寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)是人們為了消除(chu)孤寂或出(chu)于(yu)(yu)娛樂目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)而豢(huan)養的(de)(de)(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)類(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu),或者出(chu)于(yu)(yu)非經濟目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)而豢(huan)養的(de)(de)(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)類(lei)(lei)。狗(gou)(gou)是一(yi)種有靈(ling)性的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu),已被人類(lei)(lei)馴化了幾(ji)千(qian)年,其嗅覺靈(ling)敏(min),動(dong)作敏(min)捷(jie),善(shan)解(jie)人意,忠于(yu)(yu)主人。在很多國家(jia),各(ge)種體形優(you)美的(de)(de)(de)狗(gou)(gou)早已成為最(zui)受喜愛的(de)(de)(de)家(jia)庭寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。比較(jiao)著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)有:中(zhong)華(hua)田園犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、西藏獵(lie)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、藏獒、哈(ha)士(shi)奇、松獅(shi)、金(jin)毛(mao)、德國牧(mu)羊犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、雪納瑞(rui)、大(da)麥町犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、博美犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、吉娃娃、蘇(su)格蘭牧(mu)羊犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、薩摩耶、可(ke)卡(ka)、拉(la)布拉(la)多、京巴、比熊、貴賓犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、馬(ma)爾濟斯、比利時獵(lie)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、泰(tai)迪熊犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、邊境牧(mu)羊犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、阿拉(la)斯加,獵(lie)狐梗等等。
犬在遠古時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)是肉(rou)(rou)食(shi)(shi)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu),以(yi)(yi)捕食(shi)(shi)小動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為主,寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)在人(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)馴化和長期影響下(xia)食(shi)(shi)性發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)了較大改變,變成以(yi)(yi)肉(rou)(rou)食(shi)(shi)為主的(de)(de)(de)雜食(shi)(shi)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu),有的(de)(de)(de)寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)甚至具有廣食(shi)(shi)性,各種(zhong)肉(rou)(rou)、蛋、動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)骨血、內臟等動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)性食(shi)(shi)料,各種(zhong)糧食(shi)(shi)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)加工的(de)(de)(de)產品、各種(zhong)豆類(lei)籽(zi)實以(yi)(yi)及各類(lei)蔬菜、果品等均可攝(she)食(shi)(shi)。但在飼養(yang)寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)最好以(yi)(yi)肉(rou)(rou)食(shi)(shi)為主,在其飼料中應配置較多的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)蛋白(bai)和脂肪,輔以(yi)(yi)素(su)食(shi)(shi),否則容(rong)易出(chu)現(xian)營養(yang)不(bu)良,其正常生(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育和健康得不(bu)到保障。犬具有食(shi)(shi)肉(rou)(rou)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)理特性,如其犬齒(chi)、臼(jiu)齒(chi)都較尖銳、強健,利于(yu)撕咬、切(qie)斷,胃中鹽(yan)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)量在家畜(chu)中居于(yu)首位,腸壁厚,容(rong)易消化肉(rou)(rou)食(shi)(shi)品,但不(bu)善咀嚼(jiao),進(jin)食(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)“狼吞(tun)虎咽”。了解了這些特性,以(yi)(yi)免寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)進(jin)食(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)刺傷口腔、食(shi)(shi)道(dao)。俗話(hua)說“狗(gou)改不(bu)了吃屎”,狗(gou)不(bu)但吃人(ren)屎,也吃狗(gou)屎,這是狗(gou)的(de)(de)(de)惡(e)習,必須糾正。
狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)生(sheng)性(xing)好群(qun)(qun)居,且有(you)明顯(xian)的等(deng)級習性(xing),保(bao)護同(tong)伴(ban),敬(jing)畏領(ling)袖。狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群(qun)(qun)中總是有(you)一只(zhi)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)處(chu)于首(shou)領(ling)的地(di)位(wei)成為頭(tou)犬,它(ta)帶(dai)領(ling)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群(qun)(qun)活動,支配、管轄(xia)著狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群(qun)(qun)。頭(tou)犬的首(shou)領(ling)地(di)位(wei)通過(guo)(guo)爭斗獲(huo)得。通常頭(tou)犬只(zhi)許自己不(bu)許對方(fang)(fang)檢查它(ta)犬的生(sheng)殖器官;不(bu)準其它(ta)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)向其排(pai)(pai)過(guo)(guo)尿的地(di)方(fang)(fang)排(pai)(pai)尿,其它(ta)犬可(ke)在頭(tou)犬面前搖頭(tou)、擺尾、頑皮或退走、坐(zuo)下(xia)或躺著,只(zhi)有(you)頭(tou)犬離開(kai)時才能站住。等(deng)級明確后,敵(di)對狀態(tai)消除,開(kai)始(shi)成為同(tong)伴(ban)、隊友(you)。寵物狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的主(zhu)人通常被寵物狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)看作團(tuan)隊的領(ling)袖,如果一個陌生(sheng)者(zhe)(人或狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou))被團(tuan)隊領(ling)袖無敵(di)意地(di)接(jie)受(shou),寵物狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)一般也同(tong)樣接(jie)受(shou)。飼養寵物狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)必須(xu)讓它(ta)明白它(ta)是家(jia)庭團(tuan)隊中地(di)位(wei)最(zui)低的成員(yuan),否(fou)則它(ta)不(bu)會服從家(jia)庭團(tuan)隊其他成員(yuan)。
狗有明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)領地(di)(di)習(xi)性(xing),習(xi)慣以尿或氣(qi)味(wei)來(lai)標記(ji)它(ta)的(de)(de)“勢(shi)力(li)范圍(wei)”,且經常更(geng)新,以此來(lai)向(xiang)其它(ta)動(dong)物(wu)示意自己的(de)(de)“領地(di)(di)”,警示其它(ta)動(dong)物(wu)不(bu)得侵入。一(yi)只(zhi)狗的(de)(de)氣(qi)味(wei)可以使(shi)另一(yi)只(zhi)狗知道這只(zhi)狗的(de)(de)領地(di)(di)、性(xing)別(bie)、年齡和健康等(deng)狀況。一(yi)塊領地(di)(di)只(zhi)可屬(shu)于一(yi)只(zhi)狗或一(yi)個狗群。
狗(gou)(gou)標(biao)記(ji)領(ling)地(di)的(de)辦法就(jiu)是在(zai)它平時(shi)行(xing)走的(de)路(lu)途選一些(xie)固定的(de)點撒少量的(de)尿(niao),如公狗(gou)(gou)在(zai)外(wai)(wai)行(xing)走時(shi)常(chang)往一些(xie)樹干(gan)、路(lu)燈(deng)桿或(huo)路(lu)邊(bian)、地(di)角(jiao)撒尿(niao)標(biao)記(ji)它的(de)領(ling)地(di)。外(wai)(wai)來犬(quan)(quan)(quan)如進入其它犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)領(ling)地(di),其行(xing)動格外(wai)(wai)謹慎,一旦領(ling)地(di)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)來了(le),外(wai)(wai)來犬(quan)(quan)(quan)不敢看領(ling)地(di)犬(quan)(quan)(quan),假裝(zhuang)忙自己的(de)事(shi),乘機離去以免與領(ling)地(di)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)打斗。寵物(wu)狗(gou)(gou)在(zai)自己的(de)領(ling)地(di)會顯得神氣(qi)無比。公狗(gou)(gou)的(de)領(ling)地(di)習性比母狗(gou)(gou)要明顯。
狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)習性(xing)表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)咬(yao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)小動物,如(ru)不(bu)嚴加調教,非常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)危險。狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)出于保(bao)護主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、保(bao)護領地、防(fang)(fang)衛自(zi)身(shen)安全(quan)、爭(zheng)取狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群支配權的(de)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),但(dan)(dan)(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)些正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)如(ru)過(guo)于強烈,違背了主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)意愿就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),如(ru)陌(mo)(mo)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)打架、吵架或(huo)糾纏,狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)挺身(shen)而出,向陌(mo)(mo)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),但(dan)(dan)(dan)如(ru)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)停止攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)不(bu)服從(cong)(cong)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)仍然(ran)繼(ji)續攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),以(yi)至(zhi)于傷害(hai)陌(mo)(mo)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei);如(ru)對進入(ru)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)住所或(huo)庭(ting)院的(de)陌(mo)(mo)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)住所或(huo)庭(ting)院被狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)己的(de)領地,有(you)(you)(you)防(fang)(fang)衛本(ben)能,但(dan)(dan)(dan)如(ru)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)不(bu)要攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)來(lai)訪者,狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)不(bu)聽(ting)從(cong)(cong)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)仍然(ran)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)來(lai)訪者,以(yi)至(zhi)于主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)親朋好(hao)(hao)友都不(bu)能進入(ru)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)住所或(huo)庭(ting)院,這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei);狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)(you)防(fang)(fang)衛的(de)本(ben)性(xing),如(ru)自(zi)身(shen)安全(quan)受(shou)到威(wei)脅(xie)它(ta)會(hui)采取攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),但(dan)(dan)(dan)如(ru)果(guo)傷及無辜就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei);狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群內(nei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了爭(zheng)取首(shou)(shou)領(頭犬)地位(wei),狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)與(yu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)會(hui)發生(sheng)(sheng)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),接受(shou)支配和(he)服從(cong)(cong)的(de)角色是(shi)(shi)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)一種本(ben)能,爭(zheng)取狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群支配權也是(shi)(shi)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)一種本(ben)能,只要狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群確定了等級關(guan)系就(jiu)會(hui)相安無事,友好(hao)(hao)相處(chu),但(dan)(dan)(dan)如(ru)果(guo)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)現身(shen)時,狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群間發生(sheng)(sheng)激烈的(de)打斗,主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)沒(mei)現身(shen)時狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群風平浪靜,這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),說明狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)群的(de)等級關(guan)系沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)確定,狗(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)仗人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)勢爭(zheng)奪首(shou)(shou)領(頭犬)地位(wei)。
