產(chan)云南(nan)南(nan)部(西(xi)雙(shuang)版納(na),孟(meng)連)、西(xi)部(瑞麗,隴(long)川,梁河(he))和西(xi)南(nan)部(耿馬(ma),滄源(yuan))、廣東(信宜)、廣西(xi)(藤(teng)縣,容縣)等地,通(tong)常(chang)零星栽培;我國只有在云南(nan)耿馬(ma)縣孟(meng)定,海拔540-600米(mi)的低丘坡(po)地,尚保存小面(mian)積的逸生(sheng)林。熱(re)帶亞洲(zhou)南(nan)部和東南(nan)部,從印度(du)、斯里蘭卡、孟(meng)加(jia)拉、泰(tai)國經中南(nan)半島(dao)至(zhi)馬(ma)來半島(dao)等地均有分布。模式標本采自印度(du)阿薩(sa)姆。
常綠(lv)(lv)喬木,具板(ban)狀根,高20~30米(mi)(mi),樹(shu)(shu)干端直,樹(shu)(shu)冠錐形(xing)(xing),樹(shu)(shu)皮(pi)薄(bo),暗灰(hui)褐(he)色,薄(bo)葉(xie)狀開裂,創(chuang)傷處滲出帶(dai)香(xiang)氣的(de)白(bai)(bai)色樹(shu)(shu)脂。葉(xie)全緣,單葉(xie)對(dui)生。葉(xie)嫩時黃色帶(dai)紅,老(lao)時深綠(lv)(lv)色,革質(zhi),通(tong)(tong)常下垂,披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)或狹卵(luan)狀披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)至線狀披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(4-)6~10(-12)厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(1-)2~4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),頂端漸(jian)尖(jian)或長(chang)(chang)(chang)漸(jian)尖(jian)至尾尖(jian),基(ji)部(bu)楔形(xing)(xing),上面(mian)(mian)暗綠(lv)(lv)色,微具光澤(ze),下面(mian)(mian)通(tong)(tong)常被白(bai)(bai)粉(fen),側脈極多(duo)數,成(cheng)(cheng)斜向平行脈,纖(xian)細而(er)不明(ming)顯,網脈在放大鏡下隱約可(ke)見(jian);葉(xie)柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.5~0.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)芳香(xiang),兩性,1-2頂生或腋生,直徑5-8.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)3~5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);萼片(pian)(pian)4枚(mei)(mei)(mei),外方2枚(mei)(mei)(mei)較內方2枚(mei)(mei)(mei)略大,圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),內凹,邊緣膜質(zhi),有(you)(you)時具白(bai)(bai)色睫(jie)毛;花(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)4枚(mei)(mei)(mei),白(bai)(bai)色,倒卵(luan)狀楔形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)3~3.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);雄蕊極多(duo)數,分離,花(hua)(hua)藥長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),金黃色,長(chang)(chang)(chang)約1.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)絲絲狀,長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5~2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);子(zi)房圓(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing),高約1.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)柱長(chang)(chang)(chang)1~1.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),柱頭(tou)盾形(xing)(xing)。蒴果卵(luan)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)或扁球(qiu)形(xing)(xing),成(cheng)(cheng)熟時長(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5~3.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),干后栗褐(he)色,有(you)(you)縱皺紋,頂端花(hua)(hua)柱宿存,通(tong)(tong)常2瓣(ban)裂,基(ji)部(bu)具增大成(cheng)(cheng)木質(zhi)的(de)萼片(pian)(pian)和多(duo)數殘存的(de)花(hua)(hua)絲,果柄(bing)粗壯,長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.8~1.2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。種子(zi)1~4,背面(mian)(mian)凸(tu)起,腹面(mian)(mian)平坦(tan)或兩面(mian)(mian)平坦(tan);種皮(pi)褐(he)色,有(you)(you)光澤(ze),堅而(er)脆(cui)。花(hua)(hua)期3~5月(yue),果期8~10月(yue)。
生長具(ju)有節律性(xing),一(yi)年有3次生長的高(gao)峰期(qi)(qi),10月(yue)下旬至(zhi)次年1月(yue)為(wei)生長的高(gao)峰期(qi)(qi),一(yi)般種植(zhi)后(hou)10~12年即可開花結(jie)果,開花期(qi)(qi)為(wei)6月(yue)中(zhong)旬至(zhi)7月(yue)中(zhong)旬,果實(shi)成熟期(qi)(qi)是10月(yue)底至(zhi)11月(yue)。
鐵力木是熱帶(dai)季雨林(lin)特(te)有樹種,喜光。在(zai)自(zi)然條(tiao)件(jian)下,由于種群間的強(qiang)烈競爭(zheng),其形成種群之前(qian),常處于被抑(yi)制狀態,因而生長十分緩(huan)慢。自(zi)然條(tiao)件(jian)下,鐵力木在(zai)林(lin)窗(chuang)的更新比林(lin)緣好,說明幼(you)苗(miao)期(qi)尚需適當的蔭蔽。
適(shi)宜生存于年(nian)均氣(qi)溫20~26℃,最冷(leng)月均氣(qi)溫12.6℃,極端低溫1℃以上,≥10℃的活動積溫≥7400℃,年(nian)降雨量≥1200mm,年(nian)均相對濕度80%以上等(deng)地(di)。
