羅漢松(song)喜溫暖濕(shi)潤(run)氣候,生長適(shi)溫15-28℃。耐寒性(xing)弱,耐陰性(xing)強(qiang)。喜排(pai)水良好濕(shi)潤(run)之(zhi)砂質壤土,對土壤適(shi)應性(xing)強(qiang),鹽堿(jian)土上亦(yi)能生存(cun)。
羅(luo)漢(han)松(song)產于(yu)中國(guo)江蘇(su)、浙(zhe)江、福建、安徽、江西(xi)、湖南、四川(chuan)、云南、貴(gui)州、廣(guang)西(xi)、廣(guang)東(dong)等(deng)省(sheng)區(qu),日本也有分布(bu)。
羅漢松,常綠喬木(mu),高達20m,胸(xiong)徑達60cm;樹皮灰色(se)(se)或灰褐色(se)(se),淺縱裂,成(cheng)薄片狀(zhuang)脫落;枝(zhi)開展或斜(xie)展,較密。
葉螺旋狀著生,條(tiao)狀披針形(xing),微彎,長7-12cm,寬7-10mm,先(xian)端尖(jian),基部楔形(xing),上面(mian)深綠色,有光澤,中脈顯著隆(long)(long)起,下面(mian)帶白色、灰綠色或淡綠色,中脈微隆(long)(long)起。
雄球(qiu)花穗(sui)狀、腋生,常(chang)3-5個簇生于極短的(de)總梗上(shang),長3-5cm,基(ji)部有(you)數(shu)枚三(san)角狀苞片(pian);雌(ci)球(qiu)花單生葉腋,有(you)梗,基(ji)部有(you)少數(shu)苞片(pian)。
種(zhong)子卵圓形,徑約1cm,先(xian)端(duan)圓,熟時肉質假種(zhong)皮紫黑色,有白(bai)粉,種(zhong)托肉質圓柱(zhu)形,紅(hong)(hong)色或紫紅(hong)(hong)色,柄長(chang)1-1.5cm。
花期4-5月,種子8-9月成(cheng)熟。
采種
羅漢松(song)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在采集下來以(yi)后,盡量放(fang)置(zhi)于較為干燥通風(feng)的(de)(de)地方(fang),儲存(cun)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)條件最好(hao)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)要有太(tai)(tai)強光(guang)照的(de)(de)地方(fang),太(tai)(tai)熱太(tai)(tai)濕潤(run)的(de)(de)環(huan)境也會(hui)對羅漢松(song)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)保存(cun)產生影(ying)響,溫差太(tai)(tai)大(da)會(hui)使得羅漢松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)提前(qian)發芽,最好(hao)的(de)(de)儲存(cun)羅漢松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)密封好(hao)了放(fang)在冰箱(xiang)內,這樣保存(cun)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)既不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)提前(qian)發芽也不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)讓(rang)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)水分(fen)散失。
浸泡
羅漢松種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之前將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)浸泡4天左右,讓(rang)其(qi)充分的吸收水(shui)分,可以(yi)使(shi)用溫冷的開過的水(shui)浸泡,這樣的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽率更高。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的時候(hou)按行(xing)距播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),每行(xing)間隔20cm,每株間隔10cm,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時候(hou)對掩埋(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的深度是以(yi)埋(mai)住(zhu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)為準,然后用草蓋(gai)好以(yi)給種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)保濕。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每天給種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)噴(pen)水(shui)一次(ci),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)播(bo)后8-9天之后就(jiu)除去草蓋(gai),做好防(fang)曬遮陰,不要將(jiang)其(qi)曝曬。
播種
羅漢松種子(zi)播種后的(de)(de)40天左(zuo)(zuo)右種子(zi)就(jiu)會發芽,要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)的(de)(de)是幼苗(miao)(miao)之間的(de)(de)間隔,有太過(guo)密的(de)(de)地方(fang)就(jiu)將(jiang)小(xiao)苗(miao)(miao)帶土將(jiang)其移(yi)植到(dao)空缺的(de)(de)的(de)(de)地方(fang)去,注意(yi)不要(yao)(yao)讓新生的(de)(de)幼苗(miao)(miao)淋(lin)水,以保證幼苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)存活率。待幼苗(miao)(miao)長至6片葉(xie)子(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)右的(de)(de)時(shi)候可以適當的(de)(de)淋(lin)一(yi)些沼(zhao)氣稀釋水,建議(yi)最(zui)好不要(yao)(yao)用化肥。由于(yu)幼苗(miao)(miao)生長緩慢,1年(nian)后移(yi)植,株(zhu)行距(ju)20x20cm,或移(yi)入15cm的(de)(de)營養袋(dai),每袋(dai)1株(zhu)。一(yi)年(nian)后再移(yi)植1次,株(zhu)行距(ju)1x1m,實生苗(miao)(miao)經(jing)3年(nian)育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)后,苗(miao)(miao)高(gao)可達(da)1-1.3m,冠(guan)幅(fu)可達(da)1平方(fang)m,樹(shu)冠(guan)成塔形,可作園林使(shi)用或繼續育(yu)成大苗(miao)(miao)。
嫩枝扦插
