產云南(nan)(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(西(xi)雙版納,孟連)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(瑞麗,隴川,梁河(he))和西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(耿(geng)馬(ma),滄源)、廣東(dong)(信宜)、廣西(xi)(藤縣,容縣)等地,通(tong)常零星栽培;我(wo)國(guo)只有(you)在云南(nan)(nan)(nan)耿(geng)馬(ma)縣孟定,海拔540-600米的低丘坡地,尚保存小面積的逸生(sheng)林。熱帶亞洲南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)和東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu),從印(yin)度、斯里(li)蘭卡、孟加(jia)拉、泰(tai)國(guo)經中南(nan)(nan)(nan)半(ban)島(dao)至馬(ma)來半(ban)島(dao)等地均有(you)分(fen)布。模式標本采自(zi)印(yin)度阿薩姆。
常綠喬木(mu),具板狀根,高20~30米(mi)(mi)(mi),樹(shu)干端直,樹(shu)冠(guan)錐形(xing)(xing),樹(shu)皮薄,暗灰褐(he)色(se)(se),薄葉(xie)狀開裂,創傷處(chu)滲出(chu)帶(dai)香氣的白(bai)色(se)(se)樹(shu)脂。葉(xie)全緣(yuan),單葉(xie)對生(sheng)。葉(xie)嫩(nen)時(shi)黃(huang)色(se)(se)帶(dai)紅,老時(shi)深(shen)綠色(se)(se),革質,通常下垂,披針形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)狹卵狀披針形(xing)(xing)至(zhi)線狀披針形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(4-)6~10(-12)厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(1-)2~4厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端漸(jian)尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)漸(jian)尖(jian)至(zhi)尾尖(jian),基部楔(xie)形(xing)(xing),上面(mian)(mian)暗綠色(se)(se),微具光(guang)澤,下面(mian)(mian)通常被白(bai)粉,側脈(mo)極多(duo)數(shu),成(cheng)斜(xie)向平(ping)(ping)行脈(mo),纖細而(er)不明(ming)顯(xian),網脈(mo)在放大(da)鏡下隱(yin)約可(ke)見(jian);葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.5~0.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)芳(fang)香,兩(liang)性,1-2頂(ding)生(sheng)或(huo)(huo)(huo)腋生(sheng),直徑5-8.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3~5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi);萼片4枚(mei)(mei),外方(fang)2枚(mei)(mei)較內方(fang)2枚(mei)(mei)略大(da),圓形(xing)(xing),內凹,邊緣(yuan)膜質,有(you)時(shi)具白(bai)色(se)(se)睫毛;花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣4枚(mei)(mei),白(bai)色(se)(se),倒卵狀楔(xie)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3~3.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);雄蕊(rui)極多(duo)數(shu),分(fen)離,花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing),金黃(huang)色(se)(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約1.5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲(si)絲(si)狀,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5~2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);子房圓錐形(xing)(xing),高約1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1~1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),柱(zhu)頭盾形(xing)(xing)。蒴果卵球形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)扁球形(xing)(xing),成(cheng)熟時(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5~3.