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弓琴簡介

高山(shan)(shan)族(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)民(min)(min)，自古聚(ju)居于我國第(di)一大島(dao)——臺灣(wan)島(dao)的山(shan)(shan)區、東(dong)(dong)部沿(yan)海平(ping)原及其東(dong)(dong)南的蘭(lan)嶼島(dao)上(shang)，民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)內(nei)部有(you)阿美(mei)、排灣(wan)、泰(tai)雅、賽夏、布農、鄒、雅美(mei)、魯(lu)凱、邵、卑(bei)南和平(ping)埔等(deng)部族(zu)(zu)(zu)。能歌(ge)善舞(wu)(wu)的高山(shan)(shan)族(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)民(min)(min)，有(you)著悠久的文化藝術傳統，每逢收獲節、小米祭(ji)、狩獵祭(ji)、漁祭(ji)、部族(zu)(zu)(zu)節日(ri)及結婚(hun)喜宴，便會身著民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)服裝，聚(ju)集在一起歌(ge)唱、舞(wu)(wu)蹈。民(min)(min)歌(ge)內(nei)容豐(feng)富，風格獨特，有(you)頌祖歌(ge)、狩獵歌(ge)和耕(geng)作歌(ge)等(deng)，舞(wu)(wu)蹈多(duo)為集體舞(wu)(wu)。

弓琴歷史

弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)十分久遠，它脫胎于(yu)古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)獵弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)稱作“樂(le)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”，是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)彈(dan)弦樂(le)器的(de)(de)(de)始(shi)祖(zu)。古(gu)代(dai)有“后羿(yi)射(she)十日”的(de)(de)(de)神話(hua)，說(shuo)明上古(gu)生民對善射(she)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)尊崇，樂(le)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自然是(shi)(shi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭發明的(de)(de)(de)延伸。古(gu)代(dai)傳說(shuo)將“琴(qin)”的(de)(de)(de)創始(shi)歸于(yu)伏(fu)羲，也正由于(yu)他(ta)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)漁獵為(wei)生的(de)(de)(de)部落氏族(zu)首(shou)領。在我國(guo)古(gu)籍《吳越(yue)春秋》中，曾記載著：“斷竹、續(xu)竹，飛土逐肉”。這(zhe)(zhe)首(shou)相傳為(wei)黃帝時(shi)期所作的(de)(de)(de)《彈(dan)歌》，很可能(neng)是(shi)(shi)在撥弄獵弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弦的(de)(de)(de)伴奏中詠唱的(de)(de)(de)，從(cong)簡單的(de)(de)(de)歌詞也可說(shuo)明，古(gu)人是(shi)(shi)用(yong)竹制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，發出泥制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)丸來追打動(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)。臺灣高(gao)山族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)，正是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)種古(gu)老(lao)的(de)(de)(de)始(shi)祖(zu)彈(dan)弦樂(le)器在我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)遺存。清(qing)代(dai)朱景(jing)英在《海東札(zha)記》(卷四)中對弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)記述道：“削竹為(wei)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，長尺余，或七八寸，以(yi)(yi)(yi)絲線為(wei)弦，一頭以(yi)(yi)(yi)薄竹片折而環其端，承于(yu)近尾弦下，末(mo)疊系于(yu)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)面，扣于(yu)齒，爪其弦以(yi)(yi)(yi)成音，名曰突肉。”它仍保持(chi)著原始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)形態。

樂器形制

外形與(yu)獵弓(gong)(gong)相同(tong)，由(you)琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)和琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)構成。琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)多用毛(mao)竹的(de)板條(tiao)制作，一(yi)般板長(chang)70厘(li)米、板寬約4厘(li)米，也(ye)(ye)有使(shi)用芭(ba)茅根制作琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)的(de)，將其彎成弓(gong)(gong)狀后，兩(liang)端張(zhang)以一(yi)條(tiao)植(zhi)物弦(xian)(xian)或金(jin)屬弦(xian)(xian)而成(圖)。民間常用草本蘭科植(zhi)物“月桃(tao)”葉(xie)曬干(gan)卷抻(chen)制成的(de)植(zhi)物弦(xian)(xian)，因(yin)葉(xie)子(zi)豎韌，成弦(xian)(xian)后彈(dan)性較(jiao)強(qiang)。也(ye)(ye)有使(shi)用藤(teng)絲或麻(ma)絲作為琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)的(de)，但音質較(jiao)差。弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)通常采(cai)用金(jin)屬鋼絲弦(xian)(xian)，既結實耐用，音色(se)也(ye)(ye)優美(mei)動聽。在弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)一(yi)端的(de)琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)與(yu)琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)之間，常夾以一(yi)顆(ke)玉米粒或小炭塊(kuai)，據(ju)說有利于彈(dan)撥發音。

流行(xing)于高山(shan)族(zu)的(de)弓琴，弓背多用毛竹板(ban)條制作(zuo)，一般(ban)長70 厘米(mi)、寬(kuan)17 毫米(mi)左右，也有用芭茅根制作(zuo)的(de)，將其彎成弓狀(zhuang)后，兩端(duan)張(zhang)以植物弦(xian)或金屬弦(xian)而(er)成。

弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)屬(shu)于擦弦(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，是布農族盛行的(de)(de)樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，也(ye)是主要的(de)(de)一種獨奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。 弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)利用(yong)一條(tiao)長(chang)條(tiao)竹片彎(wan)曲成弓(gong)(gong)，再以(yi)一條(tiao)鐵弦(xian)(xian)(xian) ( 或(huo)月桃弦(xian)(xian)(xian) ) 分別系於竹弓(gong)(gong)兩端而形成的(de)(de)樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。 彈奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)時弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)置於左(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)，右(you)(you)手(shou)以(yi)食(shi)(shi)指彈撥琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，或(huo)以(yi)左(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)食(shi)(shi)指按(an)(an)壓，右(you)(you)手(shou)彈奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。 彈奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)時弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)置于左(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)，右(you)(you)手(shou)以(yi)食(shi)(shi)指彈撥琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，或(huo)以(yi)左(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)食(shi)(shi)指按(an)(an)壓，右(you)(you)手(shou)彈奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。 若演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)空(kong)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)時 ( 也(ye)就是左(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)不(bu)按(an)(an)弦(xian)(xian)(xian) ) ，演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)者(zhe)以(yi)口含弓(gong)(gong)背，利用(yong)呼吸氣(qi)作口腔變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，還能(neng)(neng)夠產生以(yi) Do 為基礎音所形成的(de)(de)三個泛(fan)音 --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 若演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)空(kong)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)時 ( 也(ye)就是左(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)不(bu)按(an)(an)弦(xian)(xian)(xian) ) ，演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)者(zhe)以(yi)口含弓(gong)(gong)背，利用(yong)呼吸氣(qi)作口腔變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，還能(neng)(neng)夠產生以(yi) Do 為基礎音所形成的(de)(de)三個泛(fan)音 --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)可做泛(fan)音奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)法(fa)，從第(di)四泛(fan)音起(qi)，包(bao)括(kuo)五(wu)(wu)聲(sheng)音階(jie)之(zhi)所有(you)音程。 弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)可做泛(fan)音奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)法(fa)，從第(di)四泛(fan)音起(qi)，包(bao)括(kuo)五(wu)(wu)聲(sheng)音階(jie)之(zhi)所有(you)音程。

弓琴演奏

演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)時(shi)，將琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)端頂(ding)在嘴部牙間(jian)，另一(yi)(yi)端抵在硬物上，用(yong)(yong)左手拇(mu)指(zhi)按壓(ya)(ya)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下端，通(tong)過壓(ya)(ya)、放的(de)(de)(de)(de)動作(zuo)，控制琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彎曲度，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)改變琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦的(de)(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)力，用(yong)(yong)右手拇(mu)指(zhi)、食指(zhi)撥彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦發音(yin)(yin)。彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)高音(yin)(yin)時(shi)，嘴要(yao)(yao)適當(dang)張(zhang)開，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)便利(li)用(yong)(yong)口腔的(de)(de)(de)(de)共鳴作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)；彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)低音(yin)(yin)時(shi)，嘴則要(yao)(yao)閉(bi)攏起來。據說舌頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動，對(dui)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發音(yin)(yin)也有一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)出(chu)相隔大(da)二度或四(si)(si)度音(yin)(yin)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個實音(yin)(yin)來，這種演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)主要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)于民間(jian)舞(wu)蹈伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)強調舞(wu)蹈的(de)(de)(de)(de)重拍節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)或稍加變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)；弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)富有特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)是泛音(yin)(yin)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)技巧，它可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)發出(chu)c1、e1、g1、c2四(si)(si)個音(yin)(yin)，左手壓(ya)(ya)住琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下方(fang)(fang)，還(huan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)發出(chu)d1音(yin)(yin)，這些具有地方(fang)(fang)特(te)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)調，與(yu)布(bu)(bu)農(nong)部族(zu)民歌音(yin)(yin)調相同。弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)音(yin)(yin)色清晰、明亮(liang)。可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于獨(du)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)或為(wei)(wei)民歌、舞(wu)蹈伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，尤以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)獨(du)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)常見。用(yong)(yong)于民歌伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，規格(ge)要(yao)(yao)比(bi)獨(du)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)稍大(da)。弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)是布(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)器。布(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人稱為(wei)(wei) la tuk 。 彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)時(shi)，弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)置于左手，右手以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)食指(zhi)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)撥琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦，此為(wei)(wei)空弦彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)；或以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)左手食指(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)弦，右手彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。布(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人就以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)空弦和壓(ya)(ya)弦形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)單旋(xuan)律(lv)配合頑固節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)娛。 布(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)使用(yong)(yong)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，大(da)都為(wei)(wei)平(ping)日(ri)各人獨(du)居(ju)時(shi)自(zi)(zi)娛之用(yong)(yong)，也有一(yi)(yi)些聚落的(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人認為(wei)(wei)個人內心悲妻孤寂之時(shi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)舒解心中的(de)(de)(de)(de)苦悶，因此音(yin)(yin)量微弱也亦(yi)無所謂(wei)，畢竟(jing)它是彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)給(gei)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)聽的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)器。但(dan)是在歡宴的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合，弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)與(yu)口簧(huang)，弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)與(yu)五(wu)弦琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二重奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，也都是常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)方(fang)(fang)式。