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大鼓簡介

大鼓（梵名dundubhi）樂(le)器(qi)名。打擊樂(le)器(qi)的一種，又作太鼓。即在中空(kong)的木(mu)制圓筒上張皮，以(yi)供(gong)打擊的樂(le)器(qi)。在佛教古來(lai)被做為敲打集眾之用。

在《有部目(mu)得迦(jia)》卷八(ba)中說：“六大都城(cheng)諸(zhu)苾宣(xuan)等，咸悉來集，人眾既多，遂失(shi)時(shi)候。佛(fo)言：應打犍稚。雖打犍稚，眾鬧不聞。佛(fo)言：應擊大鼓。”

此外，鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)也用(yong)來做為警示之用(yong)。在(zai)《大唐(tang)西域記》卷十二亦將在(zai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)用(yong)于儀式、舞(wu)樂與軍陣中(zhong)。唐(tang)代以降，禪林普(pu)遍使用(yong)大鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。《敕修百丈清規(gui)》卷下，有(you)“法鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”、“茶(cha)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”、“齋(zhai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”、“更(geng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”、“浴(yu)(yu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”等多種。其中(zhong)，法鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)住持上堂(tang)、小(xiao)參、普(pu)說(shuo)、入(ru)室時擊之。上堂(tang)時擊三通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，小(xiao)參時擊一通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，普(pu)說(shuo)時擊五下，入(ru)室時擊三下，皆(jie)當(dang)緩(huan)擊。茶(cha)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)祖忌獻茶(cha)湯時，長擊一通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，由(you)侍司主之。齋(zhai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)懸(xuan)于庫司之前，于齋(zhai)時擊三通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。更(geng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)由(you)庫司主之，早晚(wan)平擊三通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，其余(yu)隨(sui)更(geng)次(ci)擊之。浴(yu)(yu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)浴(yu)(yu)時擊四(si)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，由(you)知(zhi)浴(yu)(yu)主之。

樂器結構

大(da)鼓(gu)由(you)鼓(gu)身、鼓(gu)皮、鼓(gu)圈、鼓(gu)卡和(he)鼓(gu)棰等部分組成。

鼓(gu)的(de)(de)材料，鼓(gu)身∶初期有(you)金（金屬）、玉、木(mu)(mu)、石(shi)(shi)等種(zhong)種(zhong)制(zhi)品。一(yi)直(zhi)到(dao)現代(dai)，則多(duo)(duo)已(yi)改用(yong)木(mu)(mu)料和牛、馬、豬皮(pi)等制(zhi)造。用(yong)金屬制(zhi)造的(de)(de)叫(jiao)“鉦鼓(gu)”，用(yong)石(shi)(shi)料制(zhi)造的(de)(de)叫(jiao)“石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)”，獸皮(pi)制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)稱為“皮(pi)鼓(gu)”。鼓(gu)圈和鼓(gu)卡：多(duo)(duo)用(yong)鋁合金制(zhi)成(cheng)。鼓(gu)棰(chui)：短(duan)而(er)粗的(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)棰(chui)，一(yi)端包以皮(pi)條、布料或絨氈，呈球(qiu)狀(zhuang)。

近世佛寺中(zhong)所用(yong)的(de)鼓(gu)，其狀多為矮桶(tong)式(shi)，大型鼓(gu)多半(ban)懸掛在鼓(gu)樓(lou)中(zhong)，或大雄寶殿(dian)的(de)檐角下。中(zhong)、小型的(de)鼓(gu)，則(ze)配以吊鐘，架放在鼓(gu)架上(shang)，以備贊(zan)誦(song)唱念之(zhi)用(yong)。手鼓(gu)則(ze)于(yu)離位行進時執持敲用(yong)。

大鼓(gu)屬于雙面膜鳴樂(le)器，無固定音(yin)(yin)高，但可控制發音(yin)(yin)的(de)強弱 變(bian)化。用鼓(gu)棰敲擊發音(yin)(yin)，隨用力的(de)變(bian)化來表現不同(tong)的(de)音(yin)(yin)樂(le)情(qing)緒。其音(yin)(yin)色低沉響亮(liang)，雄壯(zhuang)有力，用于模仿(fang)雷聲和炮聲時(shi)恰如其分。

現代大鼓起源于古代土(tu)耳其，因此又(you)稱大軍鼓，中世紀時傳入歐洲。是軍樂(le)隊、管弦樂(le)隊和(he)交響樂(le)隊中重(zhong)要(yao)的打擊樂(le)器，幾(ji)乎不(bu)作獨奏，而是參與合(he)奏或(huo)襯托樂(le)隊和(he)聲(sheng)的伴(ban)奏樂(le)器， 但大鼓的地位非常(chang)重(zhong)要(yao)，它不(bu)僅使樂(le)隊的低(di)音(yin)聲(sheng)部(bu)更加充實、豐滿，而且為整個樂(le)隊帶來一種(zhong)氣(qi)勢(shi)，增添(tian)了(le)活力。