翁同龢(he)(1830-1904),字叔平,號松禪,別署均齋(zhai)、瓶笙(sheng)、瓶廬(lu)居士、并眉居士等,別號天放閑人,晚號瓶庵(an)居士,江蘇常熟人,中國(guo)近代史上(shang)著名(ming)政(zheng)治(zhi)家(jia)、書法藝(yi)術家(jia)。體仁閣大學士翁心(xin)存第三(san)子,咸(xian)豐六年(1856年)狀元,歷任(ren)戶部(bu)(bu)、工部(bu)(bu)尚書、軍(jun)機大臣兼(jian)總理各國(guo)事務衙門(men)大臣。先后擔任(ren)清同治(zhi)、光緒兩代帝師。卒后追謚(shi)文恭(gong)。
翁(weng)同龢工(gong)詩(shi),間作畫(hua),尤(you)以書法名世,幼學(xue)歐、褚,初學(xue)董其(qi)昌、米芾,中年(nian)后(hou)由錢灃上追顏(yan)真卿,又不受(shou)顏(yan)字束(shu)縛,結(jie)體寬博開張,筆畫(hua)剛(gang)勁有力,風(feng)格蒼渾(hun)遒(qiu)勁,樸茂雍容(rong),著有《翁(weng)文(wen)(wen)恭公日記》《瓶廬詩(shi)文(wen)(wen)稿》等。
清道光十年四月二十七日(1830年5月19日),翁同龢出生(sheng)在北京城內石駙馬大街羅圈胡同寓所。四歲時隨祖母張太(tai)夫人及母親許氏由京師回(hui)到故鄉常(chang)熟。翁同龢自幼稟性好學,通讀(du)四書五(wu)經,并(bing)以優(you)異(yi)成績考入常(chang)熟縣學游文書院。道光二(er)十五(wu)年(1845年)應院試考中秀(xiu)才。咸(xian)豐二(er)年(1852年),應順天鄉試中舉人。
咸豐六年(1856年),殿試一(yi)甲一(yi)名,考(kao)(kao)中狀元(yuan),授(shou)修(xiu)撰,任實(shi)錄館協修(xiu)。咸豐八年(1858年),任陜甘鄉試副(fu)考(kao)(kao)官(guan),旋授(shou)陜西學政。
同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1862年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三月,任(ren)(ren)會試(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)考官(guan)。六月,擢升(sheng)為右(you)春坊右(you)贊善。七(qi)月,任(ren)(ren)山西鄉試(shi)正考官(guan)。十月,任(ren)(ren)日講起(qi)居(ju)注(zhu)官(guan)。父去世回去守孝,同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1865年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))期滿,轉(zhuan)左(zuo)贊善升(sheng)右(you)中允,授命在(zai)弘德(de)殿(dian)(dian)行走。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1866年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),任(ren)(ren)翰林院侍講。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1867年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),任(ren)(ren)詹事府右(you)春坊右(you)庶子。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1868年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),任(ren)(ren)國子祭酒。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1870年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),任(ren)(ren)太仆寺卿(qing)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1871年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),授內閣(ge)(ge)學(xue)士,兼禮部侍郎(lang)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1872年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),賞頭品(pin)頂戴。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1874年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),丁母憂期滿,仍在(zai)弘德(de)殿(dian)(dian)行走,補內閣(ge)(ge)學(xue)士。
光(guang)緒(xu)元年(nian)(1875年(nian)),任刑部(bu)右侍郎。
光緒(xu)二年(nian)(1876年(nian))四(si)月,皇上在毓(yu)慶宮致(zhi)力于學(xue),命與夏同善授讀光緒(xu)帝,再辭,不允。隨即(ji)遷任戶部,充經筵講官,晉都(dou)察院左都(dou)御(yu)史。遷刑部尚書,調(diao)工部。
光緒(xu)五年(nian)(1879年(nian)),云(yun)南巡撫杜(du)瑞(rui)聯就云(yun)南非法(fa)軍(jun)費報(bao)(bao)銷一事,派崔尊彝和潘英章二人攜巨(ju)款(kuan)赴(fu)京打通關(guan)節。崔、潘二人進(jin)京后在軍(jun)機(ji)處、戶部四處活(huo)動,最后以(yi)向軍(jun)機(ji)大臣(chen)周瑞(rui)清、王文韶、景廉和戶部經辦(ban)司員(yuan)、書吏(li)行賄8萬兩為(wei)條件,了(le)結(jie)此項報(bao)(bao)銷。
光緒六年(1880年),廷(ting)臣爭俄約久不決,懿(yi)旨派惇親(qin)王(wang)、醇親(qin)王(wang)及同龢與潘祖(zu)廕每日在南書房看摺件電報(bao),擬片進呈取進止,至俄約改定始止。
光緒(xu)八年(nian)(1882)十月,廷命翁(weng)同龢(he)在軍(jun)機(ji)大(da)臣(chen)上行走,翁(weng)同龢(he)第一(yi)次出(chu)任軍(jun)機(ji)大(da)臣(chen)。翁(weng)同龢(he)此次出(chu)任軍(jun)機(ji)大(da)臣(chen),主要參與(yu)了兩項(xiang)重大(da)政(zheng)治活動(dong)。一(yi)是參與(yu)處理云(yun)南軍(jun)費報銷舞弊案;二是參與(yu)中法(fa)越南交(jiao)涉事宜(yi)。翁(weng)同龢(he)因曾國藩及李鴻章(zhang)曾經檢舉其兄,因而終(zhong)身與(yu)李鴻章(zhang)有私怨(yuan)。任戶部尚書(shu)期(qi)間,處處刁難北洋水師。
光緒十年(nian)(1884年(nian)),法越事起,翁同龢主張一(yi)面(mian)進兵,一(yi)面(mian)與議,庶有所備。又言劉永福不(bu)足(zu)恃,非(fei)增重兵出關不(bu)可(ke)。旋與軍機王大(da)臣同罷,仍直(zhi)毓慶宮。前后充會(hui)試總裁、順(shun)天鄉試考官,兩蒙(meng)賜“壽(shou)”,加(jia)太子太保,賜雙眼(yan)花翎、紫韁。嘗(chang)請假修墓,傳旨海上風險,命馳驛回京,恩眷甚篤。
光緒十(shi)六(liu)年(1890年),戶部(bu)上奏(zou),以海(hai)軍(jun)規模(mo)已具和國(guo)(guo)(guo)家度(du)支艱難(nan)為由,請求暫停(ting)海(hai)軍(jun)向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外購買軍(jun)火,致使北洋(yang)海(hai)軍(jun)的發展就(jiu)此停(ting)滯,落于(yu)世界之后。當(dang)時(shi)有一副譏(ji)諷(feng)對聯描寫(xie)二人:“宰(zai)相合(he)肥天下瘦,司(si)農常熟(shu)世間荒。”上聯“合(he)肥”指安徽合(he)肥的李(li)鴻章,下聯“常熟(shu)”即(ji)江(jiang)蘇常熟(shu)的翁(weng)同龢。李(li)翁(weng)二人的恩怨直接導致日(ri)后中(zhong)日(ri)甲午(wu)(wu)戰爭北洋(yang)艦隊的失利,當(dang)時(shi)英國(guo)(guo)(guo)人建議(yi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo):“必(bi)添購快(kuai)船兩(liang)艘,方(fang)能備日(ri)制(zhi)勝(sheng)”,未料翁(weng)同龢不斷(duan)拖延,兩(liang)艘快(kuai)船為日(ri)本購去(qu),新日(ri)艦速度(du)快(kuai)、炮門(men)多(duo),其(qi)中(zhong)一艘日(ri)艦“吉野號(hao)”成(cheng)為甲午(wu)(wu)戰爭中(zhong)擊沉中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)艦隊最多(duo)的船艦。
光緒二十年(nian)(1894年(nian)),翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢再任(ren)軍(jun)機大臣,深得光緒帝信(xin)任(ren)。在甲(jia)午戰(zhan)爭中(zhong),堅決主戰(zhan)。次(ci)(ci)年(nian),清軍(jun)戰(zhan)敗,中(zhong)日和議期間,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢與李鴻藻極力反對割地,指出:“寧增賠(pei)款,必不可割地。”又(you)聯(lian)合俄、英、德三(san)國謀阻割地,最終情勢無法挽回。次(ci)(ci)年(nian),兼任(ren)總理各國事務大臣。
光緒二十三年(nian)(1897年(nian)),以協辦(ban)大(da)學士,兼任戶(hu)部尚(shang)書。
