芒果视频下载

基本構造

小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)由(you)30多個零件組成(cheng)。其主要(yao)構(gou)件有(you)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸、弦(xian)(xian)(xian)軸、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬、腮(sai)托、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)、面板(ban)、側板(ban)、音柱(zhu)等。小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)共有(you)四根弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，分(fen)為：1弦(xian)(xian)(xian)（E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)）、2弦(xian)(xian)(xian)（A弦(xian)(xian)(xian)）、3弦(xian)(xian)(xian)（D弦(xian)(xian)(xian)）和(he)4弦(xian)(xian)(xian)（G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)）。小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身（共鳴(ming)箱）長約(yue)35.5厘(li)米，由(you)具有(you)弧度(du)的(de)(de)面板(ban)、背(bei)板(ban)和(he)側板(ban)粘合而成(cheng)。面板(ban)常用(yong)(yong)云杉(shan)制作，質地較(jiao)(jiao)軟；背(bei)板(ban)和(he)側板(ban)用(yong)(yong)楓木(mu)，質地較(jiao)(jiao)硬(ying)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸用(yong)(yong)整條(tiao)楓木(mu)，指板(ban)用(yong)(yong)烏木(mu)。小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)音質基本上取決于它的(de)(de)木(mu)質和(he)相應的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)，取決于木(mu)材的(de)(de)振(zhen)動(dong)頻率和(he)它對弦(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)動(dong)的(de)(de)反應。優質琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)能把發出(chu)的(de)(de)每個聲音的(de)(de)基音和(he)泛音都(dou)同樣靈(ling)敏(min)地傳播出(chu)去。

小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)有琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)4根，原均(jun)為羊腸(chang)制(zhi)的(de)裸弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，約從18世紀起，低音(yin)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)常包(bao)以銀絲(si)，使(shi)其(qi)反應靈敏(min)。現代則將(jiang)G、D、A3根弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)纏金屬絲(si)的(de)羊腸(chang)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)鋼(gang)絲(si)纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，晚近也用(yong)(yong)尼(ni)龍(long)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)絲(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，使(shi)其(qi)在(zai)高(gao)音(yin)區的(de)音(yin)色(se)更(geng)佳(jia)。小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)制(zhi)作(zuo)成現代這種(zhong)(zhong)樣式，并非完(wan)全從形態美觀出發，而(er)是有其(qi)音(yin)響(xiang)上和(he)(he)演(yan)奏(zou)上的(de)需要。小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)背(bei)板(ban)(ban)有弧(hu)度(du)，使(shi)其(qi)共(gong)(gong)鳴良好(hao)，發音(yin)洪亮；琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)腰身狹窄，便于(yu)演(yan)奏(zou)高(gao)把(ba)位和(he)(he)低音(yin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)背(bei)板(ban)(ban)加(jia)嵌條(tiao)，除防止木(mu)板(ban)(ban)開(kai)裂外，對琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)音(yin)質也起一定作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)與(yu)背(bei)板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)間有音(yin)柱支撐，其(qi)位置變化(hua)對小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)音(yin)色(se)影(ying)響(xiang)明顯。面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)左下方粘低音(yin)梁(liang)，既起加(jia)固(gu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，又(you)(you)具音(yin)響(xiang)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)油(you)漆如太硬、太軟，或(huo)漆得(de)不勻(yun)，都(dou)會有損(sun)于(yu)音(yin)質。當琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓與(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)摩擦使(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)時，通(tong)過(guo)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬引起面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，又(you)(you)通(tong)過(guo)音(yin)柱使(shi)背(bei)板(ban)(ban)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)較少(shao)，而(er)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)較大，從而(er)使(shi)低音(yin)梁(liang)有更(geng)大的(de)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，并造成共(gong)(gong)鳴箱(xiang)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)。能否(fou)使(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)聲得(de)以充分發揮，取決于(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)及其(qi)張力、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬質量、運(yun)弓的(de)壓(ya)力和(he)(he)速度(du)。要想把(ba)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)質都(dou)表(biao)達出來，還要加(jia)上演(yan)奏(zou)者(zhe)的(de)弓法(fa)、指法(fa)和(he)(he)揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、彈弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)演(yan)奏(zou)技(ji)巧(qiao)。

琴弓作(zuo)為(wei)樂(le)器的附加物(wu)，最早出現在拜占(zhan)庭帝國時代，但(dan)其(qi)價(jia)值就如平民老百姓一般身份低下，究其(qi)原因是與彈撥方(fang)法所產(chan)生的聲(sheng)音相比，運弓生成(cheng)的音質實(shi)在是太弱。

器樂分類

小提(ti)琴分電子小提(ti)琴和木琴兩(liang)種，兩(liang)者發聲(sheng)原理迥乎不同。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)與普通(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)最主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)不(bu)用(yong)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)(xiang)，不(bu)像普通(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)通(tong)過(guo)音(yin)(yin)柱(zhu)帶動(dong)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)(xiang)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣振動(dong)發聲(sheng)，所以(yi)(yi)弦的(de)(de)(de)(de)震動(dong)要靠琴(qin)弦根(gen)部下方的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)個(ge)磁拾音(yin)(yin)器（就(jiu)像電(dian)(dian)(dian)吉(ji)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)）拾取(qu)，然后通(tong)過(guo)音(yin)(yin)響放大(da)。也可以(yi)(yi)使用(yong)耳機，在練習(xi)時可以(yi)(yi)不(bu)影響他人。所以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)(xiang)只是(shi)(shi)個(ge)擺設(she)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)不(bu)插(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也能拉響，但那(nei)個(ge)聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)根(gen)本不(bu)像是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)，而且聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)極小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，就(jiu)像蚊子(zi)(zi)叫。不(bu)少大(da)一(yi)(yi)些的(de)(de)(de)(de)琴(qin)行(xing)都有賣電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)，一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)有自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，和普通(tong)提(ti)琴(qin)外(wai)形相同，只不(bu)過(guo)多了一(yi)(yi)個(ge)拾音(yin)(yin)器，類似(si)于吉(ji)他家族中的(de)(de)(de)(de)箱(xiang)(xiang)琴(qin)；還有一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)調(diao)(diao)音(yin)(yin)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，沒有共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)體(ti)，看(kan)上(shang)去是(shi)(shi)“鏤(lou)空”的(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)種(zhong)，通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)對微弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)振動(dong)進(jin)行(xing)拾取(qu)放大(da)及(ji)調(diao)(diao)音(yin)(yin)。