生(sheng)長(chang)于(yu)(yu)海拔72-3000米(mi)的山(shan)谷森林中。在中國河南,分布于(yu)(yu)伏(fu)牛(niu)山(shan)、大別山(shan)和桐柏山(shan)區,生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)海拔700-2000米(mi)之間的山(shan)坡(po)(po)雜木(mu)(mu)林中,以(yi)伏(fu)牛(niu)山(shan)區分布最為集(ji)中。梾木(mu)(mu)在陽坡(po)(po)或半陽坡(po)(po)下(xia)部生(sheng)長(chang)旺盛(sheng),位于(yu)(yu)群落(luo)上層。伴生(sheng)喬木(mu)(mu)有(you)山(shan)核桃、膀胱果、黑榆、四照(zhao)花、房縣械、銳齒槲櫟(li)、金錢(qian)槭、臭椿等(deng);伴生(sheng)灌木(mu)(mu)有(you)接(jie)骨木(mu)(mu)、楤木(mu)(mu)、棣棠、山(shan)梅花、八角楓等(deng);伴生(sheng)草(cao)本主要有(you)耐蔭的南星(xing)、水金風仙、黃精、貫眾、活血丹等(deng);藤本植物(wu)有(you)中華獼猴桃、南蛇(she)藤、蛇(she)葡萄等(deng)。
梾(lai)木為亞熱帶(dai)山地森林樹(shu)種(zhong),生(sheng)態(tai)適(shi)應性極強。喜(xi)溫(wen)暖(nuan)濕(shi)潤(run)氣候和(he)深厚肥(fei)沃土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)。能耐(nai)寒冷,耐(nai)干旱和(he)瘠薄土(tu)壤(rang)(rang),在(zai)(zai)分布(bu)(bu)區也(ye)常散生(sheng)于(yu)向陽山坡(po)的中上(shang)部,陡坡(po)、巖石(shi)縫(feng)隙等土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)干瘠之處,只(zhi)是樹(shu)體比較低矮(ai),生(sheng)長速度緩慢;能忍(ren)耐(nai)-20℃以(yi)下低溫(wen)。喜(xi)光性樹(shu)種(zhong),幼苗(miao)也(ye)不耐(nai)蔭,在(zai)(zai)分布(bu)(bu)區的疏林、林緣(yuan)及灌叢草(cao)地,均可見(jian)到種(zhong)子更(geng)新小苗(miao),生(sheng)長發(fa)育良好。
分布于緬甸、巴基(ji)斯(si)坦、印度、不丹、尼泊爾、阿(a)富汗和(he)(he)中國;在中國分布于安徽、福建(jian)、甘肅南部、廣東、廣西、貴州(zhou)、海南、湖(hu)北(bei)、湖(hu)南、江蘇、江西、寧夏、陜(shan)西、山(shan)東南部、四川(chuan)、臺灣、西藏和(he)(he)云(yun)南等(deng)省區。
喬木,高3-15米(mi),稀達20-25米(mi);樹皮(pi)灰(hui)(hui)褐色(se)或灰(hui)(hui)黑色(se);幼枝(zhi)粗壯,灰(hui)(hui)綠(lv)色(se),有稜角,微被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)(hui)色(se)貼(tie)生(sheng)短(duan)柔毛(mao),不久(jiu)變為無(wu)毛(mao),老枝(zhi)圓柱形(xing)(xing),疏生(sheng)灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)色(se)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)皮(pi)孔及半環形(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)痕(hen)。冬芽(ya)頂生(sheng)或腋生(sheng),狹長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓錐形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-10毫米(mi),密被(bei)(bei)黃褐色(se)的短(duan)柔毛(mao)。葉(xie)(xie)對生(sheng),紙(zhi)質,闊卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)或卵(luan)狀長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing),稀近(jin)于橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)9-16厘(li)米(mi),寬3.5-8.8厘(li)米(mi),先端銳(rui)尖或短(duan)漸尖,基部圓形(xing)(xing),稀寬楔形(xing)(xing),有時稍不對稱,邊緣略有波狀小(xiao)(xiao)齒,上(shang)面(mian)(mian)深綠(lv)色(se),幼時疏被(bei)(bei)平(ping)貼(tie)小(xiao)(xiao)柔毛(mao),后即近(jin)于無(wu)毛(mao),下面(mian)(mian)灰(hui)(hui)綠(lv)色(se),密被(bei)(bei)或有時疏被(bei)(bei)白(bai)色(se)平(ping)貼(tie)短(duan)柔毛(mao),沿葉(xie)(xie)脈(mo)有淡(dan)褐色(se)平(ping)貼(tie)小(xiao)(xiao)柔毛(mao),中脈(mo)在上(shang)面(mian)(mian)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian),下面(mian)(mian)凸出,側脈(mo)5-8對,弓形(xing)(xing)內彎,在上(shang)面(mian)(mian)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian),下面(mian)(mian)稍凸起;葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-3厘(li)米(mi),淡(dan)黃綠(lv)色(se),老后變為無(wu)毛(mao),上(shang)面(mian)(mian)有淺溝,下面(mian)(mian)圓形(xing)(xing),基部稍寬,略呈(cheng)鞘(qiao)狀。