光緒(xu)二(er)十四(si)年(1898年),皇上開始召用主事康有為,議(yi)行新政(zheng)(zheng)。四(si)月,朱(zhu)諭且每於召對(dui)時諮詢事件,任意可否,喜(xi)怒見(jian)于(yu)詞色,”八(ba)月,發動(dong)政(zheng)(zheng)變,太后復訓政(zheng)(zheng)。十月,又奉朱(zhu)諭,革職,永不(bu)敘用。
光緒三十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1904年(nian)(nian)(nian)),卒于家(jia),年(nian)(nian)(nian)享七十(shi)有(you)五。宣統元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1909年(nian)(nian)(nian)),詔復(fu)原(yuan)官(guan),后追謚文(wen)恭。
自隋朝開科考試至晚清的1200年間,狀元難計其數。然而(er),中(zhong)國的(de)歷史(shi)卻不是在(zai)學術考試中(zhong)獲取高功(gong)名的(de)狀元們書寫的(de)。在(zai)狀元們紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)被歷史(shi)的(de)煙(yan)塵掩埋的(de)時(shi)候,有限的(de)幾(ji)位(wei)狀元,卻為后代留下了顯赫的(de)歷史(shi)功(gong)績,而(er)翁同龢(he)就是其中(zhong)的(de)一個。
翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)(he)中狀元(yuan)后(hou),被授為(wei)修撰,在翰(han)林院供職(zhi),參加庶吉士(shi)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)。咸豐(feng)(feng)八年(nian)(nian)(1858年(nian)(nian))六月(yue),正在參加庶吉士(shi)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)(he)被咸豐(feng)(feng)皇帝破格任命為(wei)副考(kao)官(guan),奉命典試陜西(xi)(xi),正考(kao)官(guan)則是翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)(he)的(de)(de)好友潘祖蔭。這對翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)(he)來說,是一種殊榮。可(ke)并沒(mei)有引(yin)起他多大的(de)(de)熱情,因不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久前他的(de)(de)愛妻(qi)湯孟(meng)淑(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)幸病逝,此時的(de)(de)翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)(he)仍沉浸(jin)在悲痛之中。但(dan)圣命不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)違,且(qie)按規定考(kao)官(guan)必須準時到達(da)考(kao)點,容不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得半點推延。七月(yue)底(di),翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)(he)極力克制自己(ji),打點行(xing)裝,辭別親友,同(tong)(tong)潘祖蔭一同(tong)(tong)踏上(shang)了(le)西(xi)(xi)去陜西(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)旅途,經(jing)近一個月(yue)的(de)(de)車馬勞(lao)頓,到達(da)陜西(xi)(xi)省城西(xi)(xi)安。八月(yue)中旬考(kao)試開(kai)始(shi),翁(weng)、潘二(er)人坐堂(tang)主考(kao),巡察(cha)整個考(kao)場,要求極為(wei)嚴格。十月(yue)初,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)(he)帶病上(shang)任,足(zu)跡遍布800里川,經(jing)過兩個多月(yue)的(de)(de)勞(lao)累,至咸豐(feng)(feng)八年(nian)(nian)(1858年(nian)(nian))十二(er)月(yue)視學(xue)(xue)完(wan)畢。鑒于(yu)病魔纏身,他便(bian)上(shang)書奏請開(kai)缺。
咸豐九(jiu)年(nian)(1859年(nian))一(yi)月,皇上恩準翁(weng)同龢(he)開缺,返京調養。回京后的第三年(nian),同治(zhi)元年(nian)(1862年(nian))翁(weng)同龢(he)被任命(ming)為鄉(xiang)試(shi)正考官,典試(shi)山西。這以(yi)后,他(ta)曾(ceng)多(duo)次涉及(ji)文衡,屢次充任考官,所以(yi)門生故舊遍(bian)布朝野,為清王朝選拔(ba)了(le)大批人才(cai)。
翁(weng)(weng)(weng)同龢(he)(he)(he)之崛起,自(zi)(zi)然得益于其父翁(weng)(weng)(weng)心(xin)存。翁(weng)(weng)(weng)心(xin)存官至體仁閣(ge)大學士(shi)(shi)(shi),后(hou)為(wei)同治(zhi)(zhi)帝(di)師(shi)。自(zi)(zi)此,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)氏家(jia)族進入(ru)鼎(ding)盛時期,稱“一門(men)四(si)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)、一門(men)三(san)巡撫;父子(zi)(zi)大學士(shi)(shi)(shi)、父子(zi)(zi)尚書(shu)、父子(zi)(zi)帝(di)師(shi)”。既然百分之四(si)十一的清朝狀元都來自(zi)(zi)江蘇等(deng)吳地,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)家(jia)的興盛,自(zi)(zi)是(shi)情理之中(zhong)。在道、咸(xian)、同、光四(si)朝,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)氏兩代累任高官。當(dang)咸(xian)豐(feng)六(liu)年(1856年)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)同龢(he)(he)(he)以27歲(sui)中(zhong)一甲一名進士(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou),便(bian)擢任翰林院修撰。同治(zhi)(zhi)四(si)年,接替父業,入(ru)值弘德殿,為(wei)同治(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)傅(fu)(fu),前后(hou)教(jiao)讀(du)九年。同治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)逝后(hou),光緒(xu)(xu)繼位(wei),慈禧又命翁(weng)(weng)(weng)同龢(he)(he)(he)入(ru)值毓慶宮,為(wei)光緒(xu)(xu)師(shi)傅(fu)(fu)。
從(cong)教授光緒啟蒙識字到被撤(che)職(zhi)回鄉(xiang),翁同(tong)龢(he)與(yu)皇(huang)帝之間(jian)以師生(sheng)關系相處長達(da)24年。僅憑這層關系,翁同(tong)龢(he)定能(neng)在晚清內政外交中發揮重大作用(yong)。甲午戰爭至戊戌變法時期,翁同(tong)龢(he)與(yu)孫家鼐、志銳(rui)、文廷式、汪鳴鑾(luan)等(deng)官僚士(shi)紳形成了與(yu)后黨(dang)抗衡的帝黨(dang)集(ji)團,進一步加強了在政壇(tan)中的地位(wei)。
舉(ju)凡翁同龢為(wei)(wei)官六(liu)十年所做大事,有:平反楊乃武與(yu)小白(bai)菜的(de)冤(yuan)假錯案;卷入甲(jia)午戰爭(zheng)洪流;支持盛宣(xuan)懷(huai)等(deng)創辦中(zhong)(zhong)國第(di)一(yi)家自辦銀行(中(zhong)(zhong)國通商(shang)銀行),由戶(hu)部撥100萬兩“生(sheng)息官款”存于中(zhong)(zhong)國通商(shang)銀行,實際上(shang)也成為(wei)(wei)開辦伊始的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國通商(shang)銀行的(de)最初(chu)營運資金(jin);再就是(shi)舉(ju)薦康梁等(deng)維新人才,親(qin)自草擬《明定國是(shi)詔》。
