芒果视频下载

基本構造

小提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)由(you)30多個(ge)(ge)零(ling)件組成。其主要構(gou)件有琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸(jing)、弦(xian)軸、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬、腮托(tuo)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓、面(mian)板、側(ce)板、音(yin)柱等。小提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)共(gong)有四根弦(xian)，分為：1弦(xian)（E弦(xian)）、2弦(xian)（A弦(xian)）、3弦(xian)（D弦(xian)）和(he)(he)4弦(xian)（G弦(xian)）。小提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身（共(gong)鳴箱）長(chang)約35.5厘米(mi)，由(you)具有弧度(du)的(de)(de)面(mian)板、背(bei)板和(he)(he)側(ce)板粘合而成。面(mian)板常用云杉制作，質(zhi)(zhi)地較軟；背(bei)板和(he)(he)側(ce)板用楓(feng)木(mu)，質(zhi)(zhi)地較硬。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸(jing)用整條楓(feng)木(mu)，指(zhi)板用烏木(mu)。小提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)音(yin)質(zhi)(zhi)基本上取決于(yu)(yu)它(ta)的(de)(de)木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)相應的(de)(de)結構(gou)，取決于(yu)(yu)木(mu)材的(de)(de)振動(dong)(dong)頻率和(he)(he)它(ta)對弦(xian)振動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)反應。優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)能把發出的(de)(de)每個(ge)(ge)聲音(yin)的(de)(de)基音(yin)和(he)(he)泛(fan)音(yin)都同樣(yang)靈敏(min)地傳播出去。

小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)有(you)(you)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)4根(gen)，原(yuan)均為(wei)羊腸制的(de)裸弦(xian)(xian)，約從18世紀起(qi)，低音(yin)(yin)G弦(xian)(xian)常包以銀絲，使其(qi)反應(ying)靈(ling)敏(min)。現代(dai)則(ze)將G、D、A3根(gen)弦(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)纏金屬(shu)絲的(de)羊腸弦(xian)(xian)或鋼(gang)絲纏弦(xian)(xian)，晚近也用(yong)(yong)尼龍弦(xian)(xian)。E弦(xian)(xian)改用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)絲弦(xian)(xian)，使其(qi)在高音(yin)(yin)區的(de)音(yin)(yin)色(se)(se)更佳。小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)制作(zuo)成現代(dai)這種樣式，并(bing)非完(wan)全從形態美觀出發，而是(shi)有(you)(you)其(qi)音(yin)(yin)響上(shang)和(he)演奏上(shang)的(de)需要(yao)。小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)背板(ban)(ban)(ban)有(you)(you)弧度，使其(qi)共(gong)鳴良好，發音(yin)(yin)洪亮；琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)腰身狹窄，便于(yu)(yu)(yu)演奏高把位和(he)低音(yin)(yin)弦(xian)(xian)；面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)背板(ban)(ban)(ban)加(jia)嵌條(tiao)，除防止(zhi)木(mu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)開裂外，對琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)音(yin)(yin)質也起(qi)一定作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)與背板(ban)(ban)(ban)中間有(you)(you)音(yin)(yin)柱支撐，其(qi)位置變化對小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)音(yin)(yin)色(se)(se)影響明顯。面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)左下方粘低音(yin)(yin)梁，既起(qi)加(jia)固作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，又(you)具音(yin)(yin)響作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。小(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)表面(mian)(mian)的(de)油漆如太(tai)硬、太(tai)軟(ruan)，或漆得不勻，都會(hui)有(you)(you)損于(yu)(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)質。當琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)與琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)摩擦使琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)振(zhen)動(dong)時(shi)，通過琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬引起(qi)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)振(zhen)動(dong)，又(you)通過音(yin)(yin)柱使背板(ban)(ban)(ban)振(zhen)動(dong)，E弦(xian)(xian)振(zhen)動(dong)較少，而G弦(xian)(xian)振(zhen)動(dong)較大(da)，從而使低音(yin)(yin)梁有(you)(you)更大(da)的(de)振(zhen)動(dong)，并(bing)造(zao)成共(gong)鳴箱振(zhen)動(dong)。能否使琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)聲(sheng)得以充分發揮，取決于(yu)(yu)(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)及其(qi)張(zhang)力(li)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬質量、運弓(gong)的(de)壓力(li)和(he)速(su)度。要(yao)想把琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)各種音(yin)(yin)質都表達出來，還要(yao)加(jia)上(shang)演奏者的(de)弓(gong)法、指(zhi)法和(he)揉弦(xian)(xian)、彈弦(xian)(xian)等演奏技巧。

琴弓作為樂器的附加物，最(zui)早出(chu)現在拜占庭帝(di)國時(shi)代(dai)，但其價值(zhi)就如(ru)平(ping)民老(lao)百姓一般身(shen)份低下，究其原因是與彈(dan)撥(bo)方法所產生(sheng)的聲(sheng)音相比(bi)，運弓生(sheng)成的音質實在是太(tai)弱。

器樂分類

小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)分電子小提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)和木琴(qin)(qin)兩種，兩者發(fa)聲(sheng)原理(li)迥乎(hu)不(bu)同。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)與普通(tong)(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)最(zui)主要的(de)(de)區別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)箱(xiang)，不(bu)(bu)像(xiang)普通(tong)(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)樣通(tong)(tong)過音(yin)(yin)(yin)柱帶動(dong)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)箱(xiang)內的(de)(de)空氣(qi)振(zhen)動(dong)發聲(sheng)，所(suo)以弦(xian)的(de)(de)震動(dong)要靠琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)根(gen)部(bu)下方的(de)(de)幾個磁拾(shi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)器（就(jiu)像(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)吉(ji)他(ta)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)樣）拾(shi)取，然后(hou)通(tong)(tong)過音(yin)(yin)(yin)響(xiang)放大。也可(ke)以使用(yong)耳機(ji)，在練習時可(ke)以不(bu)(bu)影響(xiang)他(ta)人。所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)箱(xiang)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個擺設。電(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)不(bu)(bu)插電(dian)(dian)(dian)也能拉響(xiang)，但那(nei)個聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)根(gen)本不(bu)(bu)像(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，而且聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)極小(xiao)(xiao)，就(jiu)像(xiang)蚊子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)叫(jiao)。不(bu)(bu)少大一(yi)(yi)些的(de)(de)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)行(xing)都有賣電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，一(yi)(yi)種是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有自己的(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)體的(de)(de)，和普通(tong)(tong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)外(wai)形相同，只(zhi)不(bu)(bu)過多(duo)了一(yi)(yi)個拾(shi)音(yin)(yin)(yin)器，類似于(yu)吉(ji)他(ta)家(jia)族中的(de)(de)箱(xiang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)；還有一(yi)(yi)種是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)調(diao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)，沒(mei)有共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)體，看上(shang)去是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“鏤空”的(de)(de)那(nei)種，通(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路對微弱(ruo)的(de)(de)振(zhen)動(dong)進行(xing)拾(shi)取放大及調(diao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)。