象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(Elaeidobius kamerunicus)是鞘翅(chi)目(mu)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)中大(da)的(de)一(yi)(yi)科,也是昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)王(wang)國(guo)中種(zhong)類(lei)多(duo)(duo)的(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong),全世界(jie)已(yi)知的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)已(yi)超(chao)過6萬種(zhong),在我國(guo)種(zhong)類(lei)可達(da)6000多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)。象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)”祖(zu)籍西(xi)非(fei)大(da)陸,體(ti)軀很(hen)(hen)小,頭上長(chang)(chang)著一(yi)(yi)根觸(chu)須,因形似象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)故而(er)得(de)名(ming)。大(da)多(duo)(duo)數種(zhong)類(lei)都(dou)有(you)翅(chi),體(ti)長(chang)(chang)大(da)致在0.1公(gong)(gong)分(fen)到10公(gong)(gong)分(fen)左右。其中“鼻(bi)子”占了身體(ti)的(de)一(yi)(yi)半。看到這類(lei)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)令(ling)人不(bu)(bu)由得(de)想起大(da)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)長(chang)(chang)鼻(bi)子,因為它們(men)的(de)口吻很(hen)(hen)長(chang)(chang),所以這類(lei)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)被人們(men)稱為象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)。不(bu)(bu)過可別把長(chang)(chang)型的(de)囗(wei)吻當成象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)鼻(bi)子,何(he)況看生于末端的(de)并不(bu)(bu)是鼻(bi)子,而(er)是它們(men)用以嚼食食物的(de)口器。當然除了口吻長(chang)(chang)外,拐角著生于吻基(ji)部也是此蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)特色之一(yi)(yi)。
象鼻蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)形很小(xiao),屬(shu)鞘翅(chi)目curculionidae屬(shu)。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)形長(chang)(chang)×寬為(wei)(wei)3.25mm×1.40mm,雌蟲(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)2.71mm×1.19mm。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)鼻子(zi)平(ping)均長(chang)(chang)度(du)為(wei)(wei)0.88mm,雌蟲(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)1.11mm。雌蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)個體(ti)比(bi)雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)小(xiao),平(ping)均長(chang)(chang)度(du)在2.7~3.2mm之(zhi)間。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)眼睛裸露(lu)、鼻子(zi)較短(duan)、體(ti)形大些。在野外很容易辨認雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)和雌蟲(chong)(chong),可(ke)根據象鼻蟲(chong)(chong)身體(ti)的(de)大小(xiao)、鼻子(zi)的(de)長(chang)(chang)短(duan)對其性(xing)別進(jin)行鑒定,且雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)鞘翅(chi)邊緣有(you)絨毛。
因(yin)其喙像(xiang)大象的(de)長鼻子(zi)而得名(ming)。這種(zhong)只吃棉花的(de)昆蟲,早是在中美洲發現(xian)的(de),19世紀90年(nian)代初,它傳到(dao)了(le)美國的(de)布朗(lang)斯維(wei)爾和德(de)克薩斯。象鼻蟲以(yi)一年(nian)70英里(li)(113公里(li))的(de)速(su)度(du)向外移動。從1922年(nian)開始(shi),落基山脈東部棉區(qu)都發現(xian)了(le)象鼻蟲,有很大的(de)危害性。
象(xiang)鼻蟲是(shi)(shi)比較著(zhu)名的(de)經(jing)(jing)濟植(zhi)物(wu)害蟲,不過并不是(shi)(shi)所有種類,也有些(xie)是(shi)(shi)不會(hui)對經(jing)(jing)濟植(zhi)物(wu)造(zao)成危害。它吃(chi)棉花棵的(de)芽和棉桃,并在(zai)棉花上產卵。孵化出來(lai)的(de)幼蟲是(shi)(shi)淺黃(huang)色的(de)。幼蟲頭部特別發達,能在(zai)植(zhi)物(wu)之莖內(nei)(nei)或谷(gu)物(wu)中蛀食。有些(xie)種類,甚(shen)至(zhi)在(zai)根(gen)內(nei)(nei)穿刺。由于如(ru)此,每至(zhi)風大的(de)時候(hou),作物(wu)常從受害部折(zhe)斷。
在(zai)國(guo)外,較(jiao)著(zhu)名的(de)象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)害(hai)有棉花的(de)棉花象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)針(zhen)葉(xie)樹的(de)白松象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)、谷(gu)物的(de)谷(gu)象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)。在(zai)國(guo)內(nei),除(chu)谷(gu)象(xiang)(xiang)、米象(xiang)(xiang)之外,較(jiao)重(zhong)要的(de)象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)類害(hai)蟲(chong),有為害(hai)香蕉的(de)香蕉假(jia)莖象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)、球象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)蟲(chong),為害(hai)甘蔗的(de)蟻象(xiang)(xiang)及為害(hai)竹筍的(de)臺(tai)(tai)灣(wan)大象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)等。 資(zi)深的(de)蕉農,對這種害(hai)蟲(chong),可能記(ji)憶猶新;此(ci)蟲(chong)曾在(zai)臺(tai)(tai)灣(wan)中(zhong)部(bu)地區(qu)的(de)蕉園內(nei)猖獗過(guo),曾經(jing)臺(tai)(tai)灣(wan)當(dang)局在(zai)臺(tai)(tai)中(zhong)收(shou)購的(de)象(xiang)(xiang)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)蟲(chong)數量兩(liang)千七百多公斤來看,不難(nan)窺知其為害(hai)之烈。