清(qing)(qing)末光(guang)緒(xu)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)統治階級內部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)流(liu)(liu)派(pai)(pai),前(qian)清(qing)(qing)流(liu)(liu)多(duo)北方人(ren),稱“北派(pai)(pai)”;后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)清(qing)(qing)流(liu)(liu)多(duo)南(nan)方人(ren),稱“南(nan)派(pai)(pai)”。前(qian)清(qing)(qing)流(liu)(liu)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)光(guang)緒(xu)初年(nian)(nian),中(zhong)法(fa)戰爭(zheng)(zheng)結(jie)束前(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),前(qian)清(qing)(qing)流(liu)(liu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)慈(ci)禧太后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)已失去(qu)(qu)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)意義,宣告瓦解。1894年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)日(ri)戰爭(zheng)(zheng)前(qian)夕,以(yi)(yi)日(ri)本侵(qin)略(lve)朝鮮(xian)為(wei)(wei)背景,一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分堅決主(zhu)張抵抗日(ri)本侵(qin)略(lve)并反對(dui)(dui)(dui)當時弊政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)言(yan)官和名士(shi),紛(fen)紛(fen)投靠戶(hu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書翁(weng)同龢(he)(he)門(men)下,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)清(qing)(qing)流(liu)(liu)派(pai)(pai)。其(qi)中(zhong)以(yi)(yi)侍(shi)讀學士(shi)文廷式、禮(li)部(bu)(bu)(bu)侍(shi)郎志(zhi)銳和“南(nan)通才子”張謇為(wei)(wei)骨干,國子監祭酒盛昱(yu)、刑部(bu)(bu)(bu)主(zhu)事沈曾植以(yi)(yi)及(ji)翰林院編(bian)修(xiu)王仁堪(kan)、黃紹箕、丁立鈞、李(li)文田等均(jun)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)中(zhong)健將。且翁(weng)同龢(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)光(guang)緒(xu)帝(di)師傅(fu),志(zhi)銳為(wei)(wei)光(guang)緒(xu)帝(di)愛妃(fei)珍妃(fei)兄長,文廷式為(wei)(wei)珍妃(fei)師傅(fu),因此該派(pai)(pai)屬于(yu)帝(di)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。與(yu)(yu)前(qian)清(qing)(qing)流(liu)(liu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,主(zhu)張“厲以(yi)(yi)風(feng)節”,反對(dui)(dui)(dui)貪官污吏;敢(gan)于(yu)揭露弊政(zheng),甚至(zhi)有(you)時還(huan)直接(jie)指責(ze)慈(ci)禧太后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。在(zai)中(zhong)日(ri)甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)前(qian),力主(zhu)反擊(ji)日(ri)本對(dui)(dui)(dui)朝鮮(xian)的(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)略(lve),多(duo)次(ci)斥責(ze)李(li)鴻(hong)章(zhang)“避戰自保”。甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong),因與(yu)(yu)李(li)鴻(hong)章(zhang)有(you)隙,被人(ren)懷疑故意掐斷了北洋(yang)艦(jian)(jian)隊(dui)的(de)(de)(de)糧餉與(yu)(yu)軍火,導致(zhi)甲(jia)午(wu)海戰大敗。翁(weng)同龢(he)(he)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)慈(ci)安太后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)與(yu)(yu)慈(ci)禧太后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)推行的(de)(de)(de)洋(yang)務運(yun)(yun)動頗為(wei)(wei)排(pai)斥,對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)該運(yun)(yun)動也有(you)所批評,并影響往后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)光(guang)緒(xu)帝(di)親政(zheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)舉(ju)措。任戶(hu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書期間(jian)(jian),處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)刁難(nan)北洋(yang)水師。當時有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)副譏諷(feng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)聯描寫二(er)人(ren):“宰相合肥(fei)天(tian)下瘦,司農常(chang)(chang)熟(shu)世間(jian)(jian)荒。”上聯“合肥(fei)”指安徽合肥(fei)的(de)(de)(de)李(li)鴻(hong)章(zhang),下聯“常(chang)(chang)熟(shu)”即江(jiang)蘇常(chang)(chang)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)翁(weng)同龢(he)(he)。李(li)翁(weng)二(er)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)恩怨間(jian)(jian)接(jie)導致(zhi)日(ri)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)日(ri)甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭(zheng)(zheng)北洋(yang)艦(jian)(jian)隊(dui)的(de)(de)(de)失利,當時英國人(ren)建(jian)議中(zhong)國:“必添購(gou)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)船(chuan)兩(liang)艘(sou),方能備日(ri)制勝”,未料(liao)翁(weng)同龢(he)(he)不斷拖延,兩(liang)艘(sou)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)船(chuan)為(wei)(wei)日(ri)本購(gou)去(qu)(qu),新日(ri)艦(jian)(jian)速度快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、炮門(men)多(duo),其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)艘(sou)日(ri)艦(jian)(jian)“吉(ji)野號”成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)擊(ji)沉中(zhong)國艦(jian)(jian)隊(dui)最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)艦(jian)(jian)。
翁(weng)同龢工(gong)詩,間作畫(hua),尤以書法名(ming)世(shi)(shi)。譚延(yan)闿(kai)、澤闿(kai)兄弟曾刻成《春及草(cao)廬(lu)藏翁(weng)氏墨跡》行世(shi)(shi)。
翁(weng)(weng)同龢早年從(cong)習歐、楮(chu)、柳(liu)、趙(zhao),書(shu)法(fa)崇(chong)尚瘦勁;中(zhong)年轉學顏體,取其(qi)(qi)渾厚,又兼學蘇軾、米芾(fei),書(shu)出(chu)新意;晚年得力于北(bei)(bei)碑,平淡中(zhong)見精(jing)神。他博(bo)采(cai)眾(zhong)長,對(dui)唐代顏真(zhen)卿(qing)和(he)北(bei)(bei)魏碑版潛心揣摩,參(can)以己(ji)意,并(bing)吸收劉(liu)墉、錢(qian)灃、何(he)紹(shao)基(ji)等人之(zhi)長,將(jiang)趙(zhao)子昂(ang)、董其(qi)(qi)昌的(de)柔(rou)和(he)流暢(chang)溶(rong)入其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)。他深得顏真(zhen)卿(qing)書(shu)法(fa)之(zhi)精(jing)髓(sui),寫出(chu)具(ju)有自己(ji)個性的(de)書(shu)法(fa)藝術(shu)作品,從(cong)而形成了(le)翁(weng)(weng)字的(de)獨特書(shu)風(feng),成為晚清頗(po)具(ju)影響的(de)書(shu)法(fa)家。