傘(san)房狀聚傘(san)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序頂(ding)生(sheng)(sheng),寬8-12厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),疏被(bei)(bei)短柔毛(mao);總花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗紅色(se),長(chang)(chang)2.4-4厘米(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)白(bai)色(se),有香味,直徑(jing)8-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼裂(lie)片(pian)4,寬三角形(xing)(xing)(xing),稍長(chang)(chang)于花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)盤,外(wai)(wai)側(ce)疏被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)色(se)短柔毛(mao),長(chang)(chang)0.4-0.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣4,質地(di)稍厚(hou),舌狀長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)卵狀長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬0.9-1.8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先端(duan)鈍(dun)尖或(huo)(huo)短漸尖,上面(mian)無毛(mao),背面(mian)被(bei)(bei)貼(tie)(tie)生(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)柔毛(mao);雄蕊4,與(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣等長(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)稍伸出(chu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)外(wai)(wai),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲(si)略(lve)粗(cu),線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)2.5-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)倒(dao)卵狀長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),2室(shi),長(chang)(chang)1.3-2毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),丁字形(xing)(xing)(xing)著生(sheng)(sheng);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)盤墊狀,無毛(mao),邊緣波狀,厚(hou)約(yue)0.3-0.4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱圓柱形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)2-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),略(lve)被(bei)(bei)貼(tie)(tie)生(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)柔毛(mao),頂(ding)端(duan)粗(cu)壯而(er)略(lve)呈棍(gun)棒(bang)形(xing)(xing)(xing),柱頭扁平,略(lve)有淺(qian)裂(lie),子房下(xia)位,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)托倒(dao)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)倒(dao)圓錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑(jing)約(yue)1.2毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),密被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)白(bai)色(se)的平貼(tie)(tie)短柔毛(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗圓柱形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)0.3-4(-5)毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),疏被(bei)(bei)灰(hui)褐色(se)短柔毛(mao)。核(he)果近于球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑(jing)4.5-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),成熟時黑色(se),近于無毛(mao);核(he)骨質,扁球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑(jing)3-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),兩側(ce)各有1條(tiao)淺(qian)溝及6條(tiao)脈紋。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期6-7月;果期8-9月。
梾(lai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)播種后約(yue)30天左右(you)開始出苗(miao)(miao),出苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)應保護土壤濕潤,干燥時(shi)應及時(shi)通過床溝(gou)澆灌。苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出齊后的(de)(de)(de)1個月內,地(di)上部分(fen)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)十分(fen)緩慢,高生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量(liang)(liang)僅占全年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)8%左右(you),而地(di)下根(gen)系擴展非常迅速。