象鼻蟲(chong)(chong)只(zhi)以(yi)雄花粉(fen)為食(shi),而(er)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)則以(yi)腐(fu)爛(lan)的花為食(shi)并(bing)逐漸變為成蟲(chong)(chong)。在油棕雄花期(qi)間,象鼻蟲(chong)(chong)在快(kuai)要(yao)枯萎的小花細絲管內產(chan)卵,其幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)以(yi)腐(fu)爛(lan)的花為食(shi),從卵到成蟲(chong)(chong)大約需(xu)要(yao)7~14天(tian),正(zheng)好是在雄花花期(qi)內。象鼻蟲(chong)(chong)的平(ping)均壽命為15~17天(tian),一個雌蟲(chong)(chong)平(ping)均繁(fan)殖12個后代。
象(xiang)鼻蟲(chong)的(de)(de)雌蟲(chong)在產(chan)卵前,往(wang)往(wang)會以(yi)吻(wen)端之囗器(qi)在植(zhi)物之組織(zhi)上鉆一管(guan)狀洞穴或橫裂,然后再把卵產(chan)于組織(zhi)內,有部份(fen)種類能以(yi)孤雌生殖方式絮衍后代。它的(de)(de)整個壽命只(zhi)有三個星期,但成蟲(chong)只(zhi)需活(huo)幾個星期就可以(yi)不斷地產(chan)下4代甚至更(geng)多的(de)(de)后代。但在秋(qiu)天只(zhi)有百(bai)分之九十(shi)五的(de)(de)成活(huo)率。
對(dui)這類(lei)甲蟲(chong)可感興趣?它們不會咬人,成蟲(chong)擁有假死的(de)習性,并且一些(xie)大型的(de)種類(lei)還挺(ting)好(hao)玩的(de)呢(ni)。
松象蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)小興(xing)安嶺林(lin)區(qu),兩年一代(dai)。以(yi)(yi)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)及幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)兩蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)態越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)。5月(yue)中(zhong)下旬,越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)開始活(huo)功(gong)(gong),集中(zhong)于落葉松更新地(di)上取(qu)食(shi)并交尾,危害2年生以(yi)(yi)上的幼樹。6月(yue)中(zhong)旬以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou),成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)自更新地(di)向(xiang)采伐(fa)跡地(di)擴散,到伐(fa)根(gen)下去產(chan)卵(luan)。6月(yue)下旬以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)新孵化(hua)(hua)的幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)陸(lu)續出(chu)(chu)現,在(zai)伐(fa)根(gen)的皮(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)或皮(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)與邊(bian)(bian)材(cai)(cai)之間(jian)作隧道活(huo)功(gong)(gong)取(qu)食(shi)。到9月(yue)末(mo),大部分幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)已(yi)(yi)經老(lao)熟(shu),在(zai)皮(pi)層(ceng)(ceng),皮(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)與邊(bian)(bian)材(cai)(cai)間(jian)或全部在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)材(cai)(cai)以(yi)(yi)內作橢圓形蛹(yong)室(shi)休(xiu)眠(mian)。少(shao)數孵化(hua)(hua)較晚的幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)時(shi)尚未老(lao)熟(shu),翌(yi)春需再取(qu)食(shi)一段時(shi)間(jian),才作蛹(yong)室(shi)休(xiu)眠(mian)。上年秋末(mo)已(yi)(yi)經老(lao)熟(shu)的休(xiu)眠(mian)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),經越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)階段后(hou)(hou),于7、8兩月(yue)化(hua)(hua)蛹(yong),7月(yue)末(mo)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)開始羽(yu)化(hua)(hua)為成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。大部分新成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)潛伏蛹(yong)室(shi)中(zhong)約半月(yue)后(hou)(hou),即自伐(fa)根(gen)爬(pa)出(chu)(chu)土面來,找尋幼材(cai)(cai)取(qu)食(shi)為害。當年不(bu)交尾產(chan)卵(luan)。9月(yue)底后(hou)(hou),在(zai)落葉松幼樹根(gen)際的枯枝落葉叢中(zhong)越(yue)(yue)冬(dong);少(shao)數羽(yu)化(hua)(hua)較晚的成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),并不(bu)出(chu)(chu)土,在(zai)蛹(yong)室(shi)內越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)。自卵(luan)孵化(hua)(hua)而至羽(yu)化(hua)(hua)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)再產(chan)卵(luan),歷時(shi)二周年。