翁(weng)(weng)同(tong)龢在(zai)京為(wei)官四十多(duo)年,平生喜藏(zang)(zang)書,居官朝(chao)中時(shi)常(chang)去琉璃廠訪書,陸續購進(jin)許多(duo)好書。其(qi)中有(you)乾(qian)隆進(jin)士、嘉慶(qing)帝師彭元(yuan)瑞的知圣道(dao)齋藏(zang)(zang)書,怡親王死后(hou)流(liu)散出(chu)府的樂善堂(tang)舊(jiu)藏(zang)(zang),其(qi)中不乏極其(qi)珍(zhen)貴的海內(nei)(nei)(nei)孤本(ben)(ben)。所(suo)藏(zang)(zang)南宋(song)《松桂堂(tang)帖(tie)》,為(wei)明末睢(sui)(sui)陽(yang)袁樞(shu)(袁可(ke)立子)、袁賦誠父(fu)子家(jia)藏(zang)(zang)精品,得(de)以流(liu)傳(chuan)至(zhi)今。只可(ke)惜(xi)翁(weng)(weng)同(tong)龢在(zai)考證睢(sui)(sui)陽(yang)袁氏(shi)(shi)舊(jiu)藏(zang)(zang)南宋(song)《松桂堂(tang)帖(tie)》時(shi),跋語中竟因資料匱乏無(wu)考睢(sui)(sui)陽(yang)袁氏(shi)(shi)而(er)將袁伯應(袁可(ke)立子袁樞(shu))和袁賦誠(袁可(ke)立長孫(sun))誤斷“其(qi)為(wei)一人無(wu)疑也(ye)”的千古(gu)學(xue)術錯誤。清朝(chao)末年,時(shi)值戰亂,公私藏(zang)(zang)書多(duo)有(you)散出(chu),現存翁(weng)(weng)氏(shi)(shi)藏(zang)(zang)書的主(zhu)要部分,都為(wei)此時(shi)購入。其(qi)所(suo)收藏(zang)(zang)的一批秘籍,被學(xue)界(jie)認為(wei)“學(xue)人仰(yang)望而(er)不知其(qi)存否的有(you)很高學(xue)術價值的善本(ben)(ben),以國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)標(biao)準論應屬國(guo)(guo)寶(bao)級重(zhong)要文物,是包(bao)括中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)圖書館在(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)圖書館所(suo)無(wu)的珍(zhen)籍”。翁(weng)(weng)同(tong)龢富(fu)藏(zang)(zang)書;詩文簡煉(lian)凝(ning)重(zhong);書法縱橫跌宕(dang),力透紙背(bei),有(you)顏真(zhen)卿(qing)風骨。
家世代富藏書,稱清末民(min)初(chu)中國著名藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)之一(yi),他寓(yu)居(ju)京(jing)(jing)師時,左圖右史,典籍充棟。藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)室有(you)(you)“一(yi)經堂”、“韻齋”,在家(jia)鄉祖(zu)居(ju)有(you)(you)“寶瓠齋”,自(zi)己筑有(you)(you)“瓶廬”。戊戌變(bian)法失敗后(hou)(hou),革職(zhi)歸(gui)(gui)(gui)里,典籍碑帖,悉(xi)留于京(jing)(jing)師舊居(ju),家(jia)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)抄(chao)本(ben)多,其收藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)宋(song)元刊(kan)本(ben)數(shu)百(bai)種(zhong),且(qie)珍(zhen)秘(mi)罕(han)見。如宋(song)版孤本(ben)《集韻》《會昌(chang)一(yi)品詩集》《丁卯集》《嵩山(shan)居(ju)士集》《施顧注蘇詩》、《長短經》《愣嚴經》等(deng),世無二本(ben)。去(qu)世后(hou)(hou),藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中的(de)精(jing)品包(bao)括(kuo)《翁(weng)(weng)(weng)同龢日記》和《自(zi)定年(nian)譜》手稿悉(xi)歸(gui)(gui)(gui)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)之廉珍(zhen)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),秘(mi)不(bu)示人(ren)。藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)由侄孫翁(weng)(weng)(weng)弢夫(fu)續(xu)管(guan)。弢夫(fu)去(qu)世后(hou)(hou),子翁(weng)(weng)(weng)之熹珍(zhen)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)遺書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)又(you)數(shu)十年(nian)。解放后(hou)(hou),北(bei)京(jing)(jing)圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館趙(zhao)萬里研究員勸(quan)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)之熹將(jiang)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)歸(gui)(gui)(gui)公,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)之熹慨(kai)然答應。翁(weng)(weng)(weng)氏藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),遂(sui)盡歸(gui)(gui)(gui)于北(bei)京(jing)(jing)圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館。藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)印有(you)(you)“叔(shu)平所得金石(shi)文(wen)字”、“松禪(chan)”、“松禪(chan)居(ju)士”、“翁(weng)(weng)(weng)同龢觀(guan)”、“常熟翁(weng)(weng)(weng)同龢藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)本(ben)”、“虞山(shan)攬(lan)秀堂翁(weng)(weng)(weng)氏藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”等(deng)。拓曉(xiao)堂著有(you)(you)《翁(weng)(weng)(weng)同龢鑒藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)大系(xi)略稿》對其藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)事跡有(you)(you)記載。
同(tong)(tong)治四(si)年(nian)(1865年(nian))十(shi)月十(shi)四(si)日,“垂簾(lian)聽(ting)政”的(de)慈安、慈禧兩太(tai)后(hou)(hou)諭令翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢為弘德(de)殿(dian)行(xing)走,同(tong)(tong)工部尚書倭(wo)仁、翰林院編(bian)修(xiu)李鴻藻、實(shi)錄館(guan)協(xie)修(xiu)徐(xu)桐負(fu)責(ze)教育年(nian)僅(jin)10歲的(de)同(tong)(tong)治皇(huang)(huang)帝。充任帝師(shi),這是朝廷(ting)對翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢的(de)器重(zhong)和信賴(lai),翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢非(fei)常高興,向兩太(tai)后(hou)(hou)表示,一(yi)定竭盡全力,輔導皇(huang)(huang)上,報答皇(huang)(huang)恩。十(shi)月十(shi)七(qi)日,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢、倭(wo)仁和徐(xu)桐第一(yi)次進(jin)宮授(shou)讀。天(tian)剛剛廉亮,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢就來到弘德(de)殿(dian)候駕,倭(wo)仁、徐(xu)桐也隨后(hou)(hou)來到。待同(tong)(tong)治帝駕到,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢等立即向前行(xing)君臣(chen)大禮,同(tong)(tong)治帝喊了一(yi)聲“師(shi)傅(fu)”,隨后(hou)(hou)君臣(chen)趨步進(jin)入書房(fang)。同(tong)(tong)治帝坐(zuo)兩面(mian)東,師(shi)傅(fu)們(men)坐(zuo)東面(mian)西(xi),一(yi)天(tian)的(de)授(shou)讀正式開始(shi)。
這一天首(shou)先(xian)授(shou)讀(du)的(de)是(shi)倭仁和徐桐(tong),講授(shou)的(de)是(shi)《尚書》和《孟子(zi)》的(de)有關章節(jie)。膳后(hou),翁(weng)同(tong)龢接著講授(shou),他(ta)講的(de)是(shi)《帝鑒圖(tu)說》。此書內容(rong)更深(shen),但圖(tu)文并(bing)茂(mao)。翁(weng)同(tong)龢針(zhen)對同(tong)治(zhi)帝年幼(you)的(de)特(te)點(dian),深(shen)入淺出,使同(tong)治(zhi)帝聽得津津有味(wei),深(shen)深(shen)佩服翁(weng)同(tong)龢的(de)學問,翁(weng)同(tong)龢第(di)一次授(shou)讀(du)成功。
