沙(sha)冬(dong)青能在惡劣的(de)自然環境(jing)中生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),具(ju)有較厚的(de)角質層、密實的(de)表皮毛(mao),氣孔下陷,抗(kang)旱性(xing)、抗(kang)熱性(xing)強,耐(nai)(nai)寒、耐(nai)(nai)鹽、耐(nai)(nai)貧瘠,保水性(xing)強,在極度缺水的(de)狀(zhuang)況下仍能正常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。常與檸條、霸王、沙(sha)蒿組成共建(jian)的(de)群(qun)系,群(qun)系多呈(cheng)小片狀(zhuang)分布。其伴生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植物是錦雞(ji)兒、檸條、貓頭刺,根(gen)瘤(liu)菌具(ju)有抗(kang)逆(ni)性(xing),與沙(sha)冬(dong)青表現出相似性(xing),這表明生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)對(dui)豆科植物根(gen)瘤(liu)菌共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體有重(zhong)要的(de)影響。
分布(bu)(bu)于(yu)中(zhong)國內(nei)蒙古、寧夏(xia)、甘肅。生(sheng)于(yu)沙丘(qiu)、河灘邊臺地,為良好的固(gu)沙植物。蒙古南部也有(you)分布(bu)(bu)。模(mo)式標本采自內(nei)蒙古阿拉(la)善。
常綠灌木(mu),高1.5-2米(mi),粗壯;樹皮黃綠色(se)(se)(se),木(mu)材(cai)褐色(se)(se)(se)。莖多叉狀(zhuang)分(fen)枝,圓柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing),具溝棱,幼被(bei)灰白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)短柔毛(mao),后漸稀疏。3小(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie),偶為單葉(xie)(xie)(xie);葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)5-15毫米(mi),密(mi)被(bei)灰白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)短柔毛(mao);托葉(xie)(xie)(xie)小(xiao),三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)三(san)角(jiao)狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing),貼生葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄,被(bei)銀白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)絨毛(mao);小(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)菱狀(zhuang)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)闊披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)2-3.5厘米(mi),寬6-20毫米(mi),兩面密(mi)被(bei)銀白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)絨毛(mao),全緣(yuan),側脈幾不明(ming)顯。
總狀花(hua)(hua)序頂生(sheng)(sheng)枝(zhi)端(duan),花(hua)(hua)互生(sheng)(sheng),8-12朵密集;苞(bao)片(pian)卵形(xing),長(chang)5-6毫(hao)米(mi),密被(bei)短(duan)柔(rou)毛,脫落;花(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)約(yue)1厘(li)(li)米(mi),近無(wu)毛,中(zhong)部有2枚(mei)小苞(bao)片(pian);萼鐘形(xing),薄革質(zhi),長(chang)5-7毫(hao)米(mi),萼齒(chi)(chi)5,闊(kuo)三角形(xing),上方(fang)2齒(chi)(chi)合生(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)一較大(da)的齒(chi)(chi);花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)黃色,花(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)均具長(chang)瓣(ban)柄,旗瓣(ban)倒卵形(xing),長(chang)約(yue)2厘(li)(li)米(mi),翼瓣(ban)比龍(long)骨瓣(ban)短(duan),長(chang)圓形(xing),長(chang)1.7厘(li)(li)米(mi),其中(zhong)瓣(ban)柄長(chang)5毫(hao)米(mi),龍(long)骨瓣(ban)分離,基部有長(chang)2毫(hao)米(mi)的耳;子房具柄,線形(xing),無(wu)毛。
莢(jia)果扁平,線形(xing),長5-8厘米(mi),寬15-20毫(hao)米(mi),無毛,先端銳尖,基部具果頸,果頸長8-10毫(hao)米(mi);有種子2-5粒(li)。種子圓腎形(xing),徑約(yue)6毫(hao)米(mi)。花期(qi)4-5月,果期(qi)5-6月。
松(song)土(tu)(tu)、除(chu)草、施(shi)(shi)肥、澆灌是幼(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)撫育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)主要管(guan)理(li)措施(shi)(shi)。松(song)土(tu)(tu)可(ke)有(you)(you)效(xiao)地(di)(di)減少土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)及幼(you)(you)苗的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)分(fen)蒸(zheng)發(fa),提(ti)高土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)含水(shui)量(liang),有(you)(you)效(xiao)地(di)(di)改善了土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)(de)透氣性(xing)和(he)吸水(shui)性(xing),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)會提(ti)高接(jie)納(na)降(jiang)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力,為微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長創造了有(you)(you)利條(tiao)件(jian)。除(chu)草有(you)(you)利于(yu)幼(you)(you)苗的(de)(de)(de)健(jian)康生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長,消(xiao)除(chu)雜草根(gen)系,為幼(you)(you)苗提(ti)供更多的(de)(de)(de)營養和(he)陽光(guang),消(xiao)除(chu)爭水(shui)、爭肥的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長威脅。松(song)土(tu)(tu)和(he)除(chu)草的(de)(de)(de)次(ci)數要根(gen)據(ju)林(lin)(lin)木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)快慢而定,努力增加林(lin)(lin)木(mu)營養面(mian)積,提(ti)高保土(tu)(tu)、保水(shui)效(xiao)果。幼(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)撫育(yu)還要特別注重施(shi)(shi)肥和(he)灌水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li),根(gen)據(ju)多年的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗和(he)實際數據(ju)證明,適(shi)當而充(chong)足的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)肥或灌水(shui),可(ke)以提(ti)高林(lin)(lin)木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長速度,降(jiang)低樹木(mu)死亡率。
