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基本介紹

象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(Elaeidobius kamerunicus)是(shi)鞘翅目昆蟲(chong)(chong)中(zhong)(zhong)大的(de)(de)(de)一科(ke)，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)昆蟲(chong)(chong)王國中(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)，全世界(jie)已知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)已超(chao)過(guo)6萬種(zhong)，在我國種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)可達(da)6000多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)。象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)”祖籍西非大陸，體軀很小，頭上長(chang)(chang)(chang)著(zhu)一根觸須，因形似象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)故而(er)得名。大多(duo)(duo)數種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)都有翅，體長(chang)(chang)(chang)大致在0.1公分(fen)到(dao)10公分(fen)左右(you)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)“鼻(bi)(bi)子(zi)(zi)”占了(le)身(shen)體的(de)(de)(de)一半。看(kan)到(dao)這類(lei)(lei)昆蟲(chong)(chong)令人不(bu)由得想起大象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)鼻(bi)(bi)子(zi)(zi)，因為(wei)它們的(de)(de)(de)口吻很長(chang)(chang)(chang)，所以這類(lei)(lei)昆蟲(chong)(chong)被人們稱為(wei)象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)。不(bu)過(guo)可別把長(chang)(chang)(chang)型的(de)(de)(de)囗吻當(dang)成象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)(bi)子(zi)(zi)，何況看(kan)生(sheng)于(yu)末端的(de)(de)(de)并不(bu)是(shi)鼻(bi)(bi)子(zi)(zi)，而(er)是(shi)它們用以嚼食食物的(de)(de)(de)口器。當(dang)然除了(le)口吻長(chang)(chang)(chang)外，拐角著(zhu)生(sheng)于(yu)吻基部也(ye)(ye)是(shi)此蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)特色之(zhi)一。

形態及特征

象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲體形很小(xiao)(xiao)，屬鞘翅目curculionidae屬。雄(xiong)蟲體形長(chang)×寬為3.25mm×1.40mm，雌蟲為2.71mm×1.19mm。雄(xiong)蟲鼻(bi)子平(ping)均長(chang)度為0.88mm，雌蟲為1.11mm。雌蟲的個體比雄(xiong)蟲小(xiao)(xiao)，平(ping)均長(chang)度在(zai)2.7～3.2mm之間。雄(xiong)蟲的眼睛裸露、鼻(bi)子較(jiao)短、體形大些。在(zai)野外很容易辨認雄(xiong)蟲和雌蟲，可根據(ju)象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲身體的大小(xiao)(xiao)、鼻(bi)子的長(chang)短對其性別進行鑒定，且雄(xiong)蟲鞘翅邊緣有(you)絨(rong)毛(mao)。

因其喙(hui)像大象的(de)長鼻子而得名。這種(zhong)只(zhi)吃棉(mian)花的(de)昆蟲，早是在中美洲發現的(de)，19世紀(ji)90年代初(chu)，它傳到(dao)了(le)美國(guo)的(de)布朗斯(si)維爾和德克(ke)薩斯(si)。象鼻蟲以(yi)一年70英里(li)(li)（113公里(li)(li)）的(de)速度向外移動(dong)。從1922年開始，落基山脈(mo)東部(bu)棉(mian)區都發現了(le)象鼻蟲，有很大的(de)危害性。

象(xiang)鼻蟲(chong)(chong)是(shi)比較著名的經濟植物害蟲(chong)(chong)，不(bu)(bu)過(guo)并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)所有(you)(you)種類，也有(you)(you)些是(shi)不(bu)(bu)會對經濟植物造(zao)成(cheng)危害。它吃(chi)棉(mian)花(hua)棵(ke)的芽和棉(mian)桃，并在(zai)棉(mian)花(hua)上產(chan)卵。孵化出來的幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)是(shi)淺黃色的。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)頭(tou)部特別發達，能在(zai)植物之莖內或谷物中(zhong)蛀食(shi)。有(you)(you)些種類，甚至在(zai)根(gen)內穿刺(ci)。由于如此，每至風大的時候，作(zuo)物常從受害部折斷。

在國(guo)外，較(jiao)著名的(de)(de)象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)有(you)棉(mian)花的(de)(de)棉(mian)花象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)針葉樹的(de)(de)白松(song)象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、谷物的(de)(de)谷象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。在國(guo)內，除(chu)谷象(xiang)、米象(xiang)之(zhi)外，較(jiao)重要的(de)(de)象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，有(you)為害(hai)香蕉(jiao)的(de)(de)香蕉(jiao)假莖象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、球象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，為害(hai)甘蔗(zhe)的(de)(de)蟻象(xiang)及為害(hai)竹筍的(de)(de)臺灣大(da)象(xiang)鼻(bi)等。 資深(shen)的(de)(de)蕉(jiao)農，對這種害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，可能(neng)記(ji)憶猶(you)新;此蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)曾在臺灣中(zhong)部(bu)地(di)區的(de)(de)蕉(jiao)園內猖獗過(guo)，曾經臺灣當局在臺中(zhong)收(shou)購的(de)(de)象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)數量兩千七(qi)百多公斤來看，不難窺知其(qi)為害(hai)之(zhi)烈。

