咚咚虧,是土家族單簧氣鳴樂器。土家語稱早古得,又稱呆呆哩。流行于湖南省湘西土家族(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)自治州(zhou)龍山、桑植、保(bao)靖、永順,湖北省鄂西(xi)土家族(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)自治州(zhou)來鳳、鶴(he)峰等地。
歷史較悠久。相傳秦始皇(huang)修(xiu)筑長城時,抓走土家族(zu)青(qing)年巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)。他(ta)離家不久,其妻(qi)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)分娩, 婆(po)婆(po)又虐待她(ta)。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)日夜盼望巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)早(zao)日歸來,天天上山張望,但(dan)總不見(jian)巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)的(de)(de)身影,為(wei)了表露內心的(de)(de)苦衷(zhong),冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)采來一根竹子做成笛子,每日吹奏寄托對巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)的(de)(de)思念之情,一直(zhi)吹到她(ta)哀傷而(er)死,還(huan)是不見(jian)巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)歸來。后(hou)人懷念冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong),也學著她(ta)的(de)(de)調子吹起(qi)竹笛,并把冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)做的(de)(de)笛子稱為(wei)咚咚虧。雖然故事富有傳奇色彩,但(dan)它說明咚咚虧是土家族(zu)婦女(nv)創制(zhi)的(de)(de)樂器 ,至今仍為(wei)土家族(zu)的(de)(de)婦女(nv)和兒童(tong)所喜愛。
管(guan)身竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制,多(duo)采(cai)用首端留有(you)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節的細竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)制作,其長(chang)短、粗(cu)細不等,一般(ban)管(guan)長(chang)15厘(li)(li)米~20厘(li)(li) 米、 尾(wei)(wei)端內徑0.8厘(li)(li)米~1厘(li)(li)米。將(jiang)首端正面管(guan)壁削薄,在距竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節1厘(li)(li)米處(chu),用鋒利小刀刻(ke) 出(chu)一 枚(mei)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制簧(huang)(huang)片,簧(huang)(huang)長(chang)1.2厘(li)(li)米~2厘(li)(li)米、簧(huang)(huang)寬0.3厘(li)(li)米~0.6厘(li)(li)米,簧(huang)(huang)根與竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節相連,簧(huang)(huang)舌朝下。管(guan)身正面將(jiang)管(guan)壁外皮削平(ping),下部(bu)開有(you)三或四個方形按(an)音孔,近尾(wei)(wei)端開有(you)一個出(chu)音孔。
演(yan)奏時,管(guan)身(shen)豎置(zhi)(zhi)。三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)者(zhe),左手食指(zhi)按第三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),右(you)手中指(zhi)、食指(zhi)分別(bie)按第一(yi)、二兩孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong) ,無(wu) 名指(zhi)在出(chu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)下扶管(guan);四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)者(zhe),左手食指(zhi)按第四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),右(you)手食指(zhi)、中指(zhi)、無(wu)名指(zhi)按另外三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。 口含(han)管(guan)首簧片,吹氣鼓簧發音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。咚(dong)咚(dong)虧(kui)(kui)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)高隨管(guan)身(shen)長短和(he)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)位置(zhi)(zhi)的不(bu)同而變(bian)化,可吹奏出(chu) 四或五個音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)來。三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)咚(dong)咚(dong)虧(kui)(kui)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)列為(wei):g、c1、d1、e1或c1、d1、e1、g1。四 孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)咚(dong)咚(dong)虧(kui)(kui)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)列為(wei):g、c1、d1、e1、g1或c1、d1、e1、g1、a1。第三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong) 可奏出(chu)各(ge)種裝飾(shi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色柔(rou)和(he)、渾厚(hou)。可用于(yu)獨奏或合奏,經常兩支在一(yi)起對奏。主(zhu)要有打音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、倚音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)顫(zhan)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)等演(yan)奏技巧。