按(an)(an)照原(yuan)計劃分(fen)(fen)別向(xiang)電(dian)報(bao)局(ju)、電(dian)話局(ju)等機關進攻,陳其美與蔣介(jie)石督戰指揮。但因寡(gua)不敵(di)眾,北洋軍(jun)閥炮火(huo)猛烈(lie),并(bing)且應(ying)(ying)瑞、通濟(ji)兩(liang)艘軍(jun)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)被袁世凱派來的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)交涉員楊晟以三十萬(wan)元收買,兩(liang)艘軍(jun)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)將矛(mao)頭指向(xiang)肇(zhao)和(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。肇(zhao)和(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)楊虎等人(ren)(ren)見到(dao)形勢危急,被迫(po)撤離(li),肇(zhao)和(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)不幸(xing)失(shi)敗。
1916年(nian)1月(yue)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱帝(di)制自為(wei),蔡(cai)鍔在(zai)云(yun)南組(zu)織(zhi)護國(guo)(guo)軍(jun),揭起(qi)(qi)討伐袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱的(de)(de)(de)(de)大旗(qi)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)積極響(xiang)應,在(zai)1916年(nian)4月(yue)派(pai)夏(xia)爾(er)(er)玙赴浙(zhe)江舉(ju)事(shi)。因計劃泄露(lu),夏(xia)爾(er)(er)玙慘遭北(bei)洋軍(jun)閥殺(sha)害。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)數次起(qi)(qi)兵討袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),成為(wei)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)腹大患。袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱先(xian)派(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)給(gei)(gei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)送(song)去(qu)七十萬元,讓陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)出(chu)洋游歷,并(bing)威脅(xie)說,否則(ze)就用這(zhe)筆錢作(zuo)經(jing)費(fei)(fei),買通刺(ci)客(ke)對(dui)他進行(xing)暗(an)殺(sha)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)聽后哈哈大笑,予以拒(ju)絕,并(bing)寫下(xia)銘文:“死(si)不畏死(si),生(sheng)不偷生(sheng)。男兒大節,光與(yu)日(ri)(ri)爭。道之(zhi)(zhi)茍直,不憚(dan)鼎烹(peng)。渺(miao)然一(yi)身(shen),萬里(li)長城(cheng)”。以此(ci)表(biao)達為(wei)革(ge)命犧(xi)牲(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)決心(xin)。袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱于是(shi)(shi)命令(ling)駐(zhu)軍(jun)上海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)張宗(zong)昌(chang)負責實(shi)施暗(an)殺(sha)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。張宗(zong)昌(chang)接受(shou)暗(an)殺(sha)令(ling)后,便找來(lai)程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)進行(xing)策劃。程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)與(yu)張宗(zong)昌(chang)早年(nian)相識,后隨張宗(zong)昌(chang)走南闖(chuang)北(bei),頗為(wei)忠心(xin)。由于陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)謹慎,行(xing)蹤隱秘,要(yao)想(xiang)暗(an)殺(sha)他絕非易(yi)事(shi)。程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)帶人(ren)(ren)(ren)來(lai)到(dao)上海(hai),秘密打探陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)蹤,伺機行(xing)刺(ci)。不久,程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)得(de)知陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)正在(zai)為(wei)策動反袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)起(qi)(qi)義(yi)籌(chou)措經(jing)費(fei)(fei),于是(shi)(shi)便設(she)(she)下(xia)了一(yi)條毒計。張宗(zong)昌(chang)和程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)假(jia)意開(kai)設(she)(she)了一(yi)家鴻(hong)豐煤礦公(gong)司,然后派(pai)密探李海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)讓他與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)聯絡,謊稱該公(gong)司有一(yi)塊礦地,準備(bei)抵押給(gei)(gei)別人(ren)(ren)(ren)以獲取(qu)貸款,請陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)幫助從中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)紹,事(shi)成之(zhi)(zhi)后,將把貸款的(de)(de)(de)(de)十分之(zhi)(zhi)四付(fu)給(gei)(gei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)革(ge)命經(jing)費(fei)(fei)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)雖然有所懷疑,但(dan)為(wei)革(ge)命大業還是(shi)(shi)同(tong)意了,并(bing)約(yue)定(ding)時間簽訂合同(tong)。