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簡介

侗(dong)笛，是侗(dong)族(zu)(zu)獨(du)特的吹口(kou)氣鳴民間樂器。侗(dong)語稱(cheng)介各、濟(ji)各斯(si)。又(you)稱(cheng)各笛、草(cao)笛。流行于貴州(zhou)省(sheng)黔東(dong)南苗族(zu)(zu)侗(dong)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治州(zhou)榕江(jiang)、從江(jiang)、黎平、廣西(xi)壯族(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治區(qu)三江(jiang)侗(dong)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治縣、湖南省(sheng)通(tong)道侗(dong)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治縣和黔、桂、湘三省(sheng)毗鄰的廣大地區(qu)。

侗笛外形(xing)和洞簫相似，吹口裝有簧片，豎吹，音色清麗悠揚，既可表現婉轉(zhuan)抒(shu)情的情調，又可奏(zou)(zou)出熱烈歡騰的旋律。富有山野風味，常(chang)用以獨奏(zou)(zou)或為(wei)歌唱伴(ban)奏(zou)(zou)。流行(xing)于黔(qian)桂湘交界侗族居住地(di)區(qu)，以貴(gui)州省黎平、榕江、從江盛行(xing)。

起源

關(guan)于侗(dong)(dong)(dong)笛(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)源(yuan)，除侗(dong)(dong)(dong)族古歌(ge)中(zhong)有(you)：“地平金(jin)富人造(zao)笛(di)(di)(di)”外(wai)，在(zai)侗(dong)(dong)(dong)族韻文(wen)敘事詩(shi)歌(ge)《祖公河 上》中(zhong)也(ye)載有(you)：在(zai)“苗(miao)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(姑(gu)(gu)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)名)還(huan)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)打扮，銀漢(男子名)也(ye)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)玩，年(nian)(nian)老的(de)(de)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)結親家 ，姑(gu)(gu)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)們(men)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)嫁丈夫”的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代里，“金(jin)轉造(zao)蘆笙，金(jin)燒造(zao)笛(di)(di)(di)子……，姑(gu)(gu)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)聽了笛(di)(di)(di)聲(sheng)(sheng)跟著(zhu)唱(chang)… …。”這就是(shi)(shi)民間(jian)流傳(chuan)的(de)(de)有(you)關(guan)侗(dong)(dong)(dong)笛(di)(di)(di)和(he)笛(di)(di)(di)子歌(ge)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)說。在(zai)黔、桂、湘(xiang)三省廣大侗(dong)(dong)(dong)族地區，峰(feng)巒(luan) 呈秀、溪流錯(cuo)綜，在(zai)這山清水秀、如詩(shi)如畫(hua)的(de)(de)自然環境中(zhong)，聚居著(zhu)勤勞勇敢、多(duo)才多(duo)藝(yi)的(de)(de)侗(dong)(dong)(dong) 族人民。侗(dong)(dong)(dong)族是(shi)(shi)個能歌(ge)善舞的(de)(de)民族，文(wen)化藝(yi)術源(yuan)遠(yuan)流長、豐富多(duo)彩，素有(you)“音樂之鄉(xiang)”譽稱(cheng) 。在(zai)侗(dong)(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)，幾(ji)乎人人會(hui)(hui)吹侗(dong)(dong)(dong)笛(di)(di)(di)，個個都(dou)能自制侗(dong)(dong)(dong)笛(di)(di)(di)。每到夜晚，就會(hui)(hui)從飛閣重(zhong)檐的(de)(de)鼓(gu)樓(lou)上傳(chuan) 出侗(dong)(dong)(dong)笛(di)(di)(di)伴奏的(de)(de)夜歌(ge)，或從寨邊飄起(qi)(qi)一陣(zhen)陣(zhen)優(you)美(mei)動聽的(de)(de)笛(di)(di)(di)聲(sheng)(sheng)和(he)情歌(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)。