生活習性

象鼻蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)只以雄花粉為(wei)(wei)食，而(er)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)則(ze)以腐爛的(de)花為(wei)(wei)食并逐漸變為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。在油棕雄花期間，象鼻蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在快要(yao)(yao)枯萎的(de)小花細絲(si)管內產卵，其幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)以腐爛的(de)花為(wei)(wei)食，從卵到成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)大約需要(yao)(yao)7～14天(tian)，正好(hao)是(shi)在雄花花期內。象鼻蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)平(ping)均(jun)壽命為(wei)(wei)15～17天(tian)，一個雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)平(ping)均(jun)繁殖12個后代。

象鼻蟲的(de)雌蟲在產(chan)卵前，往往會以吻端之囗器在植物之組(zu)織上鉆一管狀洞穴或橫裂，然后再把卵產(chan)于組(zu)織內，有(you)部份(fen)種類能以孤雌生殖方式絮(xu)衍后代。它的(de)整個(ge)(ge)壽命只(zhi)有(you)三個(ge)(ge)星期，但(dan)成蟲只(zhi)需(xu)活幾個(ge)(ge)星期就可以不斷地(di)產(chan)下(xia)4代甚至更(geng)多的(de)后代。但(dan)在秋天只(zhi)有(you)百分之九(jiu)十五的(de)成活率(lv)。

對這(zhe)類甲(jia)蟲可(ke)感興趣?它們不會咬人，成蟲擁有假死的(de)習性，并且一(yi)些大型(xing)的(de)種(zhong)類還挺好(hao)玩的(de)呢。

松(song)(song)象(xiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)小興(xing)安嶺林(lin)區，兩年一(yi)代。以成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)及幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)兩蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)態(tai)越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)。5月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)旬，越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)開始活功，集中(zhong)(zhong)于落(luo)葉(xie)松(song)(song)更(geng)(geng)新地上取(qu)(qu)食并(bing)交(jiao)尾，危害2年生以上的(de)(de)幼(you)(you)樹。6月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬以后(hou)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)自更(geng)(geng)新地向(xiang)采(cai)伐跡地擴(kuo)散，到伐根(gen)下(xia)去產(chan)卵。6月(yue)下(xia)旬以后(hou)新孵(fu)化的(de)(de)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)陸續出(chu)現，在(zai)(zai)伐根(gen)的(de)(de)皮(pi)層或皮(pi)層與邊材(cai)之(zhi)間作(zuo)隧道(dao)活功取(qu)(qu)食。到9月(yue)末，大部(bu)分(fen)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)已經老熟，在(zai)(zai)皮(pi)層，皮(pi)層與邊材(cai)間或全部(bu)在(zai)(zai)邊材(cai)以內(nei)作(zuo)橢圓形蛹(yong)(yong)室(shi)休(xiu)眠。少數(shu)孵(fu)化較晚(wan)的(de)(de)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)時尚(shang)未老熟，翌春(chun)需再取(qu)(qu)食一(yi)段時間，才作(zuo)蛹(yong)(yong)室(shi)休(xiu)眠。上年秋末已經老熟的(de)(de)休(xiu)眠幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，經越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)階段后(hou)，于7、8兩月(yue)化蛹(yong)(yong)，7月(yue)末以后(hou)開始羽化為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。大部(bu)分(fen)新成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)潛伏蛹(yong)(yong)室(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)約半月(yue)后(hou)，即(ji)自伐根(gen)爬出(chu)土(tu)面來，找尋幼(you)(you)材(cai)取(qu)(qu)食為(wei)害。當年不(bu)交(jiao)尾產(chan)卵。9月(yue)底(di)后(hou)，在(zai)(zai)落(luo)葉(xie)松(song)(song)幼(you)(you)樹根(gen)際(ji)的(de)(de)枯枝落(luo)葉(xie)叢中(zhong)(zhong)越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)；少數(shu)羽化較晚(wan)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，并(bing)不(bu)出(chu)土(tu)，在(zai)(zai)蛹(yong)(yong)室(shi)內(nei)越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)。自卵孵(fu)化而至(zhi)羽化成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)再產(chan)卵，歷時二周年。