生長(chang)(chang)于(yu)海(hai)拔(ba)72-3000米(mi)的山(shan)(shan)谷森(sen)林(lin)中(zhong)。在中(zhong)國河南，分(fen)布于(yu)伏牛山(shan)(shan)、大別山(shan)(shan)和(he)桐(tong)柏山(shan)(shan)區，生于(yu)海(hai)拔(ba)700-2000米(mi)之間的山(shan)(shan)坡雜木(mu)(mu)林(lin)中(zhong)，以(yi)伏牛山(shan)(shan)區分(fen)布最為集中(zhong)。梾木(mu)(mu)在陽(yang)坡或半陽(yang)坡下部生長(chang)(chang)旺盛，位于(yu)群落上層(ceng)。伴(ban)生喬木(mu)(mu)有(you)山(shan)(shan)核桃、膀胱果、黑榆、四照(zhao)花、房(fang)縣械、銳齒槲櫟、金錢槭(qi)、臭椿等(deng)(deng)；伴(ban)生灌木(mu)(mu)有(you)接骨(gu)木(mu)(mu)、楤木(mu)(mu)、棣(di)棠、山(shan)(shan)梅花、八角楓等(deng)(deng)；伴(ban)生草本主要有(you)耐蔭(yin)的南星、水金風(feng)仙、黃精、貫眾、活血(xue)丹等(deng)(deng)；藤本植物有(you)中(zhong)華獼猴桃、南蛇藤、蛇葡萄等(deng)(deng)。
梾(lai)木(mu)為亞熱帶山地森(sen)林(lin)樹(shu)(shu)種，生(sheng)態適應性(xing)極強。喜(xi)溫(wen)(wen)暖(nuan)濕潤氣候和(he)深厚肥沃土壤(rang)。能耐(nai)寒(han)冷，耐(nai)干旱和(he)瘠薄土壤(rang)，在分布(bu)區(qu)也(ye)常散(san)生(sheng)于向陽山坡的(de)中上(shang)部(bu)，陡坡、巖(yan)石縫(feng)隙等土壤(rang)干瘠之處，只是樹(shu)(shu)體比較低(di)矮，生(sheng)長(chang)速度緩慢；能忍耐(nai)-20℃以下低(di)溫(wen)(wen)。喜(xi)光性(xing)樹(shu)(shu)種，幼苗也(ye)不(bu)耐(nai)蔭，在分布(bu)區(qu)的(de)疏林(lin)、林(lin)緣及灌(guan)叢草地，均可見到種子更新小苗，生(sheng)長(chang)發育(yu)良好。
分(fen)(fen)布于緬(mian)甸、巴基斯坦、印度、不丹、尼泊爾、阿富(fu)汗(han)和中國(guo)(guo)；在中國(guo)(guo)分(fen)(fen)布于安徽、福建(jian)、甘肅南(nan)部、廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)、廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)、貴州、海南(nan)、湖北、湖南(nan)、江蘇(su)、江西(xi)(xi)(xi)、寧夏、陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)、山東(dong)(dong)南(nan)部、四川(chuan)、臺灣、西(xi)(xi)(xi)藏和云南(nan)等省區(qu)。
喬(qiao)木，高(gao)3-15米(mi)，稀達20-25米(mi)；樹皮灰(hui)(hui)褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)灰(hui)(hui)黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)；幼枝粗(cu)壯，灰(hui)(hui)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，有(you)稜(leng)角(jiao)，微(wei)被(bei)灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)(se)(se)貼生短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)，不久變為無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)，老枝圓柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)，疏(shu)生灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)皮孔及半環形(xing)(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)痕。冬芽頂生或(huo)腋生，狹長(chang)(chang)圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)4-10毫米(mi)，密(mi)被(bei)黃(huang)褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)的短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)。葉(xie)(xie)對生，紙(zhi)質，闊卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)卵狀長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)，稀近于(yu)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)9-16厘米(mi)，寬3.5-8.8厘米(mi)，先端銳尖或(huo)短漸尖，基(ji)部圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)，稀寬楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)，有(you)時稍不對稱，邊緣略(lve)有(you)波狀小齒，上(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)深綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，幼時疏(shu)被(bei)平(ping)貼小柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)，后即近于(yu)無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)，下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)灰(hui)(hui)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，密(mi)被(bei)或(huo)有(you)時疏(shu)被(bei)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)平(ping)貼短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)，沿葉(xie)(xie)脈有(you)淡褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)平(ping)貼小柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)，中脈在上(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)明(ming)顯，下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)凸(tu)出，側脈5-8對，弓形(xing)(xing)(xing)內彎，在上(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)明(ming)顯，下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)稍凸(tu)起；葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)1.5-3厘米(mi)，淡黃(huang)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，老后變為無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)，上(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)淺(qian)溝，下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)，基(ji)部稍寬，略(lve)呈鞘(qiao)狀。
