揚(yang)琴于(yu)明代(dai)末(mo)年(nian)自(zi)波斯(si)(今伊朗)經(jing)(jing)海(hai)(hai)路(lu)傳(chuan)入我國(guo),只(zhi)在廣東(dong)沿海(hai)(hai)一帶流傳(chuan),后逐漸遍(bian)及閩(min)浙、江淮(huai)和(he)(he)中原。而新(xin)疆的(de)鏘(qiang),則是由西亞(ya)(ya)——中亞(ya)(ya)一帶經(jing)(jing)“絲綢之路(lu)”直接傳(chuan)入新(xin)疆喀(ka)什(shen)的(de),其時應(ying)早(zao)于(yu)明末(mo),18世(shi)紀末(mo)又傳(chuan)到(dao)東(dong)疆哈密(mi)。由于(yu)鏘(qiang)適于(yu)演奏維(wei)吾爾古典(dian)音樂(le)“十二木卡姆(mu)”和(he)(he)為民間歌(ge)舞伴奏,很快便傳(chuan)遍(bian)天山南(nan)北(bei)和(he)(he)新(xin)疆的(de)主要城鎮。
形(xing)制(zhi)與(yu)漢族的(de)揚琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)相同,由共(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)口、弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)軸、弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)釘(ding)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬(ma)(ma)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)竹(zhu)等部(bu)(bu)分構(gou)成(圖)。共(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)呈(cheng)扁梯(ti)形(xing),它由琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)框(kuang)和(he)面(mian)(mian)(mian)、底(di)(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)膠合而成,琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)框(kuang)為(wei)(wei)前后側(ce)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)左(zuo)右(you)兩(liang)端(duan)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭組成,框(kuang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)多使用色木(mu)(mu)(mu)、樺木(mu)(mu)(mu)、榆木(mu)(mu)(mu)或(huo)其它硬雜(za)木(mu)(mu)(mu)制(zhi)作,用于(yu)(yu)(yu)安裝(zhuang)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)軸的(de)右(you)側(ce)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭,則多采用多層色木(mu)(mu)(mu)(紋理(li)交錯排列)膠合板(ban)(ban)(ban)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)框(kuang)之上(shang)蒙以(yi)魚鱗云杉(shan)、桐木(mu)(mu)(mu)或(huo)松木(mu)(mu)(mu)薄板(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)(wei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban),底(di)(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)多用三(san)層膠合板(ban)(ban)(ban),面(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)或(huo)底(di)(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)開(kai)有(you)(you)兩(liang)個圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)出音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔。山(shan)(shan)(shan)口是設在面(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)兩(liang)側(ce)的(de)長(chang)形(xing)木(mu)(mu)(mu)條(tiao),用紅木(mu)(mu)(mu)制(zhi)成,由山(shan)(shan)(shan)口至馬(ma)(ma)峰的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)為(wei)(wei)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振動發(fa)音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)有(you)(you)效弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)。弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)軸為(wei)(wei)特制(zhi)的(de)金屬螺釘(ding),上(shang)方下圓(yuan)(yuan),起纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)調(diao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)作用。弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)釘(ding)為(wei)(wei)金屬制(zhi)成,裝(zhuang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)左(zuo)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭,用于(yu)(yu)(yu)系弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬(ma)(ma)呈(cheng)直條(tiao)形(xing)、峰谷(gu)狀,用紅木(mu)(mu)(mu)、竹(zhu)或(huo)牛角制(zhi),有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)至五個,置于(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang),左(zuo)側(ce)為(wei)(wei)高音(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)中音(yin)(yin)(yin)馬(ma)(ma),右(you)側(ce)為(wei)(wei)低音(yin)(yin)(yin)馬(ma)(ma),馬(ma)(ma)峰用以(yi)架弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),馬(ma)(ma)谷(gu)供另一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)馬(ma)(ma)上(shang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)通過(guo)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)多用銅絲(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),中、高音(yin)(yin)(yin)用裸(luo)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),每(mei)音(yin)(yin)(yin)三(san)條(tiao)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)組,常用27號(hao)~31號(hao)鋼絲(si)(si);低音(yin)(yin)(yin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用銅絲(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)鋼絲(si)(si)纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(裸(luo)鋼絲(si)(si)外纏以(yi)細銅絲(si)(si)) ,一(yi)(yi)(yi)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)竹(zhu)又稱琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)棰,用竹(zhu)制(zhi)成,兩(liang)支(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)副,較內地(di)的(de)短而硬,一(yi)(yi)(yi)般長(chang)24厘米,琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)竹(zhu)頭部(bu)(bu) 粘貼氈條(tiao)或(huo)套(tao)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)小截醫用聽診(zhen)器(qi)膠管。
