板(ban)鼓,因(yin)常(chang)與拍板(ban)由一人兼奏而得(de)名。又稱單皮(一面蒙(meng)皮)、班(ban)(ban)鼓(過去戲班(ban)(ban)專用)。是(shi)納西(xi)(xi)、土(tu)家、侗、蒙(meng)古(gu)、漢等族棰擊膜鳴樂器。納西(xi)(xi)族稱環鼓。流行(xing)于云南(nan)、貴州、湖北、湖南(nan) 、廣西(xi)(xi)、廣東(dong)、內蒙(meng)古(gu)、河北等省(sheng)區及全國各地。
早在唐代(618~907)就已(yi)用(yong)(yong)于“清(qing)(qing)樂(le)”中,那時(shi)稱為(wei)(wei)“節(jie)鼓(gu)”。隋(sui)唐時(shi)期(qi)已(yi)用(yong)(yong)于隋(sui)九部樂(le)、唐十部樂(le)的“清(qing)(qing)樂(le)”中,當時(shi)稱為(wei)(wei)節(jie)鼓(gu)。隨著明清(qing)(qing)戲曲藝(yi)術(shu)的發展,廣(guang)泛用(yong)(yong)于昆(kun)曲、京劇等地方戲曲伴(ban)奏中。清(qing)(qing)代還(huan)稱搭鼓(gu),《清(qing)(qing)朝續(xu)文獻通(tong)考》載:“班鼓(gu),又名(ming)搭鼓(gu),音(yin)噍急(ji),為(wei)(wei)各器之領(ling)袖,擊(ji)法甚不易。”
板鼓:常與拍板由(you)一(yi)人兼奏而得名,并有(you)“單(dan)皮”(一(yi)面(mian)蒙皮)和“班鼓”(過去戲班專用)之稱,是中國戲曲樂隊中的(de)指揮樂器。
板(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)是形體(ti)矮小(xiao)的單面鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)身用(yong)色木(mu)、樺木(mu)、槐木(mu)、桑木(mu)、櫸木(mu)或(huo)柚(you)木(mu)等(deng)硬質(zhi)木(mu)料(liao)制作,由(you)5塊較(jiao)厚木(mu)板(ban)(ban)拼合而(er)成,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)身直徑25厘(li)米,但絕大(da)(da)部(bu)分是木(mu)質(zhi)板(ban)(ban)面,中間(jian)振動(dong)發音的鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)面僅有(you)5~10厘(li)米,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膛呈八字形,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)邊(bian)高9.5厘(li)米。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)皮(pi)用(yong)牛皮(pi),張緊于整個(ge)板(ban)(ban)面直到底(di)邊(bian)為止(zhi)。蒙皮(pi)的鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膛部(bu)分又(you)叫“鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)光”,是敲(qiao)擊發音部(bu)位。板(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)發音的高低,取決(jue)于鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膛的大(da)(da)小(xiao)和蒙皮(pi)的松緊。為保(bao)持鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)皮(pi)的張力,所(suo)釘(ding)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)釘(ding)較(jiao)多,并在底(di)部(bu)箍以鐵(tie)圈。