傘房(fang)狀(zhuang)聚(ju)傘花(hua)(hua)(hua)序頂生，寬8-12厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，疏被(bei)(bei)短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao)；總(zong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)(geng)紅色，長(chang)(chang)(chang)2.4-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；花(hua)(hua)(hua)白(bai)(bai)色，有香味，直徑(jing)(jing)8-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；花(hua)(hua)(hua)萼(e)裂片4，寬三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，稍長(chang)(chang)(chang)于(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)盤，外側(ce)(ce)疏被(bei)(bei)灰色短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.4-0.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣4，質(zhi)地稍厚(hou)，舌狀(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或卵(luan)狀(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬0.9-1.8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，先端鈍尖(jian)或短漸(jian)尖(jian)，上(shang)面無毛(mao)(mao)，背面被(bei)(bei)貼(tie)(tie)生小柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao)；雄(xiong)蕊(rui)4，與(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣等(deng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)或稍伸出(chu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)外，花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲(si)略粗，線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥倒卵(luan)狀(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，2室，長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.3-2毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，丁字形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)著生；花(hua)(hua)(hua)盤墊狀(zhuang)，無毛(mao)(mao)，邊緣波狀(zhuang)，厚(hou)約(yue)0.3-0.4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱圓柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)2-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，略被(bei)(bei)貼(tie)(tie)生小柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao)，頂端粗壯而略呈棍棒形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，柱頭(tou)扁(bian)平，略有淺裂，子房(fang)下位，花(hua)(hua)(hua)托倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或倒圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，直徑(jing)(jing)約(yue)1.2毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，密被(bei)(bei)灰白(bai)(bai)色的平貼(tie)(tie)短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao)；花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)(geng)圓柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.3-4（-5）毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，疏被(bei)(bei)灰褐色短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)(mao)。核果近于(yu)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，直徑(jing)(jing)4.5-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，成熟(shu)時黑色，近于(yu)無毛(mao)(mao)；核骨質(zhi)，扁(bian)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，直徑(jing)(jing)3-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，兩側(ce)(ce)各(ge)有1條(tiao)(tiao)淺溝及6條(tiao)(tiao)脈紋。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期6-7月；果期8-9月。
