分(fen)布(bu)于中國、印度、斯(si)里(li)蘭卡、泰(tai)國、柬埔寨、越南(nan)、菲律賓(bin)及大(da)洋洲;在(zai)中國分(fen)布(bu)于廣西(東(dong)興)、廣東(dong)(南(nan)部(bu)及沿(yan)海各島嶼(yu))和臺灣(wan)(基隆、高(gao)雄、屏東(dong))。多生于海陸交錯區的(de)高(gao)潮帶或超高(gao)潮帶的(de)鹽(yan)堿(jian)地上,對土(tu)壤(rang)要求不高(gao),在(zai)潮濕(shi)貧瘠的(de)沙礫土(tu)上或潮溝邊較高(gao)的(de)地方(fang)均(jun)可生長。喜光、喜熱,生長速度較快。
常綠喬木,高(gao)2-3米(mi),稀有(you)(you)更(geng)高(gao);枝無毛,具多數皮孔(kong)。葉互生,厚(hou),近革質,葉片橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)形或(huo)(huo)闊橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)形,少(shao)有(you)(you)卵狀長圓(yuan)形,長6-8厘米(mi),寬3-4.2厘米(mi),頂(ding)端短(duan)尖(jian),尖(jian)頭鈍,基部鈍圓(yuan)或(huo)(huo)闊楔形,邊(bian)全(quan)緣或(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)不明(ming)顯(xian)的疏細齒(chi),干時略(lve)背(bei)卷,兩面均無毛,腹面光滑;中脈(mo)粗壯,在腹面凹(ao)入,背(bei)面顯(xian)著(zhu)凸(tu)起,側脈(mo)約10對,纖細,斜伸,離緣2-5毫(hao)米(mi)彎拱(gong)連接,網脈(mo)不明(ming)顯(xian);葉柄粗壯,長1.5-3厘米(mi),無毛,頂(ding)端有(you)(you)2圓(yuan)形的腺(xian)體;托葉卵形,頂(ding)端尖(jian),長1.5-2毫(hao)米(mi)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)性,雌雄(xiong)(xiong)異(yi)株,聚集成腋生(sheng)、單(dan)生(sheng)或雙生(sheng)的(de)總狀花(hua)(hua)(hua)序,雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序長(chang)3-4.5厘米(mi),雌花(hua)(hua)(hua)序較短(duan)。雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua):苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)闊(kuo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),肉質,長(chang)和寬(kuan)近(jin)(jin)相等約(yue)(yue)(yue)2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),頂(ding)端(duan)(duan)截平或略凸,基部(bu)(bu)腹面兩側(ce)各(ge)具1腺(xian)體(ti),每一苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)內含1朵花(hua)(hua)(hua);小(xiao)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)2,披針形(xing)(xing),長(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)(yue)0.6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),基部(bu)(bu)兩側(ce)各(ge)具1腺(xian)體(ti);花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗粗(cu)短(duan)或近(jin)(jin)無花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗;萼(e)片(pian)3,線狀漸(jian)尖(jian),長(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)1.2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi);雄(xiong)(xiong)蕊(rui)3枚,常伸出于萼(e)片(pian)之外;花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲向基部(bu)(bu)漸(jian)粗(cu)。雌花(hua)(hua)(hua);苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)和小(xiao)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)與雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)相同,花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗比(bi)雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)略長(chang);萼(e)片(pian)闊(kuo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)或三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing),頂(ding)端(duan)(duan)尖(jian),基部(bu)(bu)稍連合(he),長(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)1.4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),基部(bu)(bu)寬(kuan)近(jin)(jin)1毫(hao)(hao)米(mi);子(zi)房卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱3,分離,頂(ding)端(duan)(duan)外卷(juan)。蒴果(guo)(guo)球形(xing)(xing),具3溝槽,長(chang)7-8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)(yue)10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi);分果(guo)(guo)爿(pan)尖(jian)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),頂(ding)端(duan)(duan)具喙(hui);種子(zi)球形(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑約(yue)(yue)(yue)4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)期1-9月。
海漆栽(zai)培時要選擇合適的造林地和種植時間(jian)。苗初植要適當密植,有利于形成(cheng)良好生境(jing),提高幼(you)林成(cheng)活率(lv),采用1米×1米的株行距為宜。幼(you)林期應加強管理(li),林地容易(yi)受其他(ta)雜草侵(qin)襲,影響生長,難于郁閉成(cheng)林。
種植初期(qi),要禁止漁民在(zai)幼(you)苗幼(you)樹區的活動,減少對幼(you)苗幼(you)樹造成損(sun)害(hai)。海漆枝條柔軟(ruan),匍(pu)匐(fu)生長地(di)面(mian)易(yi)受水浸泡,可用竹子扶撐(cheng),待(dai)長大后再獨立生長。
采(cai)種(zhong)盡可能在(zai)(zai)(zai)上半年采(cai)種(zhong),以(yi)保(bao)證(zheng)種(zhong)子質(zhi)量。新(xin)鮮種(zhong)子發芽率較(jiao)高(gao),貯藏(zang)時間(jian)越長(chang),發芽率越低,種(zhong)子隨采(cai)隨播為(wei)好(hao)。海漆在(zai)(zai)(zai)育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)最(zui)好(hao)采(cai)用(yong)疏松、透氣(qi)性強的(de)基(ji)質(zhi)播種(zhong)育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。此(ci)外,播種(zhong)后,用(yong)紗(sha)網蓋住苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床,以(yi)免潮(chao)水(shui)(shui)或(huo)下雨時雨水(shui)(shui)沖刷種(zhong)子,也便于澆水(shui)(shui)。退潮(chao)后及(ji)時用(yong)淡水(shui)(shui)澆苗(miao)(miao)(miao),以(yi)免泥漿(jiang)黏附(fu)于種(zhong)子或(huo)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床表面,影響種(zhong)子和(he)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床的(de)透氣(qi)性。溫度越高(gao),海漆幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)生(sheng)長(chang)越快(kuai),低溫和(he)高(gao)鹽度均能制約苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木生(sheng)長(chang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)育(yu)(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)過程中(zhong),應根(gen)據實際情況,加強水(shui)(shui)肥(fei)管理,保(bao)證(zheng)土壤(rang)含水(shui)(shui)量和(he)土壤(rang)水(shui)(shui)分較(jiao)低的(de)含鹽量,提高(gao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木生(sheng)長(chang)量。
海漆(qi)具(ju)有(you)速生、抗逆性強等特點(dian),對防風固岸(an)有(you)顯著效果(guo),是海濱高潮位地帶和河(he)道的(de)護岸(an)樹。中國(guo)東南(nan)沿海大面積營(ying)造紅(hong)樹林(lin)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)樹種(zhong),可用于沿海生態(tai)景觀林(lin)種(zhong)植。