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生長與分布

分布(bu)于中(zhong)國河北（武安）、山(shan)西（陽(yang)城）、河南(nan)（伏牛山(shan)）、陜西（秦嶺）、甘(gan)肅、浙(zhe)江（天目(mu)山(shan)）、湖北、四川、貴州、云南(nan)、西藏。印度也(ye)有(you)分布(bu)。生(sheng)長在海拔900-3600米的溪邊雜木林中(zhong)。

形態及特征

落葉(xie)灌木(mu)或(huo)(huo)小喬(qiao)木(mu)，高2-15米(mi)；樹皮紫黑色或(huo)(huo)棕灰色；小枝無毛(mao)，紫黑色或(huo)(huo)灰色；芽卵(luan)形，鱗片深褐色，光亮。葉(xie)紙質，卵(luan)形或(huo)(huo)近(jin)圓(yuan)形，少數(shu)橢圓(yuan)卵(luan)形或(huo)(huo)橢圓(yuan)披針形，長(chang)5-14厘米(mi)，寬3-9厘米(mi)，先(xian)端(duan)漸尖(jian)，有1突(tu)生尾尖(jian)，長(chang)1-1.5厘米(mi)，基(ji)部楔(xie)形或(huo)(huo)寬楔(xie)形，邊緣疏(shu)生頂端(duan)加厚(hou)的鋸齒，下部或(huo)(huo)近(jin)基(ji)部全(quan)緣，上(shang)(shang)面(mian)無毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)散生柔(rou)毛(mao)后脫(tuo)落，僅在脈上(shang)(shang)殘存(cun)，下面(mian)無毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)脈上(shang)(shang)有伏毛(mao)，脈腋具叢毛(mao)，側脈6-11對；葉(xie)柄長(chang)2-5厘米(mi)，有柔(rou)毛(mao)后脫(tuo)落。

花(hua)(hua)叢生(sheng)；花(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)；苞片橢圓形，早(zao)落；雄蕊6-14，長(chang)(chang)8-15毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)，花(hua)(hua)藥紅色，比花(hua)(hua)絲長(chang)(chang)，藥隔(ge)附(fu)屬物(wu)長(chang)(chang)0.7-2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)；心(xin)皮6-12，子(zi)房歪形，長(chang)(chang)2-4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)，柱頭面在腹面或遠軸，斧(fu)形，具微小粘質突起，有1-3（-4）胚珠(zhu)。翅果(guo)長(chang)(chang)5-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)，寬3-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)，棕色，子(zi)房柄長(chang)(chang)7-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)，果(guo)梗長(chang)(chang)8-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)；種子(zi)1-3個，卵形，長(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)，黑色。花(hua)(hua)期4-5月，果(guo)期7-8月。

栽培方法

造(zao)(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)地(di)要選擇在(zai)海拔700米(mi)左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)陰坡且(qie)濕度較大的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)，主要是(shi)模擬(ni)野生自然生境(jing)下水熱(re)條件基本相(xiang)同的(de)(de)溝谷兩(liang)岸(an)地(di)帶(dai)，以(yi)(yi)保證造(zao)(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)成功。造(zao)(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)采(cai)(cai)用隔行混(hun)交方(fang)式。混(hun)交樹(shu)種(zhong)可以(yi)(yi)選擇落葉的(de)(de)闊(kuo)葉樹(shu)種(zhong)，如馬(ma)褂木、銀(yin)杏等，株行距3米(mi)×4米(mi)，密度90株/667平方(fang)米(mi)左(zuo)右(you)。秋季(ji)采(cai)(cai)用穴狀整(zheng)地(di)，規格(ge)為(wei)40厘(li)米(mi)×40厘(li)米(mi)×50厘(li)米(mi)，春季(ji)于土(tu)壤解凍后栽植，一般造(zao)(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)時間在(zai)3月上旬，造(zao)(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)前要選好(hao)根(gen)系發達完(wan)整(zheng)、無病蟲害的(de)(de)Ⅰ級壯苗，栽植時做到苗正、根(gen)舒、壓實，并覆土(tu)將樹(shu)根(gen)處培成小(xiao)錐形。當年撫育2-3次(ci)，以(yi)(yi)后可根(gen)據立地(di)條件和雜草(cao)繁茂程度，增加或減(jian)少撫育次(ci)數。

繁殖方式

種子采集與沙藏

領(ling)春(chun)木種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)在9月下旬成熟，選擇20年生以上、生長健康、無病蟲害(hai)、結實(shi)多的中壯(zhuang)年樹上采集。將采集的翅果種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)水(shui)浸3天后(hou)去除果翅和果梗(geng)，反(fan)復水(shui)洗得(de)到純凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，晾干種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)表面水(shui)分后(hou)室內低(di)溫沙藏(zang)。值得(de)注意(yi)的是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)忌干藏(zang)和失水(shui)干燥，也(ye)不能(neng)(neng)爆曬，否則發(fa)芽(ya)率極低(di)或喪失發(fa)芽(ya)能(neng)(neng)力。沙藏(zang)期間每5-7天翻(fan)動種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)一次，防止種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)沙藏(zang)期間爛種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，造成種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)損失。