狗(gou)常(chang)(chang)(chang)見的(de)異常(chang)(chang)(chang)攻擊(ji)(ji)行為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)對(dui)小(xiao)孩競(jing)爭性攻擊(ji)(ji)行為(wei)(wei)、捕捉(zhuo)甚至(zhi)(zhi)殺死(si)小(xiao)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)攻擊(ji)(ji)行為(wei)(wei)等(deng)。本來溫順(shun)的(de)寵物(wu)(wu)狗(gou)有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)突(tu)然對(dui)主人家的(de)小(xiao)孩吠(fei)咬,使小(xiao)孩受(shou)到驚(jing)嚇(xia)和(he)(he)傷害,這(zhe)是(shi)狗(gou)對(dui)小(xiao)孩競(jing)爭性攻擊(ji)(ji)行為(wei)(wei),是(shi)一種異常(chang)(chang)(chang)攻擊(ji)(ji)行為(wei)(wei),其原因(yin)是(shi)狗(gou)與小(xiao)孩爭寵,狗(gou)嫉妒主人關愛小(xiao)孩比自己多;狗(gou)雖然被馴化了幾千年,但狗(gou)仍然具有(you)(you)逐獵(lie)和(he)(he)捕捉(zhuo)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)的(de)習性,常(chang)(chang)(chang)見它們煞有(you)(you)其事地(di)追趕(gan)“獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)”,到最(zui)后(hou)幾秒(miao)鐘時(shi)(shi)又會(hui)突(tu)然放(fang)棄(qi),有(you)(you)的(de)會(hui)對(dui)小(xiao)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)突(tu)然發(fa)起(qi)捕捉(zhuo)甚至(zhi)(zhi)殺死(si),如(ru)殺死(si)雞(ji)、鴨等(deng),這(zhe)些都(dou)是(shi)狗(gou)的(de)異常(chang)(chang)(chang)攻擊(ji)(ji)行為(wei)(wei)。狗(gou)的(de)正常(chang)(chang)(chang)攻擊(ji)(ji)行為(wei)(wei)可(ke)以合理引導,其異常(chang)(chang)(chang)攻擊(ji)(ji)行為(wei)(wei)則要(yao)及時(shi)(shi)矯正,嚴加(jia)調教。
狗(gou)(gou)是(shi)(shi)狼的(de)后代,吠叫(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)狗(gou)(gou)繼承狼的(de)一種(zhong)行(xing)為習性,常作(zuo)為聯系同(tong)伴的(de)“語(yu)言”。狗(gou)(gou)隨著(zhu)與人類共同(tong)生活不(bu)斷進(jin)化,吠叫(jiao)(jiao)也成為其與人聯系和表(biao)達情感的(de)一種(zhong)方式。由于(yu)品種(zhong)不(bu)同(tong),狗(gou)(gou)有(you)大有(you)小(xiao),叫(jiao)(jiao)聲也有(you)高有(you)低(di),但節(jie)奏(zou)和吠叫(jiao)(jiao)的(de)方式基(ji)本(ben)是(shi)(shi)一樣的(de)。狗(gou)(gou)的(de)吠叫(jiao)(jiao)可以表(biao)達哭鬧、傷心、寂寞、哀(ai)怨、悲傷、不(bu)開心、傷痛(tong)、痛(tong)苦、高興、催促(cu)、報(bao)信、威脅、憤怒、仇視、警覺(jue)等不(bu)同(tong)情感。但并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)所有(you)的(de)狗(gou)(gou)都(dou)會吠叫(jiao)(jiao),也有(you)不(bu)吠叫(jiao)(jiao)的(de)狗(gou)(gou)。
現代(dai)都市有的樓房高達幾(ji)十層,在這種(zhong)樓房里養狗,夜深(shen)人靜時(shi)一旦狗吠叫起來有時(shi)可傳至周好幾(ji)平方千米,因(yin)此養狗要考(kao)慮周邊(bian)環境(jing),避(bi)免擾民。
狗(gou)(gou)(gou)非常喜(xi)歡(huan)與人(ren)交(jiao)往甚至勝過同(tong)類。喜(xi)歡(huan)與人(ren)交(jiao)往是(shi)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)天生的(de)(de)習性(xing),不僅僅是(shi)因(yin)為與人(ren)交(jiao)往可以(yi)得(de)到照(zhao)顧,有(you)吃有(you)住,更(geng)主(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)因(yin)為狗(gou)(gou)(gou)是(shi)一種(zhong)有(you)靈(ling)性(xing)的(de)(de)動物(wu),聽覺靈(ling)敏(min),嗅覺驚人(ren),記憶力也強(qiang),在與人(ren)為伴的(de)(de)過程中能建(jian)立感情,對(dui)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)有(you)強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)保護心理。狗(gou)(gou)(gou)會(hui)從水(shui)中、失火的(de)(de)房子里以(yi)及其他災難中救(jiu)援(yuan)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren),如果狗(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)去世(shi),狗(gou)(gou)(gou)會(hui)悲傷,有(you)的(de)(de)不吃不喝(he),有(you)的(de)(de)對(dui)任(ren)何事(shi)情都(dou)無精打采(cai),有(you)的(de)(de)為了主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)犧(xi)牲(sheng)了自己的(de)(de)性(xing)命,真實感人(ren)的(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi)很多,這也是(shi)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)成為最受家庭喜(xi)歡(huan)的(de)(de)寵物(wu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要原因(yin)。
