分布于中國河(he)北(bei)(武安)、山(shan)西(陽城)、河(he)南(伏牛山(shan))、陜西(秦嶺(ling))、甘肅、浙江(天目山(shan))、湖北(bei)、四(si)川、貴州、云南、西藏。印度也有分布。生(sheng)長在海(hai)拔900-3600米的溪邊雜木林(lin)中。
落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)灌木或(huo)小喬木,高2-15米;樹皮紫黑色(se)或(huo)棕灰(hui)色(se);小枝無毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),紫黑色(se)或(huo)灰(hui)色(se);芽卵(luan)形,鱗片深褐色(se),光亮。葉(xie)(xie)紙質,卵(luan)形或(huo)近圓形,少數橢(tuo)圓卵(luan)形或(huo)橢(tuo)圓披(pi)針形,長(chang)5-14厘(li)米,寬3-9厘(li)米,先端漸(jian)尖,有(you)1突生尾尖,長(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米,基(ji)部(bu)楔(xie)形或(huo)寬楔(xie)形,邊緣(yuan)疏生頂(ding)端加厚(hou)的鋸齒,下部(bu)或(huo)近基(ji)部(bu)全(quan)緣(yuan),上(shang)面無毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)散生柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)后脫落(luo),僅在脈(mo)上(shang)殘存,下面無毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)脈(mo)上(shang)有(you)伏毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),脈(mo)腋具叢毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),側脈(mo)6-11對(dui);葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)2-5厘(li)米,有(you)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)后脫落(luo)。
花(hua)(hua)叢生(sheng);花(hua)(hua)梗長3-5毫(hao)米(mi);苞片橢圓形,早落(luo);雄(xiong)蕊6-14,長8-15毫(hao)米(mi),花(hua)(hua)藥(yao)(yao)紅色(se),比花(hua)(hua)絲長,藥(yao)(yao)隔(ge)附(fu)屬物長0.7-2毫(hao)米(mi);心皮(pi)6-12,子房歪形,長2-4毫(hao)米(mi),柱頭面(mian)在腹面(mian)或遠軸,斧形,具微(wei)小粘(zhan)質(zhi)突起,有1-3(-4)胚珠。翅果長5-10毫(hao)米(mi),寬(kuan)3-5毫(hao)米(mi),棕色(se),子房柄長7-10毫(hao)米(mi),果梗長8-10毫(hao)米(mi);種子1-3個(ge),卵形,長1.5-2.5毫(hao)米(mi),黑(hei)色(se)。花(hua)(hua)期4-5月,果期7-8月。
造(zao)林(lin)地(di)要選擇在(zai)海拔(ba)700米左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)陰坡且濕(shi)度較(jiao)大的(de)(de)環境,主要是模擬野生(sheng)自(zi)然生(sheng)境下水熱(re)條件基本(ben)相同的(de)(de)溝谷兩岸地(di)帶(dai),以保證造(zao)林(lin)的(de)(de)成(cheng)功。造(zao)林(lin)采(cai)用隔(ge)行混交(jiao)方式。混交(jiao)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)可以選擇落葉的(de)(de)闊葉樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong),如(ru)馬褂木(mu)、銀杏等,株行距3米×4米,密(mi)度90株/667平方米左(zuo)右(you)。秋季(ji)采(cai)用穴狀整地(di),規格為40厘米×40厘米×50厘米,春季(ji)于(yu)土壤解凍后(hou)栽植,一般造(zao)林(lin)時間在(zai)3月上(shang)旬,造(zao)林(lin)前(qian)要選好根(gen)系發(fa)達(da)完整、無病(bing)蟲害的(de)(de)Ⅰ級(ji)壯苗,栽植時做到苗正、根(gen)舒、壓實(shi),并覆土將樹(shu)(shu)根(gen)處(chu)培成(cheng)小錐形。當(dang)年撫(fu)育2-3次(ci),以后(hou)可根(gen)據立地(di)條件和雜草(cao)繁(fan)茂程度,增加或(huo)減(jian)少撫(fu)育次(ci)數。
領春木種(zhong)子在(zai)9月下旬成熟,選(xuan)擇20年生(sheng)以上、生(sheng)長(chang)健康(kang)、無病蟲(chong)害、結實多的中壯年樹上采(cai)集(ji)(ji)。將采(cai)集(ji)(ji)的翅(chi)果種(zhong)子水浸3天(tian)后去除果翅(chi)和果梗,反復水洗得到純凈種(zhong)子,晾(liang)干(gan)種(zhong)子表面(mian)水分(fen)后室內(nei)低溫沙藏。值得注意(yi)的是(shi)種(zhong)子忌干(gan)藏和失水干(gan)燥,也不能爆曬(shai),否則發芽率極低或喪失發芽能力。沙藏期間(jian)每5-7天(tian)翻動種(zhong)子一次,防止種(zhong)子沙藏期間(jian)爛種(zhong),造(zao)成種(zhong)子損失。
根據領春木的(de)(de)生態學(xue)特性(xing),我(wo)們要(yao)將圃地(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)在(zai)高(gao)海拔(ba)、交通方(fang)便(bian)、日(ri)照(zhao)強度(du)低(di)(di)、石(shi)(shi)礫含(han)量少、土層深(shen)厚、肥(fei)力較好的(de)(de)黃(huang)紅壤等(deng),同時(shi)要(yao)求稍(shao)為(wei)蔽(bi)蔭(yin)和有水(shui)源的(de)(de)荒地(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)為(wei)苗(miao)(miao)床用地(di)(di)(di)。忌用低(di)(di)海拔(ba)、日(ri)照(zhao)強度(du)高(gao)的(de)(de)用地(di)(di)(di)等(deng),否則育苗(miao)(miao)會失敗。圃地(di)(di)(di)必須要(yao)精耕細作(zuo)。3月上旬(xun)翻地(di)(di)(di)前要(yao)清理(li)地(di)(di)(di)面雜物,深(shen)翻地(di)(di)(di)表25厘(li)米(mi)(mi)以上,清除(chu)樹根、草蔸和石(shi)(shi)塊等(deng)。每667平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)施(shi)用100千(qian)克復合肥(fei)作(zuo)為(wei)基肥(fei),同時(shi)施(shi)用呋喃丹3千(qian)克翻入土中殺滅地(di)(di)(di)下害蟲。經過“3犁3耙”,使肥(fei)和藥與圃地(di)(di)(di)土壤均(jun)勻混(hun)合在(zai)一起。然(ran)后(hou)作(zuo)苗(miao)(miao)床,苗(miao)(miao)床要(yao)順(shun)坡(po)而(er)作(zuo),床面寬120厘(li)米(mi)(mi)、高(gao)20厘(li)米(mi)(mi),長度(du)可以隨地(di)(di)(di)勢而(er)定(ding),畦溝寬25厘(li)米(mi)(mi),床面應平(ping)整不(bu)積水(shui),四周開(kai)好排水(shui)溝,隨時(shi)保持排水(shui)通暢。