翁(weng)同(tong)龢講完(wan)《帝鑒圖說》后,又給同(tong)治帝講授了(le)《圣祖廷訓格言(yan)》《清(qing)朝開國(guo)方(fang)》《經(jing)史(shi)語錄》《毛(mao)詩(shi)》《孝經(jing)》等課程,并指(zhi)導同(tong)治帝學詩(shi)作論(lun)。
翁(weng)同龢(he)入值弘德(de)殿期間(jian),還(huan)奉命去(qu)養心殿為(wei)兩宮皇太(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)《治平寶鑒》一(yi)書的(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)章節。對翁(weng)同龢(he)來講(jiang)(jiang),給垂簾聽政、掌握實權的(de)(de)(de)兩宮皇太(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)比(bi)給年(nian)幼無知的(de)(de)(de)同治帝進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)更為(wei)榮(rong)耀,但(dan)一(yi)旦(dan)出錯,不但(dan)貽笑士林,而且有可能(neng)被革職為(wei)民,身(shen)敗名(ming)裂。因此,在第一(yi)次(ci)給兩宮皇太(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)前夜(ye),他(ta)將要進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容溫(wen)習(xi)再(zai)三,幾(ji)乎一(yi)夜(ye)沒睡。他(ta)第一(yi)次(ci)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)題(ti)(ti)目是(shi)《宋(song)孝宗與(yu)大臣陳(chen)俊卿論唐太(tai)(tai)宗能(neng)受忠(zhong)言(yan)(yan)》。在進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)中,翁(weng)同龢(he)反復(fu)闡述(shu)了君(jun)主虛(xu)懷(huai)納諫(jian)、禮賢下士與(yu)國家利益的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi),講(jiang)(jiang)得(de)不僅儀節規矩大方,而且思路清晰、語言(yan)(yan)流利、剖析精當(dang),兩宮皇太(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)及在場(chang)王(wang)公大臣無不感到滿意(yi)。此后(hou)(hou)(hou),他(ta)還(huan)給兩宮皇太(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)了關(guan)于(yu)宋(song)、金、元(yuan)、明四朝帝王(wang)政治事跡的(de)(de)(de)15個專(zhuan)題(ti)(ti)。在進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)這些專(zhuan)題(ti)(ti)時,他(ta)將歷史與(yu)現實結合起來,并借兩太(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)提問,根據個人所見所聞,如(ru)實陳(chen)述(shu),大膽批評(ping)當(dang)朝弊政,并相應提出改正意(yi)見,其中許多意(yi)見后(hou)(hou)(hou)來被采納。他(ta)如(ru)此敢于(yu)直言(yan)(yan)進(jin)(jin)諫(jian),這在當(dang)朝上(shang)大夫中是(shi)極(ji)少見的(de)(de)(de)。
同(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)年(nian)(1871年(nian)),正當翁(weng)同(tong)龢為(wei)進(jin)講再作努力之(zhi)時,其母許(xu)氏病逝,翁(weng)同(tong)龢上奏(zou)獲準回(hui)籍治(zhi)(zhi)喪(sang),離開弘德殿上書房,直(zhi)(zhi)到同(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(1874年(nian))治(zhi)(zhi)喪(sang)期滿(man)才回(hui)京(jing)復職,再次(ci)入值(zhi)弘德殿,擔任同(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)帝(di)師(shi)傅,直(zhi)(zhi)到同(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(1784年(nian))十(shi)二月,同(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)皇帝(di)病逝,翁(weng)同(tong)龢也隨(sui)之(zhi)結束了弘德殿行走的帝(di)師(shi)生活。
翁同龢在任刑部右侍郎期間,處理了很多案件。其中最有影響的是他為當時轟(hong)動全國、百余(yu)年來家喻戶(hu)曉的楊乃武(wu)與小白(bai)菜這一冤案的平(ping)反昭(zhao)雪。
光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1875年(nian)(nian)(nian)),翁同龢署刑部右侍(shi)郎。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)四月,受(shou)命教授(shou)光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)帝讀(du)書(shu)。不(bu)(bu)久,遷戶(hu)部侍(shi)郎,充(chong)經筵講官,晉都(dou)察院左都(dou)御史。歷任刑部、工(gong)部尚書(shu)。光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1882年(nian)(nian)(nian)),充(chong)任軍機大臣。光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1884年(nian)(nian)(nian))中法戰爭中,主張(zhang)進兵結合談判(pan),不(bu)(bu)可一味依仗劉永福之黑旗軍。不(bu)(bu)久,罷直軍機。歷加太子太保,賜雙眼花(hua)翎、紫韁。
光(guang)緒元年(1875年)十二(er)月,浙江(jiang)紳(shen)士(shi)汪樹屏等以“復審(shen)疑獄有官員(yuan)間相(xiang)袒護的(de)(de)(de)(de)事實”聯名向都察院(yuan)控訴(su)。于(yu)(yu)是皇帝和(he)太后開始關(guan)注此(ci)案。此(ci)時,恰值翁同龢擢升刑部右侍郎(lang),直接負(fu)責重(zhong)大(da)案件的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)辦(ban),他細閱(yue)全部案卷,發(fa)現供詞(ci)與訴(su)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疑點和(he)漏洞甚多。在詢閱(yue)了楊乃武姐姐的(de)(de)(de)(de)呈詞(ci)和(he)浙江(jiang)紳(shen)士(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯名控訴(su),走訪了浙江(jiang)籍的(de)(de)(de)(de)京官,聽取(qu)了刑部經(jing)(jing)辦(ban)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種意(yi)見之后,經(jing)(jing)過認真研究,訊(xun)問(wen)犯(fan)人(ren)(ren),調查證人(ren)(ren),重(zhong)新檢驗尸骨(gu),終于(yu)(yu)查清葛品連系病死而(er)非中毒(du)死亡(wang)。至此(ci),楊乃武與小白菜冤案得以平反。辦(ban)理此(ci)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小官員(yuan)以及做偽證的(de)(de)(de)(de)證人(ren)(ren)全部受到懲(cheng)治(zhi)。
此案可(ke)謂晚(wan)清中國(guo)獄(yu)訟、法(fa)制體系自我完(wan)善(shan)的(de)典型。而翁同龢忠于職責、為平民平反的(de)職業精(jing)神,也可(ke)謂一(yi)代帝師應有(you)的(de)風范。
甲午敗后,翁(weng)同龢千(qian)方百計逃避責任,將失敗的原因推到(dao)李鴻章的頭(tou)(tou)上(shang)(shang),認為(wei)李接(jie)戰不力,甚至提(ti)議將其(qi)斬首(shou),此外(wai)還(huan)稱慈禧太(tai)后修(xiu)頤和園挪用了海軍軍費(fei),其(qi)實(shi)北洋水(shui)師多(duo)年未添寸(cun)艦,完全是翁(weng)同龢等人裁撤相關經(jing)費(fei)的結果(guo),卻把污水(shui)潑到(dao)慈禧的頭(tou)(tou)上(shang)(shang),因此為(wei)“后黨”深恨。
但罷(ba)免翁同龢(he)(he),最終還是光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)定,一是此時光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)(xu)與康有為接觸甚密,翁同龢(he)(he)為了(le)爭寵,向光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)(xu)進讒(chan)言,作為康有為的(de)(de)(de)推薦者,此舉實(shi)不高明(ming),給光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)(xu)留下出爾反爾的(de)(de)(de)印象;二(er)是翁同龢(he)(he)以帝師自居,對(dui)光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)(xu)言語失禮,據時人記載稱,一次(ci)與光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)(xu)爭執,翁同龢(he)(he)竟持硯投光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)(xu),雖未擊中,但墨汁(zhi)濺(jian)在光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)(xu)衣服(fu)上,此說雖屬(shu)孤證,但翁的(de)(de)(de)跋(ba)扈應屬(shu)公開的(de)(de)(de)秘(mi)密。
