咚咚虧,是土家族單簧氣鳴樂器。土家語稱早古得,又稱呆呆哩。流行于湖南省湘西土家族(zu)(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)(zu)自治州龍(long)山(shan)、桑植、保靖(jing)、永(yong)順,湖北省鄂(e)西土家(jia)族(zu)(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)(zu)自治州來鳳、鶴(he)峰等地。
歷史(shi)較悠久。相(xiang)傳(chuan)秦始皇(huang)修筑長城時,抓走(zou)土(tu)(tu)家(jia)族(zu)青(qing)年巴(ba)涅(nie)。他離家(jia)不久,其妻冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)分娩, 婆(po)(po)婆(po)(po)又(you)虐待她。冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)日(ri)夜(ye)盼望(wang)巴(ba)涅(nie)早日(ri)歸來,天天上山張望(wang),但總(zong)不見(jian)巴(ba)涅(nie)的(de)(de)(de)身影,為(wei)了表露(lu)內心的(de)(de)(de)苦衷,冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)采來一根竹(zhu)子(zi)(zi)做成笛子(zi)(zi),每(mei)日(ri)吹(chui)奏寄托對(dui)巴(ba)涅(nie)的(de)(de)(de)思念之情(qing),一直吹(chui)到她哀傷而死,還是(shi)不見(jian)巴(ba)涅(nie)歸來。后人懷念冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong),也(ye)學著她的(de)(de)(de)調子(zi)(zi)吹(chui)起竹(zhu)笛,并把(ba)冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)做的(de)(de)(de)笛子(zi)(zi)稱為(wei)咚(dong)咚(dong)虧。雖然故事富有傳(chuan)奇色彩,但它(ta)說明咚(dong)咚(dong)虧是(shi)土(tu)(tu)家(jia)族(zu)婦(fu)女(nv)創制的(de)(de)(de)樂器 ,至今仍為(wei)土(tu)(tu)家(jia)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)婦(fu)女(nv)和兒童(tong)所喜(xi)愛。
管(guan)(guan)(guan)身竹(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi),多采用首(shou)端留(liu)有(you)竹(zhu)(zhu)節的細竹(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)作,其長(chang)短、粗細不等,一(yi)般管(guan)(guan)(guan)長(chang)15厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)~20厘(li)(li) 米(mi)(mi)、 尾端內(nei)徑0.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)~1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。將(jiang)首(shou)端正面(mian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)壁削薄,在距竹(zhu)(zhu)節1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)處,用鋒利小(xiao)刀(dao)刻(ke) 出一(yi) 枚竹(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)簧(huang)片,簧(huang)長(chang)1.2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)~2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、簧(huang)寬0.3厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)~0.6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),簧(huang)根與竹(zhu)(zhu)節相連,簧(huang)舌朝(chao)下。管(guan)(guan)(guan)身正面(mian)將(jiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)壁外皮(pi)削平,下部(bu)開有(you)三或四個(ge)方(fang)形按音孔,近尾端開有(you)一(yi)個(ge)出音孔。
演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)時,管(guan)身豎置(zhi)。三(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)者(zhe),左手食(shi)指(zhi)按第三(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),右手中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)、食(shi)指(zhi)分別按第一(yi)、二兩孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong) ,無(wu) 名(ming)指(zhi)在(zai)出音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)下(xia)扶管(guan);四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)者(zhe),左手食(shi)指(zhi)按第四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),右手食(shi)指(zhi)、中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)、無(wu)名(ming)指(zhi)按另外三(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。 口(kou)含管(guan)首簧(huang)片,吹氣鼓簧(huang)發音(yin)(yin)。咚咚虧音(yin)(yin)高隨管(guan)身長短和(he)音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)位置(zhi)的不同(tong)而變化,可(ke)吹奏(zou)(zou)(zou)出 四或五個音(yin)(yin)來。三(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)咚咚虧音(yin)(yin)列(lie)為:g、c1、d1、e1或c1、d1、e1、g1。四 孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)咚咚虧音(yin)(yin)列(lie)為:g、c1、d1、e1、g1或c1、d1、e1、g1、a1。第三(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong) 可(ke)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)出各種裝飾音(yin)(yin)。音(yin)(yin)色柔和(he)、渾厚。可(ke)用于獨奏(zou)(zou)(zou)或合奏(zou)(zou)(zou),經(jing)常兩支在(zai)一(yi)起對奏(zou)(zou)(zou)。主要有打音(yin)(yin)、倚(yi)音(yin)(yin)和(he)顫音(yin)(yin)等演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)技巧。