來年3月5-10日篩出種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),將(jiang)(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)水(shui)(shui)選2次,去(qu)除劣種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou),再將(jiang)(jiang)純凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)倒(dao)入容器中,用0.5%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高錳(meng)酸(suan)鉀溶(rong)液浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)12小時(shi),浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)間經(jing)常攪動(dong)。12小時(shi)后(hou)撈出用清水(shui)(shui)沖洗(xi)(xi)干凈,再用生根(gen)粉處理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。具體做法(fa)是用50℃溫(wen)(wen)水(shui)(shui)間歇(xie)浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2次,2次溫(wen)(wen)水(shui)(shui)都要(yao)自然冷卻且浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小時(shi)后(hou)撈出,然后(hou)用ABT7號(hao)稀釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生根(gen)粉溶(rong)劑浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1小時(shi),最后(hou)撈出種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)進行催(cui)芽(ya),催(cui)芽(ya)期(qi)間要(yao)每(mei)天(tian)用溫(wen)(wen)水(shui)(shui)淘(tao)洗(xi)(xi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),淘(tao)洗(xi)(xi)時(shi)動(dong)作要(yao)輕,淘(tao)洗(xi)(xi)后(hou)要(yao)保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)保(bao)濕,約(yue)8-10天(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)破嘴即可(ke)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用0.5%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高錳(meng)酸(suan)鉀溶(rong)液均勻(yun)噴灑床(chuang)面(mian)消毒(du),2小時(shi)后(hou)將(jiang)(jiang)待播(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)均勻(yun)撒播(bo)于床(chuang)面(mian),大(da)約(yue)播(bo)120-150粒/平方米,播(bo)消毒(du)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)5千克/667平方米,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)蓋(gai)過篩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草(cao)皮(pi)灰(hui)混細(xi)土0.5厘米,一般以不(bu)見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)為度,噴一遍透水(shui)(shui),然后(hou)蓋(gai)上一層(ceng)薄(bo)稻(dao)草(cao)。蓋(gai)草(cao)即可(ke)預防鳥獸(shou)危(wei)害,又可(ke)以增加床(chuang)面(mian)溫(wen)(wen)度和濕度,預防晴天(tian)太陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直射對床(chuang)面(mian)水(shui)(shui)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過量蒸發(fa),從而影響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生根(gen)萌(meng)芽(ya)。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)到出芽(ya)前,要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)防止苗床(chuang)過干等不(bu)利于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)休(xiu)眠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件。
經濟
領春木紋理(li)美(mei)觀可(ke)做高檔家具或儀器表盒等;樹形(xing)優美(mei),樹干通直,也是優美(mei)的(de)庭(ting)院(yuan)樹種。
研究
領春木為典型(xing)的東(dong)亞植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區系(xi)成分的特征種(zhong),又是古老的殘遺(yi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),樹木。為典型(xing)的東(dong)亞植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區系(xi)成分的特征種(zhong),第(di)3紀孑遺(yi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)和稀(xi)有珍(zhen)貴的古老樹種(zhong),對于研究古植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區系(xi)和古代地理氣候(hou)有重要(yao)的學(xue)術價(jia)值。