人民網(《翁同龢:一(yi)(yi)位(wei)清(qing)廉的政治(zhi)家》):翁同龢是(shi)(shi)江(jiang)蘇常(chang)熟人,曾(ceng)擔任晚清(qing)同治(zhi)帝、光(guang)緒帝的師傅,主持宮廷教育長達40年,為培(pei)養(yang)同治(zhi)、光(guang)緒兩帝付出了巨大辛勞。他曾(ceng)兩次擔任軍(jun)機大臣,兼總理各國事務衙門大臣,還長期擔任工(gong)部、刑部、戶部尚書和都(dou)察院左都(dou)御(yu)史等重要職務,既管(guan)(guan)外事,又(you)管(guan)(guan)內政,無(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)近代中國歷(li)史上的一(yi)(yi)位(wei)權貴人物。但他還是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)位(wei)清(qing)正廉潔、律己愛民、公忠體國的政治(zhi)家。無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)在晚清(qing)還是(shi)(shi)在今天,也(ye)無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)對他一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)持肯定的人還是(shi)(shi)有所保留的人,對于他為官(guan)清(qing)廉這一(yi)(yi)點都(dou)是(shi)(shi)承認的。
《清史稿·翁同龢傳》:自成一家,尤為(wei)世(shi)所宗。
晚清(qing)時期重要的政治家康有(you)為:中國維新(xin)第一導師。
清(qing)末民初(chu)歷史(shi)地理學(xue)(xue)(xue)家、金石文字學(xue)(xue)(xue)家、目錄版本學(xue)(xue)(xue)家、書法藝術家、泉幣學(xue)(xue)(xue)家、藏書家楊守敬(《學(xue)(xue)(xue)書邇言》):松(song)禪學(xue)(xue)(xue)顏(yan)平原(顏(yan)真卿),老蒼(cang)之至,無一(yi)雅筆。同治、光緒間推為(wei)第(di)一(yi),洵不誣也。
晚清官員(yuan)譚(tan)鐘(zhong)麟:本朝諸名家,直突(tu)平原(yuan)(顏真(zhen)卿(qing))之上,與宋四(si)家馳騁者,南園(錢灃)、道州(何紹基)、常熟(翁同(tong)龢)而已(yi)。
上海圖(tu)書館歷史(shi)文獻中(zhong)心高級研究員陳先行:翁(weng)(weng)同龢是對晚清中(zhong)國發生過重要影響的(de)人物,長(chang)期以來,人們對他與戊戌維(wei)新關系的(de)了(le)解并不全面(mian)。清末從康有為開(kai)始就(jiu)對翁(weng)(weng)氏早(zao)期活動評價(jia)不夠(gou)準確(que)。其實,翁(weng)(weng)氏思想在(zai)(zai)甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭前(qian)后經歷了(le)一個巨大(da)的(de)轉變(bian)(bian)過程。甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭后日益嚴重的(de)民族危機,促使他走向更(geng)張(zhang)舊制的(de)道路,在(zai)(zai)戊戌變(bian)(bian)法中(zhong)極力拔擢維(wei)新派人士(shi)。這一轉變(bian)(bian),才是歷史(shi)的(de)原貌。
晚(wan)晴《外(wai)(wai)交報》《東方雜志》編輯、《清稗(bai)類鈔》作(zuo)者徐珂:①叔平相國書(shu)法不拘(ju)一格,為乾嘉以后(hou)一人……晚(wan)年(nian)造詣(yi)實(shi)遠出(chu)覃溪(翁方綱(gang))、南(nan)園(yuan)(錢灃(feng))之上(shang)。論(lun)國朝書(shu)家(jia),劉石庵(劉墉)外(wai)(wai),當無其(qi)匹,非過論(lun)也。光緒戊戌以后(hou),靜居禪(chan)悅,無意求工(gong),而超逸更甚。②晚(wan)年(nian)造詣(yi)實(shi)遠出(chu)覃溪,南(nan)園(yuan)之上(shang),論(lun)國朝書(shu)家(jia)劉石庵外(wai)(wai),當無其(qi)匹,非過論(lun)也。
書(shu)法家沙孟海(《近三百年的書(shu)學(xue)》):他出世最晚,所以能夠兼收眾長(chang)--特別是(shi)錢灃的方法--有時還摻入些北碑的體勢。把顏(yan)字(zi)和北碑打通了(le)。
父親(qin):翁(weng)心存,歷官(guan)工部尚書、戶部尚書、體仁閣大學士(shi)。同治(zhi)年間入值(zhi)弘(hong)德(de)殿,授讀(du)同治(zhi)皇帝。
大哥(ge):翁(weng)同書(1810-1865),字祖庚,號藥(yao)房,又(you)號和齋(zhai),江(jiang)蘇常(chang)熟(shu)人,翁(weng)心存長子,翁(weng)同龢兄(xiong)。清朝大臣。道光二十年進士,授了翰林院(yuan)編修,曾任貴州學政(zheng),詹事府(fu)任少詹事。
二(er)哥:翁同爵(1814-1877),字(zi)玉甫,江蘇常熟人,翁心存次(ci)子,翁同龢的(de)二(er)哥。著(zhu)名清朝大(da)臣。以父蔭授官。由(you)生員而至鹽運使,歷官陜西、湖(hu)北巡(xun)撫(fu),在(zai)湖(hu)北巡(xun)撫(fu)兼署(shu)湖(hu)廣總督任上去世,著(zhu)有《皇朝兵制考略》。
侄孫(sun):翁斌孫(sun)(1860-1922),字(zi)弢夫,號笏齋,光緒三(san)年(nian)(1877年(nian))高中進士,供職(zhi)翰林院庶常館,選為庶吉士。
翁同龢(he)的一生(sheng),除了(le)書法外,一件是(shi)中日(ri)(ri)甲午戰爭,一件是(shi)百日(ri)(ri)維新(xin)運(yun)動。翁同龢(he)在清末(mo)兩次重大(da)的歷史事件中,都扮演了(le)極其(qi)重要的角色(se)。
翁同龢與(yu)李鴻章(zhang)之矛盾,歷來為學(xue)人解讀不一。
翁、李矛盾之實質并非徇私
翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢(he),咸(xian)豐(feng)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1856年(nian)(nian)(nian))狀元(yuan),歷(li)任(ren)(ren)戶部侍(shi)郎、都察院左都御史,刑(xing)部、工部、戶部尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)、軍機大(da)(da)(da)臣兼(jian)總理各(ge)國(guo)事(shi)務衙門(men)大(da)(da)(da)臣,為(wei)晚清清流(liu)派領袖。在道(dao)、咸(xian)、同(tong)(tong)(tong)、光四朝(chao),翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)氏(shi)幾(ji)代累任(ren)(ren)高官(guan)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)父(fu)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)心(xin)存、兄翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)皆為(wei)晚清重臣,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)心(xin)存、翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢(he)父(fu)子(zi)更為(wei)兩朝(chao)帝(di)師(shi),時(shi)稱“一(yi)門(men)四進士(shi)、一(yi)門(men)三巡(xun)撫(fu)(fu);父(fu)子(zi)大(da)(da)(da)學士(shi)、父(fu)子(zi)尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)、父(fu)子(zi)帝(di)師(shi)”。咸(xian)豐(feng)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1859年(nian)(nian)(nian)),翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢(he)長兄翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)為(wei)安徽(hui)巡(xun)撫(fu)(fu),時(shi)定遠為(wei)捻軍和(he)太平軍圍困,同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)棄(qi)城。次年(nian)(nian)(nian),壽州團練(lian)苗(miao)沛霖因與(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)團練(lian)仇(chou)殺而(er)背叛(pan)攻壽州,同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)允其(qi)(qi)(qi)請,恕(shu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)前行,更以其(qi)(qi)(qi)仇(chou)孫開泰、蒙(meng)時(shi)中首級交付苗(miao)氏(shi),結果苗(miao)仍反悔不(bu)(bu)(bu)降。