梾木(mu)播(bo)種后(hou)約30天左右(you)開始(shi)出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)，出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)期(qi)應(ying)保(bao)護土壤濕潤，干燥時應(ying)及(ji)時通(tong)過床溝(gou)澆灌(guan)。苗(miao)木(mu)出(chu)(chu)齊(qi)后(hou)的(de)(de)1個月(yue)(yue)內(nei)，地(di)上部分(fen)生(sheng)長(chang)十(shi)分(fen)緩慢，高生(sheng)長(chang)量(liang)(liang)僅占全年生(sheng)長(chang)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)8%左右(you)，而地(di)下根(gen)系(xi)擴(kuo)展非常(chang)迅速。此(ci)(ci)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)要加強松(song)土、除草和澆水(shui)；并(bing)注意防治小(xiao)地(di)老虎、螻蛄類(lei)害蟲對幼苗(miao)的(de)(de)危(wei)害；可(ke)追施(shi)尿素1次，每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)追施(shi)3-5千(qian)克即可(ke)。5月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)下旬(xun)至(zhi)(zhi)9月(yue)(yue)上中(zhong)旬(xun)，正是中(zhong)國河(he)南各地(di)高溫多(duo)雨、光(guang)照(zhao)充足的(de)(de)季(ji)節，也正是梾木(mu)的(de)(de)快速生(sheng)長(chang)期(qi)，此(ci)(ci)時期(qi)苗(miao)木(mu)的(de)(de)高生(sheng)長(chang)和地(di)徑生(sheng)長(chang)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)別占全年生(sheng)長(chang)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)78.8%和59.1%。期(qi)間(jian)(jian)要加強水(shui)肥管(guan)理，可(ke)施(shi)追肥4次，前2次以(yi)氮肥為(wei)主，每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)每(mei)(mei)次追施(shi)尿素5-10千(qian)克，先少(shao)后(hou)多(duo)；后(hou)2次以(yi)磷(lin)鉀肥為(wei)主，可(ke)追施(shi)全元素復合肥或葉面噴施(shi)磷(lin)酸二氫鉀。9月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)至(zhi)(zhi)11月(yue)(yue)底(di)為(wei)苗(miao)木(mu)生(sheng)長(chang)后(hou)期(qi)，應(ying)嚴格控(kong)水(shui)控(kong)肥，促使苗(miao)木(mu)木(mu)質化，提高苗(miao)木(mu)質量(liang)(liang)。梾木(mu)抗(kang)病性較強，圃地(di)未發現有病害發生(sheng)。
山地造林可(ke)(ke)(ke)用1年(nian)生苗，而城市(shi)園林綠(lv)化必(bi)須用大苗栽植(zhi)。大苗培(pei)育(yu)(yu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以用1年(nian)生苗定(ding)植(zhi)。初植(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度易(yi)稀不(bu)宜密(mi)(mi)，一般以1.5米(mi)×1.5米(mi)為好，以便(bian)形(xing)成圓滿樹冠(guan)。大水大肥管理，定(ding)植(zhi)2年(nian)后苗高可(ke)(ke)(ke)達4米(mi)，胸徑(jing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達3厘米(mi)，即可(ke)(ke)(ke)隔(ge)行或隔(ge)株移除(chu)利用。留圃苗再培(pei)育(yu)(yu)2年(nian)，苗高可(ke)(ke)(ke)達6米(mi)，平均胸徑(jing)達6厘米(mi)，即可(ke)(ke)(ke)滿足(zu)綠(lv)化市(shi)場的(de)要求。梾木自(zi)然整枝良好，培(pei)育(yu)(yu)期(qi)間(jian)不(bu)宜整形(xing)修剪(jian)，不(bu)能破壞頂梢。
梾木對立地(di)要求(qiu)不嚴，山區(qu)造(zao)林可(ke)選(xuan)擇向陽(yang)山坡的中下部，山溝谷地(di)，淺(qian)山丘陵地(di)等均可(ke)；在(zai)平原地(di)區(qu)選(xuan)擇向陽(yang)的房前屋(wu)后、渠旁路邊、河溪沿岸(an)、河灘荒地(di)等質地(di)疏松、土層(ceng)深厚、排(pai)水良好的土地(di)即可(ke)。大(da)穴整地(di)，規(gui)格(ge)為(wei)70厘(li)米(mi)(mi)×70厘(li)米(mi)(mi)×60厘(li)米(mi)(mi)；每(mei)穴施入(ru)腐(fu)熟農家肥30-50千克作底肥，與底土充分拌勻后踩實，澆水待其沉(chen)實后再行栽植(zhi)。
春季2~3月苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)萌(meng)芽(ya)前起苗(miao)(miao)種(zhong)植，要求(qiu)隨起隨栽。山區造林(lin)(lin)(lin)用(yong)1-2年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)，平原植樹用(yong)2年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)，城(cheng)市綠化用(yong)胸徑5-6厘米(mi)大苗(miao)(miao)，1-2年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)移(yi)植可裸根進(jin)行，對過(guo)長、過(guo)多側枝應(ying)適當短截修(xiu)剪；大苗(miao)(miao)移(yi)植應(ying)帶土(tu)球，應(ying)保留全冠(guan)或(huo)保留1-2級枝，以維持較好樹形(xing)。栽植密度(du)(du)因造林(lin)(lin)(lin)目的而異，用(yong)材林(lin)(lin)(lin)或(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)態林(lin)(lin)(lin)初植密度(du)(du)以2米(mi)×4米(mi)為(wei)宜(yi)，林(lin)(lin)(lin)分郁(yu)閉后間(jian)伐，調(diao)整(zheng)到4米(mi)×4米(mi)；油料林(lin)(lin)(lin)密度(du)(du)以3米(mi)×3米(mi)為(wei)宜(yi)；城(cheng)市綠化及景觀林(lin)(lin)(lin)按設計要求(qiu)進(jin)行。