1、給小狗取個(ge)好聽(ting)的名字,經(jing)常(chang)看著(zhu)它并(bing)叫它的名字,讓它知(zhi)道你是在和它打招呼。久(jiu)而久(jiu)之(zhi),它一聽(ting)見自(zi)己的名字就(jiu)會(hui)屁顛(dian)屁顛(dian)地過來你跟前,別忘了給它一點(dian)狗糧獎(jiang)勵它的聽(ting)話(hua)舉動。
2、頑皮(pi)是大多(duo)數小(xiao)狗(gou)的天性,經常在家里(li)撕扯衣服或小(xiao)孩玩(wan)具(ju)(ju)或者亂吠亂咬。當狗(gou)出現這種情況時,主人(ren)應該及時的阻止,不要給它(ta)食物(wu),否則它(ta)會因此認為它(ta)做(zuo)的是正確的。應該適時給予它(ta)一些懲罰,比如關(guan)一會廁所,把玩(wan)具(ju)(ju)和食物(wu)藏起來(lai)都是行之有效的方法(fa)。
3、給狗(gou)狗(gou)佩戴一個適(shi)合的(de)(de)(de)鎖鏈,經(jing)常性的(de)(de)(de)帶(dai)它出(chu)(chu)去(qu)散(san)散(san)步透透風(feng),老是悶(men)在家里狗(gou)狗(gou)也會煩悶(men),帶(dai)它出(chu)(chu)去(qu)開(kai)(kai)開(kai)(kai)眼界(jie),到人多的(de)(de)(de)地方走一走,聽聽不同的(de)(de)(de)聲音。
4、一(yi)定不能打罵狗(gou)(gou)狗(gou)(gou),會給狗(gou)(gou)狗(gou)(gou)留下難(nan)以(yi)磨滅的印象的。尤(you)其是小狗(gou)(gou)狗(gou)(gou),還會讓狗(gou)(gou)狗(gou)(gou)對你(ni)產生畏懼的情感(gan),失去頑皮的天性和對你(ni)的依賴(lai)。
春秋兩季,狗狗進入換毛期,被毛大量脫落,附著在室內各種物體(ti)、人身(shen)上影(ying)響(xiang)室內衛(wei)生(sheng),如果被(bei)犬誤食(shi)還(huan)會影(ying)響(xiang)犬的(de)消化。因此,要經常給(gei)犬梳(shu)理被(bei)毛(mao),這(zhe)樣不僅可除去(qu)脫落的(de)被(bei)毛(mao)污垢和灰塵,防止被(bei)毛(mao)纏結,而(er)且還(huan)可促(cu)進血液循環,增強皮膚抵抗力(li),解除疲勞。
洗澡的目的。犬皮脂腺的分泌物有一種難聞的氣味,而且還會沾上污穢物使被毛纏結,發出陣陣臭味。如果不(bu)給犬洗(xi)澡,就容易招致(zhi)病(bing)原微(wei)生(sheng)物和寄生(sheng)蟲的侵襲,使你(ni)的犬生(sheng)病(bing)。因此,必須給犬洗(xi)澡,保持皮膚的清潔(jie)生(sheng)生(sheng)利于犬的健康。
洗(xi)(xi)澡(zao)(zao)(zao)的方法(fa)。幼(you)犬(quan)由于(yu)抵抗(kang)力較弱,易因(yin)洗(xi)(xi)澡(zao)(zao)(zao)受涼而發生呼吸道感染、感冒(mao)和肺炎。因(yin)此,半歲(sui)以(yi)內的幼(you)不(bu)宜水(shui)浴,干洗(xi)(xi)為(wei)宜,每天(tian)或(huo)隔天(tian)噴灑稀釋1000倍(bei)以(yi)上的護發素和嬰兒爽(shuang)身粉(fen),頻(pin)繁梳(shu)刷(shua),即可代替(ti)水(shui)洗(xi)(xi)。仔(zi)(zi)犬(quan)怕(pa)洗(xi)(xi)澡(zao)(zao)(zao),尤其(qi)是沙皮(pi)仔(zi)(zi)犬(quan)更(geng)是怕(pa)水(shui)。因(yin)此,要做(zuo)好(hao)仔(zi)(zi)犬(quan)第一(yi)次洗(xi)(xi)澡(zao)(zao)(zao)的訓練工作,用臉盆裝滿(man)溫水(shui),把仔(zi)(zi)犬(quan)放入盆內,露出頭(tou)和脖子,這樣會(hui)(hui)使犬(quan)感到舒(shu)服,以(yi)后也就不(bu)會(hui)(hui)不(bu)愿洗(xi)(xi)澡(zao)(zao)(zao)了。
正確的入浴方法如(ru)下:犬(quan)頭向你的左(zuo)側(ce)站立(li)(li),左(zuo)手(shou)擋住犬(quan)頭部下方到(dao)胸前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)部位,固定好犬(quan)體。右手(shou)置于(yu)浴中,用溫水(shui),按(an)臀部、背(bei)部、腹背(bei)、后(hou)肢、肩(jian)部及前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)肢的順序輕輕淋濕(shi),涂(tu)上洗(xi)(xi)(xi)發精(最(zui)好是(shi)寵物香波),輕輕揉搓后(hou),用梳(shu)(shu)子很快梳(shu)(shu)洗(xi)(xi)(xi),在(zai)沖(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)用手(shou)指按(an)壓(ya)肛(gang)門(men)兩(liang)側(ce),把肛(gang)門(men)腺的分泌物擠出來(lai)。用左(zuo)手(shou)或右手(shou)從下腭部向上將(jiang)兩(liang)耳(er)遮住,用清水(shui)輕輕地從頭頂往下沖(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi),注意防止水(shui)流(liu)入耳(er)朵,然后(hou)由前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)往后(hou)將(jiang)體軀各部用清水(shui)沖(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)凈,并立(li)(li)即用毛(mao)巾包住頭部,將(jiang)水(shui)擦干。長毛(mao)犬(quan)可用吹(chui)風機(ji)吹(chui)干,在(zai)吹(chui)風的同時,要不斷地梳(shu)(shu)毛(mao),只(zhi)要犬(quan)身(shen)未干,就應一(yi)直梳(shu)(shu)到(dao)毛(mao)干為止。