嫩枝(zhi)(zhi)扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)是指在苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)季(ji)節(jie),采(cai)用(yong)當年生(sheng)半成熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)作為插(cha)(cha)條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)方法,嫩枝(zhi)(zhi)扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)操作方法是:在苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)生(sheng)長(chang)旺盛季(ji)節(jie),剪取當年生(sheng)半木(mu)質(zhi)化(hua)枝(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao),按2節(jie)至(zhi)(zhi)4節(jie)(一片或一對葉(xie)為一節(jie))為一段(duan),每段(duan)長(chang)約10cm左(zuo)右(you),上(shang)面保留1至(zhi)(zhi)2片葉(xie),下(xia)部(bu)去掉1至(zhi)(zhi)2片葉(xie)。扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)深度為5cm左(zuo)右(you)。扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)完(wan)畢后(hou)灑透水,插(cha)(cha)條(tiao)葉(xie)面水珠干后(hou)立即在苗(miao)(miao)床再噴施一次農藥(yao)殺菌殺蟲(chong),然后(hou)插(cha)(cha)上(shang)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)弓(gong),蓋(gai)(gai)上(shang)塑料(liao)薄膜(mo),之后(hou)再插(cha)(cha)一些(xie)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)弓(gong),在竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)弓(gong)上(shang)面蓋(gai)(gai)上(shang)黑(hei)色遮(zhe)(zhe)陰網(wang)。薄膜(mo)、遮(zhe)(zhe)陰網(wang)都(dou)要固定好。支(zhi)撐(cheng)遮(zhe)(zhe)陰網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)弓(gong)比支(zhi)撐(cheng)薄膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)弓(gong)要高出15cm至(zhi)(zhi)20cm,以防遮(zhe)(zhe)陰網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)熱量(liang)傳到薄膜(mo)里面,燙傷苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)。至(zhi)(zhi)此(ci),扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)工作全部(bu)完(wan)成。
嫩枝扦插(cha),上半年(nian)(nian)一般在(zai)5月中下(xia)(xia)(xia)旬(xun)到7月初進(jin)行(xing),下(xia)(xia)(xia)半年(nian)(nian)在(zai)8月中下(xia)(xia)(xia)旬(xun)到9月中下(xia)(xia)(xia)旬(xun)進(jin)行(xing)。上半年(nian)(nian)插(cha)的(de)苗要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)防(fang)止高溫燒傷和病(bing)害發(fa)生。下(xia)(xia)(xia)半年(nian)(nian)插(cha)的(de)苗要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)中后期保溫防(fang)凍(dong),揭(jie)遮陰(yin)(yin)網的(de)時(shi)間是11月下(xia)(xia)(xia)旬(xun),遇干旱(han)年(nian)(nian)份(fen)揭(jie)遮陰(yin)(yin)網的(de)時(shi)間可延至(zhi)12月下(xia)(xia)(xia)旬(xun)。
硬枝扦插
硬(ying)(ying)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扦(qian)(qian)(qian)插是指(zhi)在早(zao)(zao)春(chun)2至3月(yue)樹(shu)液尚未(wei)流動的(de)(de)休眠階段,剪取前一年(nian)完全木質化的(de)(de)粗壯枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條進行扦(qian)(qian)(qian)插的(de)(de)方法。早(zao)(zao)春(chun)硬(ying)(ying)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扦(qian)(qian)(qian)插需注意(yi)的(de)(de)是提(ti)高(gao)土(tu)溫,控(kong)制棚(peng)內氣溫。總(zong)之,不論是嫩枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扦(qian)(qian)(qian)插還(huan)(huan)是硬(ying)(ying)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扦(qian)(qian)(qian)插,都要切實搞好(hao)插穗(sui)和土(tu)壤的(de)(de)消毒工作,還(huan)(huan)要調控(kong)好(hao)苗床溫度(du)、濕(shi)度(du)、光照。除(chu)此之外,為了提(ti)高(gao)苗木扦(qian)(qian)(qian)插的(de)(de)成活率,還(huan)(huan)要適當采取一些促進生根(gen)的(de)(de)措施。
羅(luo)(luo)漢松病蟲害(hai)發生較(jiao)少(shao),但夏季高(gao)溫干燥季節要(yao)注(zhu)意防(fang)治(zhi)紅(hong)蜘(zhi)蛛。紅(hong)蜘(zhi)蛛以成(cheng)螨(man)、若螨(man)和幼螨(man)群集在(zai)(zai)羅(luo)(luo)漢松葉(xie)片的葉(xie)脈附近及(ji)葉(xie)緣處(chu)、嫩枝上(shang)吸取汁液,被害(hai)葉(xie)片正面呈(cheng)現許(xu)多(duo)粉綠色(se),后(hou)變灰(hui)白(bai)色(se)小(xiao)斑點(dian),失去固有的光澤(ze),嚴重(zhong)時全(quan)葉(xie)灰(hui)白(bai)色(se)。防(fang)治(zhi)方法是在(zai)(zai)紅(hong)蜘(zhi)蛛高(gao)發期(qi)(5-9月)噴一(yi)些(xie)治(zhi)療紅(hong)蜘(zhi)蛛的殺蟲劑如噠(da)螨(man)靈、噻螨(man)酮、苯(ben)丁錫等,每(mei)10天噴1次(ci)。
羅漢松(song)主要(yao)病害有葉(xie)斑病和(he)炭疽病危(wei)害。防治方法是(shi)用(yong)50%甲(jia)基托布(bu)津可濕性粉劑500倍液噴灑。蟲害有介殼(ke)蟲、紅(hong)蜘蛛和(he)大蓑蛾危(wei)害,可用(yong)40%氧(yang)化樂果(guo)乳油1500倍液噴殺。
羅漢(han)松材質細致均勻,易加(jia)工。可作家具、器具、文(wen)具及農具等用。
羅漢松(song)(song)可室內(nei)盆(pen)栽,亦可作花壇(tan)花卉。由(you)于羅漢松(song)(song)樹形(xing)古(gu)雅,種子與種柄組合奇特,惹人喜(xi)愛,南方寺廟、宅院多(duo)有種植。