吹奏

侗(dong)笛(di)是侗(dong)族青(qing)年男女戀愛或(huo)社交(jiao)活(huo)動(dong)中喜愛的(de)(de)(de)(de)吹奏(zou)(zou)(zou)樂器之(zhi)一(yi)，它(ta)和(he)木葉(xie)一(yi)樣，常用來(lai)為情歌(ge)(ge)(ge)伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)，木葉(xie)一(yi)般(ban)是白天(tian)在野外吹奏(zou)(zou)(zou)，侗(dong)笛(di)則(ze)多在夜晚吹奏(zou)(zou)(zou)，用以(yi)(yi)伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)曲調流暢、節奏(zou)(zou)(zou)自(zi)(zi)由 的(de)(de)(de)(de) 侗(dong)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)獨(du)唱(chang)(chang)——夜歌(ge)(ge)(ge)。侗(dong)家后生“會姑娘(niang)”時，常邊(bian)(bian)走邊(bian)(bian)吹，姑娘(niang)們可以(yi)(yi)從那(nei)音調不同、悠(you)揚 動(dong)聽的(de)(de)(de)(de)笛(di)聲中，辨別出(chu)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)心上人來(lai)。在通(tong)道(dao)侗(dong)族自(zi)(zi)治縣，還有“情妹(mei)唱(chang)(chang)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)郎吹笛(di)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)戀 愛過程，這是由侗(dong)笛(di)伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)“歌(ge)(ge)(ge)跟笛(di)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)情歌(ge)(ge)(ge)。這里的(de)(de)(de)(de)吹奏(zou)(zou)(zou)侗(dong)笛(di)能手，可以(yi)(yi)堵住一(yi)側鼻孔(kong)，而(er)用另(ling)一(yi)側鼻孔(kong)吹奏(zou)(zou)(zou)，雖(sui)然發音輕弱，但(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)者可以(yi)(yi)一(yi)邊(bian)(bian)吹笛(di)一(yi)邊(bian)(bian)唱(chang)(chang)情歌(ge)(ge)(ge)，形成風趣別致 的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)吹自(zi)(zi)唱(chang)(chang)，為戀愛生活(huo)增添(tian)了奇(qi)異的(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩。此外，侗(dong)族老(lao)年人，也用侗(dong)笛(di)為敘事(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)或(huo)酒歌(ge)(ge)(ge) 伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)。著名民間藝人有梁(liang)老(lao)開、胡漢文、石國興等。