沙冬青采(cai)用容器育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)繁殖(zhi),首先要(yao)采(cai)好種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),要(yao)選擇在合適的(de)(de)時間取(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),并(bing)應選擇10-11年生(sheng)的(de)(de)母樹(shu)采(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)要(yao)粒大(da)飽滿,這(zhe)樣才能保(bao)證(zheng)發芽(ya)(ya)率,且(qie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸水(shui)(shui)力較(jiao)強,能夠(gou)(gou)快(kuai)速發芽(ya)(ya),適于栽植。選好的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)要(yao)先經過催芽(ya)(ya)處理,用水(shui)(shui)浸泡,大(da)約(yue)要(yao)2-3天(tian)時間,每(mei)天(tian)換(huan)水(shui)(shui)2次(ci)(ci),這(zhe)期間也(ye)要(yao)再次(ci)(ci)細心選種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),之后進行(xing)消毒、催芽(ya)(ya)。催芽(ya)(ya)處理要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)濕度與通氣條(tiao)件,并(bing)不(bu)時的(de)(de)翻動(dong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),防止發霉腐(fu)爛,也(ye)能夠(gou)(gou)使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)出(chu)芽(ya)(ya)整齊。溫度保(bao)持在20-25℃的(de)(de)狀態下(xia),5天(tian)左右(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)即可(ke)露白約(yue)65%,此時就(jiu)可(ke)進行(xing)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。容器育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)比其它育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)方式更加優越,培育(yu)(yu)出(chu)的(de)(de)幼苗(miao)出(chu)苗(miao)整齊、均勻,而(er)且(qie)減少了移植過程(cheng)中對(dui)根部的(de)(de)損(sun)害(hai)和破壞,造林成(cheng)活率大(da)大(da)提高。值得注意的(de)(de)是,在容器育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)過程(cheng)中要(yao)特別(bie)加強水(shui)(shui)、肥的(de)(de)管理,控制(zhi)好水(shui)(shui)量,增加葉面噴肥。
沙冬(dong)青(qing)通常(chang)采用(yong)雨季直播(bo)(bo)造(zao)林,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)前要(yao)(yao)(yao)對種(zhong)子進行浸泡(pao),以50℃-60℃的溫水(shui)浸泡(pao)24小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)為(wei)宜(yi),采用(yong)上述方法消(xiao)毒。造(zao)林前要(yao)(yao)(yao)深整地,蓄水(shui)保墑(di),在土(tu)壤濕(shi)(shi)潤(run)的條件下,可在春季直播(bo)(bo),一般多在8-9月份雨季搶播(bo)(bo)。條播(bo)(bo)造(zao)林時(shi)(shi),每米(mi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)溝(gou)以30-40粒種(zhong)子為(wei)宜(yi);穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)造(zao)林時(shi)(shi),每穴(xue)以6-10粒種(zhong)子為(wei)宣;覆(fu)土(tu)厚度(du)2厘米(mi)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)后用(yong)草、鋸末等進行覆(fu)蓋,以利于土(tu)壤濕(shi)(shi)潤(run)、減少蒸(zheng)發。人工造(zao)林要(yao)(yao)(yao)放大株(zhu)(zhu)行距(ju),依據天(tian)然沙冬(dong)青(qing)“單(dan)株(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)叢、小(xiao)片狀分布”的生物學特(te)性,株(zhu)(zhu)行距(ju)以4米(mi)×4米(mi)、5米(mi)×5米(mi)、6米(mi)×6米(mi)、7米(mi)×7米(mi)為(wei)宜(yi),以滿(man)足(zu)沙冬(dong)青(qing)成(cheng)齡后對水(shui)分、養分、光照(zhao)條件的需求。
沙冬青(qing)能夠抗風沙,生長(chang)季節茂密、碧綠,由于沙冬青(qing)是(shi)北方常綠灌木,是(shi)良好的(de)蜜(mi)源植物,更是(shi)人煙(yan)稀少的(de)荒(huang)漠和難以管(guan)護的(de)荒(huang)山禿嶺營(ying)造水土保持林的(de)優良樹種。
沙冬青作(zuo)為蒙藥(yao)之(zhi)一,其(qi)葉子(zi)(zi)煮水服用可(ke)(ke)以治療肺(fei)病、咳(ke)嗽(sou)、咳(ke)痰、腹(fu)痛(tong);枝葉入(ru)藥(yao),能祛風、活(huo)血(xue)、止痛(tong),外用主治凍瘡、慢(man)性風濕(shi)性關節(jie)炎(yan)等(deng)。其(qi)葉和嫩枝含有(you)多種(zhong)生物(wu)堿,性溫(wen)有(you)毒,牲畜少(shao)有(you)啃食,可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)為殺蟲劑。種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)富含油(you)脂,其(qi)脂肪酸組成(cheng)中亞油(you)酸含量高達87.6%,在食品(pin)、化工(gong)、醫療保健方面有(you)很大的潛力。
沙(sha)冬(dong)青還(huan)可(ke)作(zuo)為鐵路、公路和高速公路建設通過荒(huang)漠、半荒(huang)漠、荒(huang)漠草(cao)原(yuan)地帶(dai)的護路樹種和隔離帶(dai)樹種。同(tong)時,沙(sha)冬(dong)青也可(ke)作(zuo)為城市綠化樹種或綠籬,一(yi)年四季長青,便(bian)于修剪。