1916年(nian)5月(yue)18日(ri)(ri)傍(bang)晚,李海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)根據事(shi)先(xian)約(yue)定(ding),以中(zhong)(zhong)間人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)份,帶著程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)、許國(guo)(guo)霖(lin)和以“律師”身(shen)份出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)吳國(guo)(guo)華來(lai)到(dao)了陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)在(zai)上海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)秘密寓(yu)所法租界(jie)薩(sa)坡塞(sai)路14號。而此(ci)時,在(zai)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)寓(yu)所周圍,早已埋(mai)伏(fu)好了張宗(zong)昌(chang)選派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾名殺(sha)手(shou),只等接到(dao)信號就采取(qu)行(xing)動。李海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)與(yu)程(cheng)國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)(rui)等來(lai)到(dao)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)寓(yu)所,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)將他們請到(dao)客(ke)廳落座。寒(han)暄幾句后,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)要(yao)對(dui)方(fang)拿出(chu)合同(tong),準備(bei)簽字。此(ci)時,李海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)突然站(zhan)起(qi)(qi)身(shen)來(lai),說忘了帶合同(tong)底稿,要(yao)回去(qu)取(qu)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)起(qi)(qi)身(shen)相送(song)。李海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)走出(chu)門口,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)事(shi)先(xian)約(yue)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信號,埋(mai)伏(fu)在(zai)附近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩名殺(sha)手(shou)立即(ji)沖進屋里(li),舉(ju)起(qi)(qi)手(shou)槍,對(dui)準陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)連開(kai)三槍,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)當場犧(xi)牲(sheng),年(nian)僅38歲。
蔣介石(shi)聽到陳(chen)其美遇刺(ci)的(de)消息,馬上(shang)趕(gan)來撫尸痛哭。孫(sun)中山剛由日(ri)本回國,也立即趕(gan)來,流(liu)淚不止,當場(chang)手書“失我長城”四字,以志(zhi)其哀。陳(chen)其美犧牲后,海(hai)內(nei)外(wai)各團體、各界(jie)人(ren)士的(de)唁電、祭文、挽(wan)聯、挽(wan)額絡繹(yi)不絕。
1927年(民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)十六(liu)年),北伐軍占領上海,5月(yue)18日(ri),舉(ju)行了陳(chen)(chen)其美逝世十一周年紀念大(da)會,蔣(jiang)介石專程從南京趕來發表演說:“上海之(zhi)所以(yi)有革命如(ru)此之(zhi)成績(ji)者,為陳(chen)(chen)英士先(xian)生(sheng)首倡革命之(zhi)功(gong)也。若無陳(chen)(chen)英士先(xian)生(sheng),即無今日(ri)之(zhi)中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)黨,并無今日(ri)之(zhi)國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)革命。”
陳其(qi)美在孫中山的影響(xiang)和帶(dai)動(dong)下做出過(guo)以(yi)下貢獻:
一、作為辛(xin)亥革命(ming)時的滬軍都(dou)督、中國(guo)同盟會骨干,陳其美(mei)曾參與推動(dong)中華(hua)民國(guo)南京臨時政府成立。
二、袁(yuan)世(shi)凱(kai)上(shang)臺(tai)后,陳其美追隨孫(sun)中山進行(xing)二次革命和(he)護(hu)國戰(zhan)爭,是其主要(yao)的(de)助手,曾策劃一系(xi)列反袁(yuan)軍事行(xing)動。
三、支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)孫(sun)中(zhong)山革(ge)命。從(cong)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)孫(sun)中(zhong)山的角度而言,陳(chen)其美是孫(sun)中(zhong)山堅(jian)定的追隨者,助建(jian)中(zhong)華革(ge)命黨(dang),在二(er)次革(ge)命失敗后(hou)、革(ge)命遭受重(zhong)大挫(cuo)折時(shi),取代黃(huang)興成為孫(sun)中(zhong)山反(fan)袁斗爭的重(zhong)要助手,籌(chou)集巨款全(quan)力支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)。
四、陳(chen)其(qi)美曾多次在江浙滬(hu)、北(bei)京、天(tian)津、山(shan)西乃至東北(bei)聯(lian)絡會(hui)黨、組織(zhi)起義(yi),他在上海(hai)組織(zhi)滬(hu)軍(jun)都督府(fu),通過這一機構(gou)在政治、社會(hui)運動各方(fang)面(mian)發(fa)揮作用(yong)。
中國(guo)近代(dai)偉大的(de)民(min)主革命(ming)先行者孫中山:民(min)國(guo)長城、民(min)國(guo)起義首功之人。
民主(zhu)革命家(jia)、思想家(jia)章(zhang)太(tai)炎:愿(yuan)君化彗尾;為我掃(sao)幽燕。
中(zhong)華革命黨(dang)支部(bu)電(dian)挽陳其美:英(ying)公其死矣(yi);吾輩忍(ren)生乎。
于右任:求(qiu)仁而得何怨;賊(zei)民之主不忠。
岑春煊、李烈鈞、方聲濤、林虎、張開(kai)儒、章(zhang)士釗、高爾登、文群、楊(yang)永泰、程子楷、李根源、曾彥等電合挽陳其美:凜存肩(jian)于后死;傷健翮之先摧。
中(zhong)國國民黨元老于右任(ren)挽陳其(qi)美:十年薪膽余亡命;百(bai)戰河山吊國殤。
中(zhong)華(hua)民國總統孫中(zhong)山(shan)挽陳其美:可(ke)憐麟鳳供炰(pao)脯;如此江(jiang)山(shan)待祓除。
菲(fei)律賓中華革命黨支部電挽陳其美:世竟無鉏(chu)麍(liu)喻義(yi);公(gong)終繼漁父銜冤(yuan)。功(gong)成(cheng)不屑黃(huang)金印(yin);身(shen)死(si)長留碧(bi)浪湖。
周(zhou)震(zhen)鱗(lin):為國捐(juan)軀,吾公(gong)志愿;緝兇善后,儕輩(bei)仔肩。