此期(qi)間要(yao)(yao)加強松土、除草和澆水;并(bing)注意防治(zhi)小地(di)老虎(hu)、螻蛄類害(hai)蟲對幼苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)危害(hai);可(ke)追(zhui)施尿(niao)素1次(ci),每畝追(zhui)施3-5千(qian)克即可(ke)。5月中下旬(xun)至9月上中旬(xun),正是中國河(he)南各地(di)高溫多雨(yu)、光照(zhao)充足的(de)(de)(de)季節,也(ye)正是梾(lai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)快速生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi),此時(shi)期(qi)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)高生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)和地(di)徑(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)別占全年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)78.8%和59.1%。期(qi)間要(yao)(yao)加強水肥管理,可(ke)施追(zhui)肥4次(ci),前2次(ci)以(yi)氮肥為主(zhu)(zhu),每畝每次(ci)追(zhui)施尿(niao)素5-10千(qian)克,先(xian)少后多;后2次(ci)以(yi)磷(lin)鉀(jia)肥為主(zhu)(zhu),可(ke)追(zhui)施全元素復合肥或葉面噴施磷(lin)酸二氫鉀(jia)。9月中旬(xun)至11月底為苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)后期(qi),應嚴格控水控肥,促(cu)使(shi)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)質化,提高苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)質量(liang)(liang)。梾(lai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)抗病(bing)性較強,圃地(di)未發現有病(bing)害(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)。
山地造林可(ke)(ke)用1年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)苗(miao)(miao),而城市園林綠(lv)化(hua)必須用大(da)(da)苗(miao)(miao)栽(zai)植。大(da)(da)苗(miao)(miao)培(pei)(pei)育可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用1年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)定(ding)植。初植密(mi)度易稀不(bu)宜密(mi),一般(ban)以(yi)1.5米(mi)×1.5米(mi)為好,以(yi)便形(xing)成圓(yuan)滿樹冠。大(da)(da)水大(da)(da)肥(fei)管理,定(ding)植2年(nian)(nian)后苗(miao)(miao)高可(ke)(ke)達4米(mi),胸徑可(ke)(ke)達3厘米(mi),即(ji)可(ke)(ke)隔(ge)(ge)行或隔(ge)(ge)株移除利(li)用。留圃苗(miao)(miao)再(zai)培(pei)(pei)育2年(nian)(nian),苗(miao)(miao)高可(ke)(ke)達6米(mi),平均胸徑達6厘米(mi),即(ji)可(ke)(ke)滿足綠(lv)化(hua)市場的要求(qiu)。梾(lai)木自然整枝良好,培(pei)(pei)育期間不(bu)宜整形(xing)修剪,不(bu)能破壞頂梢。
梾木對立(li)地(di)要求(qiu)不(bu)嚴,山區(qu)造林可選擇向(xiang)陽山坡的(de)(de)中(zhong)下部,山溝谷地(di),淺山丘(qiu)陵地(di)等均可;在平原地(di)區(qu)選擇向(xiang)陽的(de)(de)房前屋后(hou)(hou)、渠旁路邊、河溪沿岸(an)、河灘荒地(di)等質地(di)疏松、土層(ceng)深厚、排水良好(hao)的(de)(de)土地(di)即可。大穴整地(di),規格為70厘(li)米(mi)(mi)×70厘(li)米(mi)(mi)×60厘(li)米(mi)(mi);每穴施(shi)入(ru)腐熟農(nong)家(jia)肥(fei)30-50千克作底肥(fei),與底土充分(fen)拌勻后(hou)(hou)踩實,澆水待其沉實后(hou)(hou)再行栽植。
春(chun)季2~3月苗木萌芽前起苗種植(zhi),要(yao)求隨起隨栽。山區(qu)造林(lin)用1-2年生(sheng)苗,平(ping)原(yuan)植(zhi)樹用2年生(sheng)苗,城市(shi)綠化用胸徑5-6厘米大(da)(da)苗,1-2年生(sheng)苗移植(zhi)可裸根進行(xing),對過長、過多側枝(zhi)應適(shi)當短截修剪;大(da)(da)苗移植(zhi)應帶土球(qiu),應保(bao)留(liu)全冠或保(bao)留(liu)1-2級枝(zhi),以(yi)維持較(jiao)好樹形。栽植(zhi)密度因(yin)造林(lin)目的而異(yi),用材林(lin)或生(sheng)態林(lin)初植(zhi)密度以(yi)2米×4米為宜,林(lin)分郁閉后(hou)間伐,調(diao)整(zheng)到4米×4米;油料林(lin)密度以(yi)3米×3米為宜;城市(shi)綠化及景觀林(lin)按設計要(yao)求進行(xing)。
選擇樹干通直高大(da),樹冠圓滿,光照充足的(de)(de)15-50年(nian)生(sheng)壯齡樹作采種(zhong)(zhong)母樹。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)易(yi)被鳥獸啄食(shi),當(dang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)青綠逐漸(jian)變(bian)為藍黑色時(shi)應及(ji)時(shi)采種(zhong)(zhong)。采集的(de)(de)核(he)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在室(shi)內薄攤(tan)堆(dui)(dui)放(fang)3-5天,厚度10-20厘米,使種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)后(hou)熟,種(zhong)(zhong)皮腐爛變(bian)軟,預防(fang)堆(dui)(dui)放(fang)過厚而致果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)熱(re)燒種(zhong)(zhong)。