鏘(qiang)(qiang)隨著社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)進而不(bu)斷向前(qian)(qian)發展(zhan)。20世紀(ji)30年代(dai)(dai)(dai),第一代(dai)(dai)(dai)鏘(qiang)(qiang)為(wei)兩(liang)個條(tiao)馬、三(san)排音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、七(qi)聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)階排列(lie)、二(er)(er)十(shi)一個音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)位(wei)(wei)(wei),琴(qin)(qin)(qin)箱前(qian)(qian)長(chang)(chang)81.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、后(hou)(hou)長(chang)(chang)99厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬35.2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、中(zhong)高(gao)9 厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。50年代(dai)(dai)(dai)末,烏(wu)魯木齊維(wei)吾爾族老人(ren)阿西木改革(ge)制成(cheng)第二(er)(er)代(dai)(dai)(dai)鏘(qiang)(qiang),兩(liang)個條(tiao)馬、三(san)排音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)位(wei)(wei)(wei)縱向小二(er)(er)度(du)、橫向五度(du)排列(lie),有(you)三(san)十(shi)四個音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)位(wei)(wei)(wei),半(ban)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)齊全,音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域g—e3。此后(hou)(hou),又在第二(er)(er)代(dai)(dai)(dai)鏘(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,又出現了琴(qin)(qin)(qin)體增(zeng)(zeng)大、弦(xian)距加(jia)(jia)寬、保持兩(liang)排馬的(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)鏘(qiang)(qiang),發音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)既(ji)清(qing)脆又洪亮。60年代(dai)(dai)(dai)以后(hou)(hou),由中(zhong)央(yang)廣(guang)播民(min)族樂團楊競明等(deng)和(he)北京民(min)族樂器廠合作(zuo)改革(ge)研制的(de)(de)(de)、具有(you)四個條(tiao)馬、六排音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、四組音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)揚(yang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin),已在新疆各藝術團體中(zhong)廣(guang)為(wei)使用(yong),它的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)鳴箱前(qian)(qian)長(chang)(chang)78厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、后(hou)(hou)長(chang)(chang)118厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬51厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、中(zhong)高(gao)8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。后(hou)(hou)來新疆制作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)鏘(qiang)(qiang),琴(qin)(qin)(qin)體骨架采用(yong)金屬結(jie)構,內腔裝(zhuang)設齒形(xing)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)梁、橫襯條(tiao),面(mian)板上增(zeng)(zeng)置鋁(lv)制滾軸及滾軸條(tiao)等(deng)部件(jian),克服了新疆氣(qi)候干(gan)燥、溫度(du)變(bian)化急劇、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)體彎曲變(bian)形(xing)、易跑弦(xian)等(deng)缺陷,又使音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色亮度(du)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)、音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)量增(zeng)(zeng)大。目前(qian)(qian)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)鏘(qiang)(qiang),其音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)位(wei)(wei)(wei)是在變(bian)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)揚(yang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)鏘(qiang)(qiang)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)位(wei)(wei)(wei)排列(lie)圖基礎上,參(can)考(kao)了70年代(dai)(dai)(dai)改革(ge)制成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)州十(shi)二(er)(er)平(ping)均律(lv)揚(yang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)位(wei)(wei)(wei)而設制的(de)(de)(de),半(ban)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)齊全,可以轉調和(he)演奏臨時變(bian)化半(ban)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。
演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)時,采(cai)用(yong)坐(zuo)姿。將鏘置于琴(qin)(qin)架或(huo)桌面上,兩(liang)手(shou)各執一(yi)支琴(qin)(qin)竹分別敲擊(ji)琴(qin)(qin)馬兩(liang)側的(de)琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)而發音(yin)。音(yin)域G—a3,達(da)四個八度(du)。常用(yong)技巧有(you)揉弦(xian)、撥弦(xian)、琶音(yin)、襯音(yin)和八度(du)輪音(yin)等(deng),揉弦(xian)與漢族揚琴(qin)(qin)不(bu)同,它借鑒了卡(ka)(ka)龍(long)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)法,一(yi)般為壓(ya)揉。可用(yong)于獨奏(zou)(zou)(zou)、合奏(zou)(zou)(zou)或(huo)伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou),擅于演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)剛(gang)健(jian)、歡快、熱情奔放(fang)的(de)旋律,富有(you)濃郁(yu)的(de)民(min)族風(feng)格(ge)。鏘常與彈布爾、卡(ka)(ka)龍(long)、薩它爾和達(da)卜等(deng)維吾(wu)爾族傳統樂器組合在一(yi)起,演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)“十(shi)二木卡(ka)(ka)姆”古(gu)典樂曲。它也是廣大(da)城鄉“麥昔(xi)若普”中歌唱(chang)和舞蹈(dao)的(de)伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)樂器。在城市的(de)茶館或(huo)飯館中,奏(zou)(zou)(zou)者(zhe)還用(yong)它邊彈邊唱(chang)。如(ru)今(jin),鏘已成為深(shen)受維吾(wu)爾族人民(min)喜聞樂見的(de)民(min)間(jian)樂器之一(yi),在新疆藝術院校均設有(you)鏘的(de)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)專業,為藝術團(tuan)體培養著演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)人才。