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),干后(hou)栗褐(he)色(se)(se),有(you)縱皺(zhou)紋(wen),頂(ding)端花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)宿存,通常2瓣裂,基部具增(zeng)大(da)成(cheng)木(mu)質的萼片和多(duo)數(shu)殘存的花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲(si),果柄粗壯,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.8~1.2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。種子1~4,背面(mian)(mian)凸起,腹面(mian)(mian)平(ping)(ping)坦(tan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)平(ping)(ping)坦(tan);種皮褐(he)色(se)(se),有(you)光(guang)澤,堅(jian)而(er)脆。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期3~5月,果期8~10月。
生長(chang)具有(you)節律性,一年(nian)有(you)3次(ci)生長(chang)的高峰期(qi)(qi),10月下旬(xun)至(zhi)次(ci)年(nian)1月為生長(chang)的高峰期(qi)(qi),一般種植后(hou)10~12年(nian)即(ji)可(ke)開花結果,開花期(qi)(qi)為6月中(zhong)旬(xun)至(zhi)7月中(zhong)旬(xun),果實成熟期(qi)(qi)是10月底(di)至(zhi)11月。
鐵力(li)木是(shi)熱帶季雨林特有樹種(zhong)(zhong),喜光。在自然(ran)條件下,由于種(zhong)(zhong)群間(jian)的強烈競爭(zheng),其(qi)形(xing)成(cheng)種(zhong)(zhong)群之前,常(chang)處于被抑制狀態,因(yin)而生長十分(fen)緩慢。自然(ran)條件下,鐵力(li)木在林窗的更新比林緣好,說明幼苗期尚需適當(dang)的蔭蔽。
適宜(yi)生存于年均(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)20~26℃,最冷月均(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)12.6℃,極(ji)端低溫(wen)(wen)1℃以(yi)上,≥10℃的活動積溫(wen)(wen)≥7400℃,年降雨量≥1200mm,年均(jun)(jun)相對濕度80%以(yi)上等(deng)地。
從(cong)西雙版納熱(re)帶植物園(yuan)引種(zhong)栽培(pei)的植株(zhu)上采(cai)(cai)得(de)種(zhong)子(zi),隨采(cai)(cai)隨播(bo)。播(bo)種(zhong)前用40℃溫水(shui)浸種(zhong)12h,可提高發(fa)芽(ya)(ya)率。以沙作基質(zhi),采(cai)(cai)用條(tiao)(tiao)狀點(dian)播(bo),條(tiao)(tiao)距12cm,株(zhu)距10cm,覆沙2cm厚,并蓋草保(bao)持(chi)基質(zhi)濕潤,播(bo)種(zhong)15~25d后(hou)(hou)種(zhong)子(zi)陸續發(fa)芽(ya)(ya),然后(hou)(hou)搭(da)棚遮蔭。當(dang)(dang)出(chu)第二片(pian)葉時即可移入12cm×20cm營養袋中。苗(miao)期(qi)生長慢,當(dang)(dang)年(nian)苗(miao)高僅10~25cm。培(pei)育(yu)1.5~2a后(hou)(hou),當(dang)(dang)苗(miao)高50~70cm,便(bian)可出(chu)圃定植。培(pei)育(yu)園(yuan)林景觀(guan)大苗(miao)一般需4~5a,幼樹高2m以上時才能形成景觀(guan)效(xiao)果。
鐵力木種(zhong)子(zi)含油(you)量高,因此(ci)播(bo)種(zhong)后不宜澆水(shui)太多,否則會導致種(zhong)子(zi)腐爛。此(ci)外,播(bo)種(zhong)前應將基質拌少許呋喃丹,以防白蟻(yi)危(wei)害。
播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前用600~1000倍液(ye)多菌(jun)(jun)靈或百(bai)菌(jun)(jun)清對播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)基質(zhi)進行(xing)全面(mian)消毒。采用干凈(jing)河沙(sha)做(zuo)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)基質(zhi),條(tiao)狀點(dian)播(bo)(bo),條(tiao)距15cm,株距10cm,覆(fu)沙(sha)2cm厚,保持(chi)基質(zhi)濕潤(run),播(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)15~20天種(zhong)(zhong)子開始發芽。