芒果视频下载

弓琴簡介

高山族(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)，自古聚(ju)居于我國第一大島(dao)——臺灣(wan)島(dao)的(de)(de)山區(qu)、東(dong)部(bu)沿(yan)海平原及(ji)其(qi)東(dong)南的(de)(de)蘭嶼(yu)島(dao)上，民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)內部(bu)有阿美(mei)、排(pai)灣(wan)、泰雅(ya)、賽(sai)夏、布農、鄒、雅(ya)美(mei)、魯凱、邵、卑南和平埔(pu)等(deng)(deng)部(bu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)。能歌善舞的(de)(de)高山族(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)，有著悠久(jiu)的(de)(de)文化(hua)藝術傳統，每(mei)逢收獲節、小(xiao)米祭、狩獵祭、漁祭、部(bu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)節日及(ji)結(jie)婚喜(xi)宴，便(bian)會(hui)身著民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)服裝，聚(ju)集在(zai)一起(qi)歌唱、舞蹈。民(min)(min)(min)歌內容豐(feng)富，風格獨特(te)，有頌祖歌、狩獵歌和耕(geng)作(zuo)歌等(deng)(deng)，舞蹈多為集體舞。

弓琴歷史

弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴的(de)(de)歷(li)史十(shi)分久(jiu)遠，它(ta)脫胎于(yu)古(gu)代的(de)(de)獵弓(gong)(gong)(gong)，也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)稱作“樂(le)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)”，是我國彈弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)器的(de)(de)始祖。古(gu)代有“后羿射十(shi)日”的(de)(de)神話，說(shuo)(shuo)明上古(gu)生民對(dui)善射者的(de)(de)尊(zun)崇，樂(le)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)自然是弓(gong)(gong)(gong)箭發明的(de)(de)延(yan)伸。古(gu)代傳說(shuo)(shuo)將(jiang)“琴”的(de)(de)創(chuang)始歸于(yu)伏(fu)羲(xi)，也正由于(yu)他是以(yi)(yi)(yi)漁獵為(wei)生的(de)(de)部(bu)落氏族首領。在(zai)我國古(gu)籍《吳越春秋(qiu)》中，曾(ceng)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)著：“斷竹(zhu)、續(xu)竹(zhu)，飛(fei)土逐肉”。這(zhe)首相傳為(wei)黃帝時期(qi)所(suo)作的(de)(de)《彈歌(ge)》，很可(ke)能是在(zai)撥弄獵弓(gong)(gong)(gong)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)弦(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)伴(ban)奏中詠唱的(de)(de)，從簡單(dan)的(de)(de)歌(ge)詞也可(ke)說(shuo)(shuo)明，古(gu)人(ren)是用(yong)竹(zhu)制的(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)，發出泥(ni)制的(de)(de)彈丸來追打動物(wu)的(de)(de)。臺灣(wan)高山(shan)族的(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴，正是這(zhe)種古(gu)老的(de)(de)始祖彈弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)器在(zai)我國的(de)(de)遺存。清代朱(zhu)景英在(zai)《海東札記(ji)(ji)》(卷(juan)四)中對(dui)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴記(ji)(ji)述道：“削竹(zhu)為(wei)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)，長(chang)尺余，或七八(ba)寸，以(yi)(yi)(yi)絲線為(wei)弦(xian)(xian)，一頭以(yi)(yi)(yi)薄竹(zhu)片(pian)折而(er)環其(qi)(qi)端(duan)，承于(yu)近(jin)尾弦(xian)(xian)下，末疊系于(yu)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)面，扣于(yu)齒(chi)，爪其(qi)(qi)弦(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)音，名(ming)曰突肉。”它(ta)仍保持著原始的(de)(de)形態。

樂器形制

外形(xing)與獵弓(gong)(gong)相同，由琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)和琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)構成。琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)多用(yong)毛(mao)竹的(de)板(ban)條制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作，一(yi)般板(ban)長70厘(li)米(mi)(mi)、板(ban)寬約4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，也(ye)有使用(yong)芭茅根制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)的(de)，將其彎(wan)成弓(gong)(gong)狀后，兩端張以一(yi)條植(zhi)物弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)金屬弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)而(er)成(圖(tu))。民間常用(yong)草本蘭科植(zhi)物“月桃(tao)”葉曬干(gan)卷抻制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成的(de)植(zhi)物弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，因(yin)葉子豎韌，成弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)后彈性較強。也(ye)有使用(yong)藤絲(si)或(huo)麻(ma)絲(si)作為琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)，但(dan)音質(zhi)較差。弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)通常采(cai)用(yong)金屬鋼絲(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，既(ji)結實耐(nai)用(yong)，音色(se)也(ye)優(you)美動(dong)聽。在弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)一(yi)端的(de)琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)與琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之間，常夾以一(yi)顆玉米(mi)(mi)粒(li)或(huo)小炭塊，據(ju)說(shuo)有利于彈撥發音。

流行于高山族的弓琴，弓背多用毛竹板條制(zhi)作，一般長70 厘(li)米、寬(kuan)17 毫米左右，也有用芭(ba)茅根制(zhi)作的，將(jiang)其彎成弓狀后，兩(liang)端張以植物弦或金屬弦而成。

弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)屬于擦弦(xian)(xian)樂器(qi)(qi)，是(shi)布農族(zu)盛(sheng)行的(de)樂器(qi)(qi)，也是(shi)主要的(de)一(yi)種獨奏(zou)樂器(qi)(qi)。 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)利用(yong)一(yi)條(tiao)長條(tiao)竹片(pian)彎曲成(cheng)(cheng)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)，再以(yi)(yi)一(yi)條(tiao)鐵弦(xian)(xian) ( 或(huo)月(yue)桃弦(xian)(xian) ) 分別系於(wu)竹弓(gong)(gong)(gong)兩端而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)樂器(qi)(qi)。 彈(dan)奏(zou)時弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)置於(wu)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)以(yi)(yi)食指(zhi)彈(dan)撥琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)，或(huo)以(yi)(yi)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)食指(zhi)按(an)(an)壓，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)彈(dan)奏(zou)。 彈(dan)奏(zou)時弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)置于左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)以(yi)(yi)食指(zhi)彈(dan)撥琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)，或(huo)以(yi)(yi)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)食指(zhi)按(an)(an)壓，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)彈(dan)奏(zou)。 若(ruo)演奏(zou)空(kong)弦(xian)(xian)時 ( 也就是(shi)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)不按(an)(an)弦(xian)(xian) ) ，演奏(zou)者以(yi)(yi)口(kou)含(han)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)背(bei)，利用(yong)呼吸氣作口(kou)腔(qiang)變化(hua)，還能(neng)夠產生(sheng)以(yi)(yi) Do 為基(ji)礎音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)所形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)三(san)個泛(fan)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin) --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 若(ruo)演奏(zou)空(kong)弦(xian)(xian)時 ( 也就是(shi)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)不按(an)(an)弦(xian)(xian) ) ，演奏(zou)者以(yi)(yi)口(kou)含(han)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)背(bei)，利用(yong)呼吸氣作口(kou)腔(qiang)變化(hua)，還能(neng)夠產生(sheng)以(yi)(yi) Do 為基(ji)礎音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)所形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)三(san)個泛(fan)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin) --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)可(ke)做泛(fan)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)奏(zou)法(fa)，從(cong)(cong)第(di)四(si)泛(fan)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)起，包括(kuo)五聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)階(jie)之所有音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)程。 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)可(ke)做泛(fan)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)奏(zou)法(fa)，從(cong)(cong)第(di)四(si)泛(fan)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)起，包括(kuo)五聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)階(jie)之所有音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)程。

弓琴演奏

演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)時(shi)，將琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一端(duan)頂在嘴(zui)部牙間(jian)，另一端(duan)抵(di)在硬物上，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)左手(shou)(shou)(shou)拇指(zhi)(zhi)按壓(ya)琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)下(xia)端(duan)，通過壓(ya)、放的(de)(de)(de)(de)動作，控制琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彎曲度，以(yi)(yi)(yi)改變琴(qin)弦(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)力，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)右手(shou)(shou)(shou)拇指(zhi)(zhi)、食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)撥彈(dan)琴(qin)弦(xian)發音(yin)。彈(dan)奏高音(yin)時(shi)，嘴(zui)要(yao)適當張(zhang)開，以(yi)(yi)(yi)便利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)口腔的(de)(de)(de)(de)共鳴作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；彈(dan)奏低音(yin)時(shi)，嘴(zui)則要(yao)閉攏起(qi)來(lai)。據說舌(she)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動，對弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發音(yin)也有(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏出(chu)相(xiang)隔(ge)大二度或(huo)四(si)度音(yin)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個實音(yin)來(lai)，這種演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)民間(jian)舞(wu)蹈伴(ban)奏，以(yi)(yi)(yi)強調舞(wu)蹈的(de)(de)(de)(de)重拍節奏或(huo)稍(shao)加變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)節奏；弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)富有(you)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是泛音(yin)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏技(ji)巧，它可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)發出(chu)c1、e1、g1、c2四(si)個音(yin)，左手(shou)(shou)(shou)壓(ya)住(zhu)琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)下(xia)方，還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)發出(chu)d1音(yin)，這些具(ju)有(you)地(di)方特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)調，與(yu)布農(nong)(nong)部族民歌(ge)(ge)音(yin)調相(xiang)同。弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)音(yin)色(se)清晰、明亮(liang)。可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)獨(du)奏或(huo)為民歌(ge)(ge)、舞(wu)蹈伴(ban)奏，尤(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)獨(du)奏常見。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)民歌(ge)(ge)伴(ban)奏的(de)(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)，規格要(yao)比(bi)獨(du)奏弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)稍(shao)大。弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)是布農(nong)(nong)族人主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)器。布農(nong)(nong)族人稱為 la tuk 。 彈(dan)奏弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)時(shi)，弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)置(zhi)于(yu)左手(shou)(shou)(shou)，右手(shou)(shou)(shou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)彈(dan)撥琴(qin)弦(xian)，此為空弦(xian)彈(dan)奏；或(huo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)左手(shou)(shou)(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)壓(ya)弦(xian)，右手(shou)(shou)(shou)彈(dan)奏。布農(nong)(nong)族人就以(yi)(yi)(yi)空弦(xian)和壓(ya)弦(xian)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)簡單(dan)旋律配(pei)合頑固節奏以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)娛。 布農(nong)(nong)族使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，大都(dou)為平日(ri)各人獨(du)居時(shi)自(zi)娛之用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，也有(you)一些聚落的(de)(de)(de)(de)布農(nong)(nong)族人認(ren)為個人內(nei)心悲妻孤寂之時(shi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)彈(dan)奏舒解(jie)心中的(de)(de)(de)(de)苦(ku)悶，因此音(yin)量微弱也亦無所謂，畢竟它是彈(dan)給自(zi)己(ji)聽(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)器。但是在歡宴(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合，弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合奏，弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)與(yu)口簧，弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)與(yu)五弦(xian)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二重奏，也都(dou)是常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏方式。