圃地選擇與處理

根據領春木的生(sheng)態學特(te)性，我們要將圃地(di)(di)(di)(di)選在高(gao)(gao)海拔、交通方便、日照強(qiang)度低(di)、石礫含量少、土層(ceng)深(shen)厚(hou)、肥力較好的黃紅壤等(deng)，同時(shi)(shi)要求稍為(wei)蔽蔭和有(you)水(shui)源的荒地(di)(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)為(wei)苗(miao)床(chuang)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。忌用(yong)(yong)低(di)海拔、日照強(qiang)度高(gao)(gao)的用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)等(deng)，否則育苗(miao)會失敗(bai)。圃地(di)(di)(di)(di)必須(xu)要精耕細作(zuo)。3月上旬翻(fan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)前(qian)要清理地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)雜物，深(shen)翻(fan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)表(biao)25厘(li)米以上，清除樹根、草蔸和石塊等(deng)。每667平方米施用(yong)(yong)100千克(ke)復合肥作(zuo)為(wei)基肥，同時(shi)(shi)施用(yong)(yong)呋喃丹(dan)3千克(ke)翻(fan)入土中殺滅地(di)(di)(di)(di)下害蟲。經過(guo)“3犁(li)3耙(pa)”，使肥和藥與圃地(di)(di)(di)(di)土壤均勻混合在一起。然后作(zuo)苗(miao)床(chuang)，苗(miao)床(chuang)要順坡(po)而作(zuo)，床(chuang)面(mian)寬(kuan)120厘(li)米、高(gao)(gao)20厘(li)米，長度可以隨地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢而定，畦溝寬(kuan)25厘(li)米，床(chuang)面(mian)應平整不積水(shui)，四周開(kai)好排(pai)水(shui)溝，隨時(shi)(shi)保持排(pai)水(shui)通暢(chang)。

播種

來年3月5-10日篩出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)水(shui)選2次，去除劣(lie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)，再將(jiang)純凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)倒(dao)入容器中，用(yong)(yong)(yong)0.5%的(de)高(gao)錳酸鉀溶(rong)液浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)12小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期間經常攪動(dong)。12小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)撈(lao)(lao)出(chu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)清水(shui)沖洗(xi)(xi)干(gan)凈，再用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)根(gen)(gen)粉處理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)。具體做法是用(yong)(yong)(yong)50℃溫(wen)水(shui)間歇浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2次，2次溫(wen)水(shui)都(dou)要自然(ran)(ran)冷卻(que)且(qie)浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)撈(lao)(lao)出(chu)，然(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)ABT7號稀(xi)釋的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)根(gen)(gen)粉溶(rong)劑浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，最后(hou)(hou)撈(lao)(lao)出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行催(cui)芽(ya)，催(cui)芽(ya)期間要每天(tian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)水(shui)淘(tao)洗(xi)(xi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，淘(tao)洗(xi)(xi)時(shi)(shi)動(dong)作(zuo)要輕，淘(tao)洗(xi)(xi)后(hou)(hou)要保(bao)溫(wen)保(bao)濕，約8-10天(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)破嘴即(ji)可(ke)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)0.5%的(de)高(gao)錳酸鉀溶(rong)液均(jun)勻噴灑床(chuang)面(mian)消毒，2小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)待播的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)均(jun)勻撒(sa)播于(yu)床(chuang)面(mian)，大約播120-150粒/平方米(mi)，播消毒后(hou)(hou)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)5千克/667平方米(mi)，播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)蓋過篩的(de)草皮(pi)灰混細(xi)土0.5厘米(mi)，一般以不見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)為度，噴一遍透(tou)水(shui)，然(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)蓋上一層(ceng)薄稻草。蓋草即(ji)可(ke)預防(fang)鳥獸(shou)危害，又可(ke)以增加床(chuang)面(mian)溫(wen)度和濕度，預防(fang)晴天(tian)太陽的(de)直射對床(chuang)面(mian)水(shui)分的(de)過量蒸發，從而影(ying)響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)根(gen)(gen)萌芽(ya)。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)到出(chu)芽(ya)前，要注意(yi)防(fang)止(zhi)苗(miao)床(chuang)過干(gan)等不利于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)休眠的(de)條件。

價值及其他

主要價值

經濟

領春木紋理(li)美(mei)觀可做高(gao)檔家(jia)具或儀器表盒等；樹(shu)(shu)(shu)形優美(mei)，樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干通直，也是優美(mei)的(de)庭院樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種。

研究

領春木為典型的(de)(de)東(dong)亞植(zhi)物區(qu)系成分的(de)(de)特征種，又是(shi)古(gu)老的(de)(de)殘遺植(zhi)物，樹木。為典型的(de)(de)東(dong)亞植(zhi)物區(qu)系成分的(de)(de)特征種，第3紀孑遺植(zhi)物和稀有(you)珍貴的(de)(de)古(gu)老樹種，對于研究古(gu)植(zhi)物區(qu)系和古(gu)代地理氣(qi)候有(you)重要的(de)(de)學術價值(zhi)。