然(ran)后(hou)將果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)水(shui)中(zhong)搓揉,漂去(qu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉和果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮等雜質,得純(chun)凈(jing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)核(he)。梾木果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)含油脂(zhi)量大(da),淘洗時(shi)可用草木灰水(shui)或5%的(de)(de)堿水(shui)對果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)核(he)進行去(qu)脂(zhi)。將純(chun)凈(jing)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)放(fang)通風干燥處陰干,然(ran)后(hou)拌濕(shi)沙室(shi)外(wai)坑藏(zang)。陽光曝曬使種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)過度失水(shui),能降(jiang)低種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)生(sheng)活力,而且還可使種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)延遲萌(meng)發(fa)1年(nian)。據(ju)對采自中(zhong)國河南伏牛山的(de)(de)梾木種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)測(ce)定(ding),帶果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮粒徑(jing)6.2毫(hao)米,千(qian)粒重63.3克(ke),去(qu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮后(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)粒徑(jing)3.6毫(hao)米,千(qian)粒重36.7克(ke),每千(qian)克(ke)有純(chun)凈(jing)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)約2.7萬粒。
選擇深厚(hou)(hou)肥(fei)沃的砂壤(rang)土(tu)地(di)作(zuo)(zuo)育苗(miao)地(di)。深耕細耙,施(shi)足底肥(fei)。作(zuo)(zuo)成高床,床面寬(kuan)50-60厘(li)米(mi),床高15-20厘(li)米(mi)。梾木種(zhong)(zhong)子有休眠特(te)性,可(ke)以秋季隨采隨播(bo)(bo)(bo),也可(ke)以冬季沙(sha)藏(zang)后(hou)春(chun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)。春(chun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)前(qian)1個月(yue)應對(dui)沙(sha)藏(zang)種(zhong)(zhong)子作(zuo)(zuo)催(cui)芽(ya)處(chu)理;將種(zhong)(zhong)子取出(chu),置于日(ri)光溫(wen)室或(huo)陽畦(qi)中催(cui)芽(ya),下(xia)鋪稻草(cao)或(huo)麻袋等透(tou)氣保溫(wen)材料(liao),上(shang)加蓋(gai)(gai)塑料(liao)薄(bo)膜(mo),種(zhong)(zhong)子厚(hou)(hou)約20厘(li)米(mi),種(zhong)(zhong)子溫(wen)度(du)控制在(zai)15-25℃之間(jian),過熱應揭膜(mo)透(tou)風,晚上(shang)可(ke)加蓋(gai)(gai)草(cao)苦,種(zhong)(zhong)子濕(shi)度(du)保持(chi)在(zai)60%左右,干燥可(ke)用40℃左右溫(wen)水淋(lin)澆,待種(zhong)(zhong)子有部分(fen)露白時(shi)即可(ke)下(xia)地(di)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。條播(bo)(bo)(bo),行(xing)距25-30厘(li)米(mi),一床雙(shuang)行(xing),播(bo)(bo)(bo)幅寬(kuan)5-8厘(li)米(mi),開溝深2-3厘(li)米(mi),播(bo)(bo)(bo)后(hou)覆土(tu)厚(hou)(hou)12厘(li)米(mi),然(ran)后(hou)覆地(di)膜(mo)保濕(shi)增溫(wen)。每(mei)畝播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)量15-20千克。
經濟
梾(lai)木(mu)是(shi)一種多用(yong)途樹(shu)種。其(qi)果肉和種仁含油(you)(you)脂,鮮果含油(you)(you)量(liang)33-36%,出油(you)(you)率20-30%,且油(you)(you)色黃紅、透(tou)明、無異味,是(shi)山區(qu)百姓的(de)傳統食用(yong)油(you)(you)資(zi)源;另外(wai),梾(lai)木(mu)油(you)(you)還(huan)是(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)化工(gong)和輕工(gong)業原料,還(huan)是(shi)優良的(de)生物(wu)柴油(you)(you)原料。梾(lai)木(mu)是(shi)山區(qu)重(zhong)要的(de)闊葉硬雜木(mu)樹(shu)種,其(qi)木(mu)材(cai)(cai)堅硬,紋理致密(mi)美觀,有光澤,易(yi)干(gan)燥(zao),是(shi)制(zhi)作家(jia)具(ju)、農具(ju)、橋梁及建筑(zhu)等(deng)的(de)優良用(yong)材(cai)(cai)。樹(shu)葉可作青料或綠肥(fei)。花(hua)為(wei)良好的(de)蜜(mi)源。
藥用
梾木(mu)油(you)含不飽和脂肪酸約(yue)7.68%,其中油(you)酸約(yue)38.3%,亞油(you)酸約(yue)38.85%,對治療(liao)高血壓(ya)癥有(you)顯著療(liao)效。
觀賞
梾木樹(shu)干筆直,挺拔,樹(shu)冠圓滿(man),枝葉茂密(mi),聚(ju)傘花序(xu)碩大花潔(jie)白亮麗,是優良的園(yuan)林綠化樹(shu)種。