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1862年(nian)(nian)(nian))曾國(guo)藩具折(zhe)嚴劾,謂丟失疆土在先,受賊玩弄(nong)繼之,奏折(zhe)中更有(you)“臣職分所在,例(li)應糾參,不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢因翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)之門(men)第(di)鼎盛,瞻(zhan)顧(gu)遷就”句,筆筆刀刃,架當今于大(da)(da)(da)義,置同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)于不(bu)(bu)(bu)覆,具折(zhe)人(ren)即(ji)為(wei)李(li)鴻章。依大(da)(da)(da)清律,同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)被(bei)定“大(da)(da)(da)辟”(斬首),實判流(liu)放西北(bei),三年(nian)(nian)(nian)病死(si)。翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)心(xin)存亦急病死(si)。有(you)人(ren)便據(ju)(ju)此推測翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢(he)與(yu)李(li)鴻章同(tong)(tong)(tong)朝(chao)為(wei)官(guan),“徇私(si)報復,傾陷(xian)排擠,無(wu)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)用其(qi)(qi)(qi)極(ji)”。更有(you)將(jiang)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)、李(li)二人(ren)政(zheng)見(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)歸為(wei)私(si)人(ren)恩怨,將(jiang)民族大(da)(da)(da)義無(wu)端庸(yong)俗化(hua),進而(er)捕風捉影,將(jiang)莫須(xu)有(you)之軍費問題說成戰敗理由,把罪責推至翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢(he)身(shen)上,此種評(ping)判實在牽強附會,不(bu)(bu)(bu)負責任(ren)(ren),顯(xian)有(you)以己之心(xin)度人(ren)之腹之嫌。若照此邏輯推測,凡同(tong)(tong)(tong)朝(chao)為(wei)官(guan)者(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)先人(ren)、家(jia)人(ren)中有(you)為(wei)對手所參而(er)致政(zheng)治落馬的,為(wei)避(bi)嫌計,其(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)便須(xu)終(zhong)身(shen)唯對手馬首是(shi)瞻(zhan)而(er)亦步亦趨,對手正邪是(shi)非一(yi)概弗論乎?其(qi)(qi)(qi)論言出無(wu)據(ju)(ju),極(ji)類街談巷議,無(wu)事(shi)生(sheng)非,以訛(e)傳訛(e),實為(wei)史家(jia)大(da)(da)(da)忌。
翁(weng)同(tong)龢和李鴻章(zhang)有(you)隙,其(qi)實質是(shi)政見(jian)(jian)之(zhi)不同(tong),翁(weng)為(wei)清流派領(ling)袖(xiu),與(yu)孫家(jia)鼐、志(zhi)銳、文廷式、汪鳴鑾等(deng)形成與(yu)后黨抗衡(heng)的(de)(de)帝(di)黨集(ji)團(tuan),李鴻章(zhang)則(ze)(ze)為(wei)后黨重臣,翁(weng)、李之(zhi)爭(zheng),說到底是(shi)帝(di)、后兩黨政見(jian)(jian)之(zhi)爭(zheng)。再說翁(weng)同(tong)龢六十(shi)(shi)年為(wei)官(guan),終其(qi)一生所涉重大事件,除(chu)開(kai)甲午戰和之(zhi)爭(zheng)另述,有(you)平反楊乃(nai)武與(yu)小白菜的(de)(de)冤假錯案,為(wei)晚清中國法(fa)制體系自(zi)(zi)我完善之(zhi)典范;有(you)支持盛宣懷(盛為(wei)李鴻章(zhang)親信舊屬)等(deng)創(chuang)辦中國第一家(jia)自(zi)(zi)辦銀(yin)行中國通(tong)商(shang)銀(yin)行,由(you)其(qi)主(zhu)持之(zhi)戶(hu)部撥(bo)銀(yin)100萬兩“生息(xi)官(guan)款”存于該行,為(wei)中國通(tong)商(shang)銀(yin)行最(zui)初(chu)營(ying)運資金;更(geng)有(you):康梁等(deng)維新主(zhu)張(zhang)亦(yi)皆由(you)翁(weng)氏(shi)極力向光緒(xu)推薦,并從戶(hu)部撥(bo)銀(yin)1500兩作(zuo)為(wei)強學(xue)會(hui)活動經費,又密奏光緒(xu)“教育(yu)為(wei)自(zi)(zi)強之(zhi)本(ben),未可遏阻(zu),使天下寒心”,復親自(zi)(zi)起草成立京師大學(xue)堂(tang)的(de)(de)奏章(zhang),主(zhu)張(zhang)廢除(chu)科舉,開(kai)經濟(ji)特科,采納康有(you)為(wei)等(deng)汰冗員、停捐納、修則(ze)(ze)例、裁綠營(ying)、練新軍、辦學(xue)堂(tang)、薦人(ren)才、修鐵路(lu)、開(kai)銀(yin)行等(deng)十(shi)(shi)二道(dao)新政,自(zi)(zi)是(shi)打開(kai)晚清政改新局面,翁(weng)本(ben)人(ren)更(geng)代光緒(xu)擬《明定國是(shi)詔(zhao)》,是(shi)詔(zhao)自(zi)(zi)光緒(xu)二十(shi)(shi)四年(1898年)頒布,掀開(kai)戊戌變法(fa)一頁(ye)。
甲午戰事與(yu)翁、李(li)之爭
甲(jia)午(wu)翁(weng)、李(li)(li)之(zhi)爭(zheng)。仍從翁(weng)氏作風講(jiang)起,昔年翁(weng)同(tong)龢入值(zhi)弘德殿期(qi)間,還奉(feng)命(ming)去養心殿為兩(liang)宮(gong)(gong)皇太后(hou)進講(jiang)《治(zhi)平寶鑒》一書(shu)章(zhang)(zhang)節,第一次進講(jiang)《宋孝宗與大(da)臣陳俊卿(qing)論唐太宗能受忠言(yan)》,翁(weng)即反復闡(chan)述(shu)君主(zhu)(zhu)虛懷納諫、禮賢下士。之(zhi)后(hou),又(you)講(jiang)宋、金、元、明四朝帝王政(zheng)跡,以史為鏡,借答(da)兩(liang)太后(hou)提問(wen),指陳時(shi)(shi)弊,提出(chu)對策(ce),直言(yan)進諫,為當朝少(shao)見(jian),可(ke)(ke)(ke)稱(cheng)直臣。光(guang)緒十五年(1889年),光(guang)緒親政(zheng),翁(weng)仍赴毓慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)書(shu)房授課(ke)。此間翁(weng)不(bu)斷向光(guang)緒呈(cheng)送西學著作,并與光(guang)緒討論時(shi)(shi)政(zheng),直至引起慈(ci)禧和帝黨疑忌,至光(guang)緒二十三年(1897年),被慈(ci)禧下令裁(cai)撤光(guang)緒毓慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)書(shu)房。翁(weng)氏行跡,可(ke)(ke)(ke)稱(cheng)賢臣。今(jin)人有論,謂翁(weng)同(tong)龢當年急欲挫敗李(li)(li)鴻章(zhang)(zhang),是(shi)以拼(pin)命(ming)主(zhu)(zhu)戰,將抗擊外敵誣為廷臣內斗所致(zhi),其(qi)論荒誕而(er)不(bu)經,不(bu)但(dan)于翁(weng)不(bu)公,于李(li)(li)也不(bu)公。可(ke)(ke)(ke)以斷言(yan),主(zhu)(zhu)戰與主(zhu)(zhu)和,皆是(shi)出(chu)自國家利益,政(zheng)見(jian)不(bu)一,不(bu)能形成合力(li),這(zhe)是(shi)歷史的遺(yi)憾,而(er)民族的不(bu)幸,又(you)屬必然。