結構特征

傳統(tong)的(de)(de)侗笛(di)，管(guan)身(shen)(shen)多用(yong)(yong)水竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制作，也有(you)用(yong)(yong)紫(zi)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、金絲竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)或(huo)(huo)黃枯竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制作的(de)(de)，長短、粗(cu)(cu)細(xi)(xi)規 格(ge)不 定(ding)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)管(guan)長30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)～40厘(li)米(mi)(mi)、內徑1.3厘(li)米(mi)(mi)～1.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。上(shang) 端(duan)除有(you)坡形(xing)吹(chui)口(kou)(kou)外，并 留竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節或(huo)(huo)堵以笛(di)塞，下(xia)端(duan)敞(chang)口(kou)(kou)，管(guan)身(shen)(shen)上(shang)開(kai)(kai)有(you)六(liu)(liu)(liu)個(ge)按(an)音孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，在(zai)近上(shang)端(duan)吹(chui)口(kou)(kou)處，開(kai)(kai)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)裝著(zhu)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)片的(de)(de)哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(圖)。制作時，通常使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)八月砍下(xia)的(de)(de)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材，選擇(ze)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節距(ju)離(li)較(jiao)長和(he)(he)粗(cu)(cu)細(xi)(xi)較(jiao)均(jun)勻(yun)者(zhe) ，經陰干或(huo)(huo)蒸干后，以較(jiao)粗(cu)(cu)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)端(duan)為(wei)吹(chui)口(kou)(kou)，先(xian)在(zai)距(ju)上(shang)端(duan)5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)處的(de)(de)管(guan)身(shen)(shen)上(shang)開(kai)(kai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)方形(xing)哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(也稱(cheng)發音孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)或(huo)(huo)音窗)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)長1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)、寬0.8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。再(zai)將哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)正上(shang)方的(de)(de)管(guan)壁 劈開(kai)(kai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)皮，修削掉3/4，成為(wei)深0.15厘(li)米(mi)(mi)、寬0.8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)長方形(xing)溝槽(cao)，竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)槽(cao)兩側用(yong)(yong)細(xi)(xi)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)條墊高(gao)，上(shang)面蓋一(yi)(yi)(yi)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)片并用(yong)(yong)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)篾(mie)(mie)或(huo)(huo)細(xi)(xi)線纏繞(rao)固定(ding)，形(xing)成一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)進氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)道(dao)。哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)薄竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)片作為(wei)分氣(qi)(qi) 閥，也通過竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)篾(mie)(mie)固定(ding)在(zai)哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)下(xia)半部，使(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)成為(wei)笛(di)哨(shao)(shao)。在(zai)哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)以下(xia)的(de)(de)管(guan)身(shen)(shen)上(shang)，垂(chui)直開(kai)(kai)有(you)六(liu)(liu)(liu)個(ge)圓 形(xing)按(an)音孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，下(xia)端(duan)管(guan)口(kou)(kou)至(zhi)(zhi)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)，完(wan)全和(he)(he)下(xia)端(duan)管(guan)口(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)周長相等(deng)，在(zai)哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)至(zhi)(zhi)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)1/2 處開(kai)(kai)第(di)六(liu)(liu)(liu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，在(zai)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)至(zhi)(zhi)第(di)六(liu)(liu)(liu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)開(kai)(kai)四(si)個(ge)按(an)音孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，六(liu)(liu)(liu)個(ge)按(an)音孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)等(deng)距(ju)排列。

制作方法

制作侗笛時，一般使用(yong)8月砍下的(de)(de)黃(huang)枯竹(zhu)或紫竹(zhu)，要求選用(yong)的(de)(de)竹(zhu)節距(ju)離(li)長且粗細均勻，經陰干或蒸干后，在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)粗的(de)(de)一端(duan)開(kai)坡形(xing)吹口，距(ju)吹口5厘(li)米(mi)處開(kai)一方形(xing)哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)上(shang)方管(guan)壁破開(kai)，形(xing)成深1毫(hao)米(mi)、寬(kuan)5毫(hao)米(mi)左右的(de)(de)長方槽。竹(zhu)糟兩側墊竹(zhu)條(tiao)，上(shang)蓋竹(zhu)片并用(yong)竹(zhu)蔑固定(ding)(ding)，形(xing)成進氣道。 簧片采用(yong)薄竹(zhu)片制作，用(yong)竹(zhu)蔑固定(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)下半部，形(xing)成笛哨(shao)(shao)。音孔(kong)(kong)(kong)開(kai)在(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)以下的(de)(de)管(guan)身(shen)上(shang)，第(di)六孔(kong)(kong)(kong)至(zhi)管(guan)口距(ju)離(li)，以管(guan)口下端(duan)周(zhou)長為度(du)(du)，在(zai)(zai)哨(shao)(shao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)至(zhi)第(di)六孔(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de) 1/ 2處開(kai)第(di)一孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，第(di)二至(zhi)第(di)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)等距(ju)排列(lie)，第(di)五孔(kong)(kong)(kong)離(li)第(di)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)較(jiao)近，音域可達兩個(ge)八(ba)度(du)(du)。與此形(xing)制相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)還有佤(wa)族的(de)(de)瓦(wa)格洛(luo)，苗族的(de)(de)姊妹簫，塔吉克的(de)(de)豎笛等。