芒果视频下载

基本構造

小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)由30多個(ge)零件(jian)組成(cheng)。其主(zhu)要構(gou)件(jian)有琴(qin)頭、琴(qin)身、琴(qin)頸(jing)、弦(xian)(xian)軸、琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)、琴(qin)馬、腮托(tuo)、琴(qin)弓(gong)、面(mian)(mian)板(ban)、側板(ban)、音柱等。小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)共有四根(gen)弦(xian)(xian)，分為：1弦(xian)(xian)（E弦(xian)(xian)）、2弦(xian)(xian)（A弦(xian)(xian)）、3弦(xian)(xian)（D弦(xian)(xian)）和(he)4弦(xian)(xian)（G弦(xian)(xian)）。小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)琴(qin)身（共鳴箱）長(chang)約(yue)35.5厘米，由具有弧度的(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)、背板(ban)和(he)側板(ban)粘合而(er)成(cheng)。面(mian)(mian)板(ban)常用云(yun)杉(shan)制作，質(zhi)地(di)(di)較(jiao)軟；背板(ban)和(he)側板(ban)用楓(feng)木(mu)(mu)，質(zhi)地(di)(di)較(jiao)硬。琴(qin)頭、琴(qin)頸(jing)用整條(tiao)楓(feng)木(mu)(mu)，指板(ban)用烏木(mu)(mu)。小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)的(de)(de)音質(zhi)基本上取決(jue)于它(ta)的(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)質(zhi)和(he)相應的(de)(de)結構(gou)，取決(jue)于木(mu)(mu)材的(de)(de)振(zhen)動頻率和(he)它(ta)對弦(xian)(xian)振(zhen)動的(de)(de)反應。優(you)質(zhi)琴(qin)能(neng)把發出的(de)(de)每(mei)個(ge)聲(sheng)音的(de)(de)基音和(he)泛音都同(tong)樣靈敏地(di)(di)傳播出去。

小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)有琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)4根，原均為羊腸制的(de)裸弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，約從18世(shi)紀起(qi)(qi)(qi)，低音(yin)(yin)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)常包以銀(yin)絲，使(shi)其(qi)(qi)反應靈敏。現(xian)代則將G、D、A3根弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)纏金屬絲的(de)羊腸弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或鋼絲纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，晚近也(ye)用(yong)(yong)尼龍(long)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改用(yong)(yong)鋼絲弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，使(shi)其(qi)(qi)在高音(yin)(yin)區的(de)音(yin)(yin)色更佳(jia)。小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)制作(zuo)成(cheng)現(xian)代這種樣式，并非完全從形態美觀出(chu)發(fa)，而(er)是(shi)有其(qi)(qi)音(yin)(yin)響上和(he)演奏(zou)上的(de)需要。小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)面板(ban)和(he)背板(ban)有弧度(du)，使(shi)其(qi)(qi)共鳴良好，發(fa)音(yin)(yin)洪亮；琴(qin)(qin)的(de)腰身狹窄，便于演奏(zou)高把(ba)位和(he)低音(yin)(yin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；面板(ban)和(he)背板(ban)加嵌條，除(chu)防止木板(ban)開(kai)裂外，對琴(qin)(qin)的(de)音(yin)(yin)質(zhi)也(ye)起(qi)(qi)(qi)一定作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。面板(ban)與(yu)背板(ban)中間有音(yin)(yin)柱支(zhi)撐，其(qi)(qi)位置變化(hua)對小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)音(yin)(yin)色影響明顯。面板(ban)左下方粘低音(yin)(yin)梁，既起(qi)(qi)(qi)加固作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，又(you)具音(yin)(yin)響作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)表面的(de)油(you)漆如(ru)太硬、太軟，或漆得不勻，都會有損于音(yin)(yin)質(zhi)。當琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)與(yu)琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)摩擦使(shi)琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)時，通過琴(qin)(qin)馬引(yin)起(qi)(qi)(qi)面板(ban)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，又(you)通過音(yin)(yin)柱使(shi)背板(ban)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)較(jiao)少，而(er)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)較(jiao)大，從而(er)使(shi)低音(yin)(yin)梁有更大的(de)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，并造(zao)成(cheng)共鳴箱振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)。能否(fou)使(shi)琴(qin)(qin)聲得以充分發(fa)揮，取決于琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)及其(qi)(qi)張力、琴(qin)(qin)馬質(zhi)量、運弓(gong)的(de)壓力和(he)速度(du)。要想(xiang)把(ba)琴(qin)(qin)的(de)各種音(yin)(yin)質(zhi)都表達出(chu)來，還(huan)要加上演奏(zou)者的(de)弓(gong)法、指法和(he)揉弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、彈弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等演奏(zou)技巧。

琴弓作為樂器的(de)附加物，最(zui)早出(chu)現在(zai)拜占庭帝國時代，但其(qi)價值(zhi)就如平民老百姓一般(ban)身份低下，究(jiu)其(qi)原因是與彈撥方法所產生的(de)聲音相(xiang)比，運弓生成(cheng)的(de)音質實在(zai)是太弱。

器樂分類

小(xiao)提琴分電子小(xiao)提琴和木(mu)琴兩(liang)種，兩(liang)者發聲原理迥(jiong)乎(hu)不(bu)同。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)與普通(tong)(tong)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)最主要的(de)區別是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)不(bu)用共(gong)鳴箱，不(bu)像(xiang)(xiang)普通(tong)(tong)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)一(yi)樣通(tong)(tong)過(guo)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)柱帶動共(gong)鳴箱內的(de)空(kong)氣振動發(fa)聲(sheng)(sheng)，所以(yi)(yi)弦的(de)震動要靠琴(qin)弦根(gen)部下方(fang)的(de)幾個(ge)(ge)磁拾(shi)(shi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器（就(jiu)像(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)吉他的(de)一(yi)樣）拾(shi)(shi)取，然后(hou)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)響(xiang)放(fang)(fang)大。也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)使用耳機，在練習時可(ke)以(yi)(yi)不(bu)影(ying)響(xiang)他人。所以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)的(de)共(gong)鳴箱只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)擺設。電(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)不(bu)插電(dian)(dian)(dian)也能拉響(xiang)，但(dan)那個(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)根(gen)本不(bu)像(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)，而且(qie)聲(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)極小(xiao)，就(jiu)像(xiang)(xiang)蚊子(zi)(zi)叫。不(bu)少大一(yi)些的(de)琴(qin)行都有(you)賣電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)，一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)有(you)自己的(de)共(gong)鳴體的(de)，和(he)普通(tong)(tong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)外形相同(tong)，只(zhi)不(bu)過(guo)多了一(yi)個(ge)(ge)拾(shi)(shi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器，類似于吉他家族中的(de)箱琴(qin)；還(huan)有(you)一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)調(diao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)共(gong)鳴的(de)，沒有(you)共(gong)鳴體，看上(shang)去是(shi)(shi)“鏤空(kong)”的(de)那種，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)對微(wei)弱(ruo)的(de)振動進行拾(shi)(shi)取放(fang)(fang)大及調(diao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。