甲午(wu)戰事(shi)(shi)(shi)既開,中方屢(lv)戰不(bu)勝。慈(ci)禧驚懼(ju),乃令(ling)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)同龢“馳赴天津詣鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)問(wen)策”。據清人胡思(si)敬(jing)記述:當翁(weng)(weng)(weng)問(wen)及北洋艦隊接戰事(shi)(shi)(shi),李(li)“怒目相視,半晌無(wu)一(yi)語”。良(liang)久,反詰(jie)道:“師(shi)傅總理度(du)支(zhi),平時(shi)請款輒駁詰(jie),臨事(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)問(wen)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)艦,兵(bing)(bing)(bing)艦果(guo)可(ke)恃(shi)乎?”翁(weng)(weng)(weng)對曰:“計臣以撙節為(wei)(wei)盡職,事(shi)(shi)(shi)誠急,何(he)不(bu)復(fu)請?”李(li)憤然答曰:“政府疑(yi)我跋(ba)扈,臺諫(紀檢官員)參我貪婪,我再嘵(xiao)嘵(xiao)不(bu)已,今(jin)日尚(shang)有(you)李(li)鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)乎?”于(yu)是(shi),后(hou)人(包括胡思(si)敬(jing))又拿此(ci)來做文章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)了。其實(shi),翁(weng)(weng)(weng)氏確以財政困難為(wei)(wei)由,限制(zhi)北洋水師(shi)經費支(zhi)出(chu)(chu),且(qie)奏(zou)請海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)停購船(chuan)械二年(nian)。然翁(weng)(weng)(weng)氏治戶部(bu)(bu),經費支(zhi)出(chu)(chu)需(xu)統盤考慮,這是(shi)常情常識,奏(zou)請海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)停購船(chuan)械事(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)光(guang)緒(xu)十三年(nian)(1887年(nian)),其時(shi)為(wei)(wei)堵黃(huang)河鄭(zheng)州(zhou)段決口,乃將《海(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)例》改為(wei)(wei)《鄭(zheng)州(zhou)事(shi)(shi)(shi)例》,一(yi)面是(shi)海(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang),一(yi)面是(shi)民生,孰(shu)輕孰(shu)重?鄭(zheng)州(zhou)工程結(jie)束后(hou),總理海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)衙門和李(li)鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)本人均未及時(shi)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)購買新(xin)式船(chuan)艦,及至甲午(wu)戰事(shi)(shi)(shi)起,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)氏即令(ling)戶部(bu)(bu)撥銀(yin)650多(duo)萬兩(liang)支(zhi)持總理海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)衙門購買新(xin)式船(chuan)艦。而(er)李(li)鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之淮軍(jun)所(suo)存銀(yin)錢800多(duo)萬兩(liang)并未用于(yu)甲午(wu)戰事(shi)(shi)(shi),可(ke)見淮軍(jun)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)敗并非軍(jun)費所(suo)致。若誠如胡思(si)敬(jing)所(suo)言,有(you)鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)反詰(jie)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)氏事(shi)(shi)(shi),當屬情急搪塞之詞,鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之機變口才可(ke)知。故將甲午(wu)戰事(shi)(shi)(shi)中北洋水師(shi)及淮軍(jun)敗績(ji)歸咎于(yu)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)氏長期克扣(kou)及拒絕給鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)撥款所(suo)致,實(shi)屬荒(huang)誕不(bu)經之至。
顧視翁(weng)同(tong)龢平(ping)生經歷(li),自非長(chang)于軍(jun)事(shi),李鴻章長(chang)期鼓吹北(bei)洋水師(shi)實力(li)(li),翁(weng)不(bu)(bu)知底里(li),自是(shi)深(shen)信(xin)(xin)不(bu)(bu)疑,曾與王伯恭言:“合肥治軍(jun)數十(shi)年(nian),屢平(ping)大(da)憝(dui),今北(bei)洋海(hai)陸兩軍(jun)如(ru)火(huo)如(ru)荼,豈(qi)不(bu)(bu)堪(kan)一戰(zhan)耶?”及至屢戰(zhan)不(bu)(bu)勝(sheng),方起疑竇(dou),于離津前令其姻親(qin)、時(shi)任長(chang)蘆(lu)鹽運使季邦楨將(jiang)北(bei)洋水師(shi)“將(jiang)士之(zhi)(zhi)賢否(fou),軍(jun)報之(zhi)(zhi)虛實,器械之(zhi)(zhi)良窳”實情相告,故可(ke)以相信(xin)(xin),翁(weng)同(tong)龢極力(li)(li)主戰(zhan),正是(shi)出自對清朝海(hai)軍(jun)力(li)(li)量的自信(xin)(xin),而與其一貫清流派思想相合。
翁(weng)(weng)同龢(he)故居又叫“翁(weng)(weng)同龢(he)紀念館”,是一所保存比較完(wan)善、具有典型(xing)江(jiang)南建(jian)筑風格(ge)的(de)官僚住宅,翁(weng)(weng)同龢(he)在這(zhe)里度(du)過了青少年(nian)時期。1990年(nian),翁(weng)(weng)同龢(he)的(de)玄孫美籍華人翁(weng)(weng)興慶(萬戈)先生(sheng)將世業(ye)捐(juan)獻(xian)給國(guo)(guo)家。其中(zhong)的(de)主體建(jian)筑"彩衣堂"于1996年(nian)被國(guo)(guo)務院公布為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第四批(pi)全國(guo)(guo)重點文物(wu)保護(hu)單位。
翁(weng)同(tong)龢紀念(nian)館坐落(luo)在常熟古城區翁(weng)家巷門,系(xi)由(you)翁(weng)氏故居修(xiu)繕辟(pi)設而成,并于(yu)1991年11月(yue)1日正式對外(wai)開放。
翁氏故居占(zhan)地面(mian)積達6000平方米,建筑面(mian)積3500平方米。其(qi)建筑設計遵循(xun)我國(guo)古代官紳住(zhu)宅以中(zhong)軸為主(zhu)的(de)形制格局,分(fen)東(dong)、中(zhong)、西三大部分(fen)。中(zhong)部由(you)大門(men)進入后(hou),沿(yan)中(zhong)軸線(xian)依次為門(men)廳(ting)(ting)、轎廳(ting)(ting)、彩衣堂(tang)、后(hou)堂(tang)樓和(he)雙桂(gui)軒等,共為七進。其(qi)中(zhong)轎廳(ting)(ting)為歇轎與備(bei)茶之用。
翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)紀念館陳列內容主(zhu)要(yao)有:翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)生平(ping)事跡;翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)文物、書法;翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)主(zhu)要(yao)著作及國內外(wai)研(yan)究翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)的論文、信息。同(tong)時輔以反映歷史原貌(mao)的清代紅木家具陳設。
翁(weng)(weng)同龢墓(mu)在城(cheng)區西郊(jiao)約7公里之(zhi)(zhi)虞山(shan)(shan)鵓(bo)鴿峰山(shan)(shan)麓,與其(qi)父翁(weng)(weng)心存墓(mu)毗鄰。有(you)羅(luo)城(cheng)、墓(mu)冢、拜臺、墓(mu)道(dao),冢后(hou)豎(shu)石灰石碑一通,高132.5厘米(mi)(mi),寬48厘米(mi)(mi),厚10.5厘米(mi)(mi),鐫刻(ke)“乙山(shan)(shan)辛向兼卯酉三分”,“皇清(qing)誥授光祿大夫特(te)謚(shi)文恭協(xie)辦(ban)大學士(shi)戶部尚書曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)祖(zu)考叔平公,誥封(feng)一品夫人曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)祖(zu)妣湯夫人誥封(feng)淑人庶(shu)曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)祖(zu)母陸淑人之(zhi)(zhi)墓(mu)”,“曾(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)孫翁(weng)(weng)之(zhi)(zhi)廉、之(zhi)(zhi)循敬立。”1949年后(hou)屢(lv)修。其(qi)墓(mu)坐北面(mian)南,墓(mu)道(dao)曲折向南,長(chang)約65米(mi)(mi),道(dao)口沿山(shan)(shan)前公路架1984年重(zhong)建單(dan)間沖天式花崗石坊一座,額鐫“翁(weng)(weng)氏(shi)新阡”。墓(mu)城(cheng)四周喬松檜柏挺(ting)秀(xiu),風景極佳,環(huan)山(shan)(shan)公路南側有(you)翁(weng)(weng)氏(shi)祠(ci)堂。1982年3月公布為江蘇省(sheng)級文物保護(hu)單(dan)位。