板鼓,因常(chang)與拍(pai)板由一(yi)人兼奏而得名。又稱(cheng)單(dan)皮(一(yi)面蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)皮)、班(ban)鼓(過去戲班(ban)專用)。是(shi)納西、土家、侗、蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古(gu)、漢等族棰擊膜鳴樂器。納西族稱(cheng)環鼓。流行于(yu)云南、貴州、湖北、湖南 、廣西、廣東、內蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古(gu)、河北等省區及全國(guo)各地。
早在(zai)唐(tang)代(618~907)就已用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)“清(qing)樂(le)”中,那時(shi)稱為(wei)“節鼓(gu)(gu)”。隋(sui)唐(tang)時(shi)期已用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)隋(sui)九部樂(le)、唐(tang)十部樂(le)的(de)“清(qing)樂(le)”中,當時(shi)稱為(wei)節鼓(gu)(gu)。隨著(zhu)明清(qing)戲(xi)曲藝術的(de)發展(zhan),廣泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)昆曲、京劇等地方戲(xi)曲伴奏(zou)中。清(qing)代還稱搭鼓(gu)(gu),《清(qing)朝續(xu)文獻通考》載:“班鼓(gu)(gu),又名搭鼓(gu)(gu),音噍急,為(wei)各器之領袖,擊法甚不易(yi)。”
板鼓:常與拍板由一人兼奏而得名,并有“單皮(pi)”(一面蒙皮(pi))和“班鼓”(過去戲班專(zhuan)用)之稱,是中國戲曲(qu)樂(le)隊(dui)中的(de)指揮樂(le)器。
板(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)是形(xing)體矮小的(de)(de)單面(mian)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)身(shen)用色木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、樺木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、槐(huai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、桑木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、櫸木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)或柚木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等硬(ying)質木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)料制作,由5塊較(jiao)厚木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)板(ban)拼合而成,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)身(shen)直徑(jing)25厘(li)米(mi),但絕大(da)部(bu)分(fen)是木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)質板(ban)面(mian),中(zhong)間(jian)振(zhen)動發(fa)音(yin)的(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)僅有5~10厘(li)米(mi),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膛呈(cheng)八字(zi)形(xing),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)邊高9.5厘(li)米(mi)。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)皮(pi)用牛皮(pi),張(zhang)緊(jin)于整個板(ban)面(mian)直到底邊為(wei)止。蒙(meng)(meng)皮(pi)的(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膛部(bu)分(fen)又叫“鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)光”,是敲擊發(fa)音(yin)部(bu)位。板(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)音(yin)的(de)(de)高低,取決于鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膛的(de)(de)大(da)小和蒙(meng)(meng)皮(pi)的(de)(de)松(song)緊(jin)。為(wei)保(bao)持(chi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)皮(pi)的(de)(de)張(zhang)力,所(suo)釘(ding)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)釘(ding)較(jiao)多,并在(zai)底部(bu)箍以鐵圈。