選擇樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干通直高大，樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠圓滿，光(guang)照充足(zu)的(de)15-50年(nian)(nian)生壯齡樹(shu)(shu)(shu)作采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母樹(shu)(shu)(shu)。果(guo)(guo)實(shi)易被鳥(niao)獸啄食，當果(guo)(guo)實(shi)由青綠逐漸變為(wei)藍黑色時(shi)應及(ji)時(shi)采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。采(cai)(cai)集的(de)核果(guo)(guo)在室內薄攤堆(dui)放3-5天，厚(hou)度10-20厘米，使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子后(hou)熟，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)腐爛變軟，預防(fang)堆(dui)放過厚(hou)而致果(guo)(guo)實(shi)發(fa)熱(re)燒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。然后(hou)將果(guo)(guo)實(shi)放水(shui)中搓揉，漂(piao)去(qu)(qu)果(guo)(guo)肉和果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)(pi)等(deng)雜(za)質，得純凈果(guo)(guo)核。梾木果(guo)(guo)實(shi)含油脂量大，淘(tao)洗時(shi)可用草(cao)木灰水(shui)或5%的(de)堿(jian)水(shui)對(dui)果(guo)(guo)核進行去(qu)(qu)脂。將純凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子放通風干燥處陰干，然后(hou)拌濕(shi)沙室外(wai)坑藏。陽光(guang)曝曬使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子過度失(shi)水(shui)，能降低(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子生活力，而且還可使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子延(yan)遲萌發(fa)1年(nian)(nian)。據對(dui)采(cai)(cai)自(zi)中國河南(nan)伏牛(niu)山的(de)梾木種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子測定，帶果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)(pi)粒徑(jing)(jing)6.2毫(hao)米，千粒重(zhong)63.3克(ke)，去(qu)(qu)果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)(pi)后(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子粒徑(jing)(jing)3.6毫(hao)米，千粒重(zhong)36.7克(ke)，每千克(ke)有(you)純凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子約2.7萬粒。
選擇(ze)深(shen)厚(hou)(hou)肥沃的砂壤土地作育(yu)苗(miao)地。深(shen)耕細耙(pa)，施足底(di)肥。作成高(gao)床(chuang)(chuang)，床(chuang)(chuang)面寬50-60厘(li)(li)米，床(chuang)(chuang)高(gao)15-20厘(li)(li)米。梾木種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)有休眠特性，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)秋季隨(sui)采隨(sui)播，也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)冬季沙藏后(hou)春播。春播前(qian)1個(ge)月(yue)應對沙藏種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)作催芽處理；將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)取出(chu)，置于(yu)日光溫(wen)(wen)室或陽畦中催芽，下(xia)鋪稻草或麻袋等(deng)透氣保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)材料(liao)(liao)，上加(jia)蓋塑料(liao)(liao)薄膜，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)厚(hou)(hou)約(yue)20厘(li)(li)米，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)15-25℃之間(jian)，過熱應揭膜透風，晚(wan)上可(ke)(ke)加(jia)蓋草苦，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)濕度(du)保(bao)持在(zai)60%左右，干(gan)燥(zao)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)40℃左右溫(wen)(wen)水淋澆，待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)有部分露白(bai)時即可(ke)(ke)下(xia)地播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。條播，行(xing)距(ju)25-30厘(li)(li)米，一床(chuang)(chuang)雙行(xing)，播幅寬5-8厘(li)(li)米，開溝深(shen)2-3厘(li)(li)米，播后(hou)覆土厚(hou)(hou)12厘(li)(li)米，然后(hou)覆地膜保(bao)濕增(zeng)溫(wen)(wen)。每畝播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量15-20千克。
經濟
梾(lai)(lai)(lai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)一(yi)種多(duo)用(yong)途樹(shu)種。其果肉和(he)種仁含(han)油脂，鮮果含(han)油量(liang)33-36%，出油率20-30%，且油色黃紅、透明、無異味，是(shi)山區(qu)百姓的(de)傳統食(shi)用(yong)油資源；另外(wai)，梾(lai)(lai)(lai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)油還(huan)是(shi)重要(yao)的(de)化工和(he)輕工業原(yuan)料，還(huan)是(shi)優良(liang)(liang)的(de)生物柴油原(yuan)料。梾(lai)(lai)(lai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)山區(qu)重要(yao)的(de)闊葉硬雜(za)木(mu)(mu)(mu)樹(shu)種，其木(mu)(mu)(mu)材堅硬，紋(wen)理致密美觀(guan)，有光(guang)澤，易干燥，是(shi)制(zhi)作家具、農具、橋梁及(ji)建(jian)筑等(deng)的(de)優良(liang)(liang)用(yong)材。樹(shu)葉可作青料或綠肥。花為良(liang)(liang)好的(de)蜜源。
藥用
梾木油含不飽和脂肪(fang)酸約7.68%，其中油酸約38.3%，亞(ya)油酸約38.85%，對(dui)治療高血壓癥有顯著療效。
觀賞
梾(lai)木樹(shu)干(gan)筆直，挺拔，樹(shu)冠圓滿，枝葉茂密(mi)，聚傘花序碩大花潔白(bai)亮麗(li)，是優良的園林綠化樹(shu)種。
巧笑倩兮 