鐵力(li)木種(zhong)(zhong)含(han)油量高,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)不宜澆水太(tai)多,否(fou)則會導致種(zhong)(zhong)子腐(fu)爛。種(zhong)(zhong)子播(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)易受白蟻(yi)(yi)害危害,造(zao)成(cheng)種(zhong)(zhong)子不能正常萌發或萌發后(hou)(hou)未(wei)出(chu)土就被白蟻(yi)(yi)蛀(zhu)食,在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前應將基質(zhi)按(an)500:1拌呋喃丹(dan),以防(fang)白蟻(yi)(yi)危害。若(ruo)造(zao)林大量用苗,每667m2(公頃)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)30~40kg,可產苗112~115萬株。
一(yi)年(nian)生(sheng)鐵(tie)力木幼苗(miao)需一(yi)定(ding)程度的(de)遮蔭(yin),蔭(yin)蔽(bi)度50%~70%。在充(chong)足的(de)水(shui)肥(fei)條件下,苗(miao)期生(sheng)長會加快(kuai)。幼苗(miao)定(ding)植后(hou)需要充(chong)足的(de)光(guang)照(zhao)和水(shui)肥(fei)供(gong)應,可每年(nian)追施(shi)一(yi)次有機肥(fei),苗(miao)圃地(di)宜選(xuan)在向南(nan)或東(dong)南(nan)的(de)緩坡地(di),土壤以腐殖質較(jiao)多的(de)中性至微酸性砂質壤土或輕壤土較(jiao)好。
鐵(tie)力木幼(you)時主干不明顯,分(fen)枝多,可根據培(pei)育的需要適當修(xiu)剪。如作(zuo)園林景觀樹(shu)種,在幼(you)樹(shu)期應有選擇地留側枝,修(xiu)剪成(cheng)型;作(zuo)行(xing)道樹(shu)和用材樹(shu)時,在幼(you)苗期需除去側芽(ya)或修(xiu)剪側枝,促進主干生長(chang)。
經濟價值
本(ben)種(zhong)結(jie)實豐富,種(zhong)子含油(you)(you)(you)量高達78.99%,是很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業油(you)(you)(you)料;木(mu)材(cai)(cai)結(jie)構較(jiao)細(xi),紋理(li)稍斜,心材(cai)(cai)和邊(bian)材(cai)(cai)明顯,材(cai)(cai)質極(ji)重,堅硬強(qiang)韌,難于(yu)加工(gong),唯(wei)耐磨、抗腐性強(qiang),抗白蟻及其(qi)(qi)他蟲害,不易變形;是一(yi)種(zhong)有價值的(de)(de)(de)特種(zhong)工(gong)業用材(cai)(cai);鐵(tie)(tie)力木(mu)是熱(re)帶地區優良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)本(ben)油(you)(you)(you)料樹(shu)種(zhong)之一(yi)。其(qi)(qi)花(hua)大具香(xiang)氣,是很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)蜜源(yuan)植物,鮮(xian)花(hua)經(jing)水(shui)蒸餾可(ke)得鐵(tie)(tie)力木(mu)花(hua)精油(you)(you)(you),呈無色透明液體,出油(you)(you)(you)率達0.11%,內含30多種(zhong)化(hua)學(xue)成(cheng)份,主要(yao)成(cheng)份為B-馬欖烯(xi),占(zhan)總量的(de)(de)(de)36.39%。其(qi)(qi)次為B-芹子烯(xi),占(zhan)總量的(de)(de)(de)31.14%。鐵(tie)(tie)力木(mu)花(hua)油(you)(you)(you)是一(yi)種(zhong)天(tian)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)香(xiang)原(yuan)料,可(ke)作為化(hua)妝品或日用化(hua)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)香(xiang)原(yuan)料。鐵(tie)(tie)力木(mu)樹(shu)干(gan)創傷處可(ke)滲(shen)出帶香(xiang)氣的(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)脂,也是一(yi)種(zhong)天(tian)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)香(xiang)原(yuan)料。
鐵力木種(zhong)仁富含油(you)(you)脂,出(chu)油(you)(you)率高達79%,油(you)(you)的比(bi)重(zhong)(25°C)為(wei)0.9356g/cm3,為(wei)工業(ye)(ye)用油(you)(you),可用在工業(ye)(ye)上制肥皂等,其種(zhong)子油(you)(you)是(shi)西(xi)雙(shuang)版納傣(dai)族佛(fo)里琰佛(fo)點(dian)的佛(fo)燈所必備(bei)的植物油(you)(you)。成年樹結實多,一(yi)般(ban)單株(zhu)可收50~100kg種(zhong)子。
園藝價值
樹形(xing)美觀,花有香氣(qi),也適(shi)宜于庭園綠(lv)化(hua)觀賞。