從西雙版納熱帶植(zhi)(zhi)物園(yuan)引種(zhong)栽培(pei)(pei)的植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)上采(cai)得種(zhong)子(zi),隨(sui)采(cai)隨(sui)播。播種(zhong)前(qian)用40℃溫水(shui)浸種(zhong)12h,可(ke)提高發(fa)芽率(lv)。以(yi)沙(sha)作基質,采(cai)用條狀點播,條距12cm,株(zhu)距10cm,覆沙(sha)2cm厚,并蓋草保持(chi)基質濕潤,播種(zhong)15~25d后種(zhong)子(zi)陸續(xu)發(fa)芽,然后搭棚(peng)遮(zhe)蔭。當(dang)(dang)出(chu)(chu)第二(er)片葉(xie)時即可(ke)移入12cm×20cm營養袋中。苗(miao)期生長慢,當(dang)(dang)年(nian)苗(miao)高僅10~25cm。培(pei)(pei)育(yu)1.5~2a后,當(dang)(dang)苗(miao)高50~70cm,便可(ke)出(chu)(chu)圃定植(zhi)(zhi)。培(pei)(pei)育(yu)園(yuan)林景(jing)觀大苗(miao)一(yi)般需4~5a,幼樹高2m以(yi)上時才(cai)能形成景(jing)觀效果(guo)。
鐵(tie)力木種子含油量高,因此播種后(hou)不宜澆(jiao)水太多(duo),否則(ze)會導致種子腐爛(lan)。此外(wai),播種前應將基(ji)質拌少許(xu)呋喃丹(dan),以防(fang)白蟻(yi)危害。
播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前用(yong)600~1000倍(bei)液(ye)多(duo)菌靈或百菌清對(dui)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)質(zhi)進(jin)行全面消毒。采(cai)用(yong)干凈河沙做播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)質(zhi),條狀點播(bo),條距15cm,株距10cm,覆沙2cm厚,保持基(ji)質(zhi)濕潤,播(bo)后15~20天種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)開始發芽。鐵力木(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)油量高,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后不(bu)宜澆水太多(duo),否則會導(dao)致種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)腐爛。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)播(bo)后易受白(bai)蟻害危害,造(zao)成種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)能(neng)正常萌發或萌發后未出(chu)土就被白(bai)蟻蛀食,在播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前應將基(ji)質(zhi)按500:1拌呋喃丹,以防(fang)白(bai)蟻危害。若造(zao)林大量用(yong)苗(miao),每667m2(公頃)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)30~40kg,可產苗(miao)112~115萬株。
一(yi)(yi)年生鐵力木幼苗需一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程度的遮蔭(yin),蔭(yin)蔽度50%~70%。在(zai)充(chong)足的水肥條件下,苗期生長會加快。幼苗定(ding)植(zhi)后需要充(chong)足的光照和(he)水肥供應,可每年追(zhui)施一(yi)(yi)次(ci)有機肥,苗圃(pu)地宜選(xuan)在(zai)向南或(huo)東(dong)南的緩坡地,土(tu)壤以腐殖質(zhi)較(jiao)多的中性(xing)至微酸性(xing)砂質(zhi)壤土(tu)或(huo)輕壤土(tu)較(jiao)好。
鐵力木幼(you)時主(zhu)干(gan)不(bu)明顯(xian),分(fen)枝(zhi)多,可(ke)根據培育的需(xu)要(yao)適當修剪(jian)。如作園林景觀樹種,在(zai)幼(you)樹期(qi)(qi)應(ying)有選擇地留側枝(zhi),修剪(jian)成(cheng)型;作行(xing)道(dao)樹和用材樹時,在(zai)幼(you)苗期(qi)(qi)需(xu)除去側芽或修剪(jian)側枝(zhi),促進主(zhu)干(gan)生長。
經濟價值
本(ben)種(zhong)(zhong)結實豐富,種(zhong)(zhong)子含油(you)(you)(you)(you)量高(gao)達78.99%,是(shi)(shi)很好(hao)的(de)工(gong)業油(you)(you)(you)(you)料;木(mu)(mu)材結構較(jiao)細,紋理稍斜,心(xin)材和邊材明顯,材質極重,堅硬強韌,難于(yu)加工(gong),唯耐磨、抗腐性(xing)強,抗白(bai)蟻及其他(ta)蟲(chong)害,不(bu)易變形;是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)有價值的(de)特種(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)業用材;鐵力(li)(li)木(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)熱帶地區優良的(de)木(mu)(mu)本(ben)油(you)(you)(you)(you)料樹種(zhong)(zhong)之一。其花(hua)大具香氣,是(shi)(shi)很好(hao)的(de)蜜源植物,鮮(xian)花(hua)經水蒸餾可(ke)得鐵力(li)(li)木(mu)(mu)花(hua)精(jing)油(you)(you)(you)(you),呈無色透明液(ye)體,出油(you)(you)(you)(you)率達0.11%,內(nei)含30多種(zhong)(zhong)化學(xue)成份,主要(yao)成份為(wei)(wei)B-馬欖烯,占(zhan)總(zong)量的(de)36.39%。其次為(wei)(wei)B-芹(qin)子烯,占(zhan)總(zong)量的(de)31.14%。鐵力(li)(li)木(mu)(mu)花(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)天然的(de)調香原(yuan)(yuan)料,可(ke)作為(wei)(wei)化妝品(pin)或日用化工(gong)的(de)調香原(yuan)(yuan)料。鐵力(li)(li)木(mu)(mu)樹干創傷處可(ke)滲出帶香氣的(de)樹脂,也是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)天然的(de)調香原(yuan)(yuan)料。
鐵(tie)力木種仁(ren)富含油脂,出油率高達79%,油的比重(zhong)(25°C)為0.9356g/cm3,為工業(ye)(ye)用油,可(ke)用在(zai)工業(ye)(ye)上制肥皂等,其種子油是西雙版納傣(dai)族(zu)佛里琰佛點的佛燈所必(bi)備的植物油。成年樹結實(shi)多,一般單株可(ke)收50~100kg種子。
園藝價值
樹形美觀,花有香(xiang)氣,也適宜于(yu)庭園(yuan)綠化觀賞。