挑選(xuan)寵(chong)(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)主(zhu)要(yao)考慮三點,一是(shi)挑自己最(zui)喜(xi)(xi)歡(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。寵(chong)(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)繁多,外貌也千(qian)姿百態。討人(ren)喜(xi)(xi)歡(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很(hen)多,但限于(yu)財力(li)、精力(li)不(bu)(bu)可能養很(hen)多條,因此要(yao)挑選(xuan)自己最(zui)喜(xi)(xi)歡(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)個(ge)體(ti)(ti),這(zhe)樣(yang)收養后與其(qi)朝夕(xi)相(xiang)伴才能精心照料,“兩情相(xiang)悅”。二是(shi)挑適合自己飼(si)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。寵(chong)(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)很(hen)多種(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)類方法(fa),按體(ti)(ti)形(xing)大(da)小可分(fen)為(wei)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、小型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)極小型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),體(ti)(ti)高61cm以(yi)上(shang)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)40kg以(yi)上(shang)屬(shu)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),很(hen)多大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)寵(chong)(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)體(ti)(ti)高超過(guo)1m,體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)超過(guo)100kg;體(ti)(ti)高40.7~61cm體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)30~40kg屬(shu)中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);體(ti)(ti)高25.5~40.7cm體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)30kg屬(shu)小型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);體(ti)(ti)高25cm以(yi)下體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)4kg以(yi)下屬(shu)極小型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)袖珍狗(gou)(gou)(gou)體(ti)(ti)高只有(you)(you)12cm,體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)足0.5kg。大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)寵(chong)(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)養起來很(hen)威風,“回頭率”很(hen)高,但很(hen)多人(ren)不(bu)(bu)具備飼(si)養大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)寵(chong)(chong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件,因此要(yao)挑適合自己飼(si)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。三是(shi)挑健康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)。健康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)活潑好動,看起來很(hen)精神,眼睛很(hen)亮,眼結膜呈粉(fen)紅色,無分(fen)泌(mi)(mi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),不(bu)(bu)流淚;鼻端(duan)濕涼無黏(nian)液,無異常分(fen)泌(mi)(mi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu);口腔(qiang)無異味,舌鮮(xian)(xian)紅無舌苔(tai),牙齒潔(jie)白(bai),沒有(you)(you)閉(bi)合不(bu)(bu)全現象,不(bu)(bu)流涎(xian);毛(mao)(mao)色新(xin)鮮(xian)(xian),皮(pi)毛(mao)(mao)溫而不(bu)(bu)熱,蓬松整潔(jie),無脫(tuo)毛(mao)(mao),沒有(you)(you)虱蟲;肛(gang)門緊縮,周(zhou)圍清潔(jie)無異物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。此外,盡量挑經過(guo)調(diao)(diao)教的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)或3周(zhou)齡左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狗(gou)(gou)(gou),這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)便于(yu)以(yi)后調(diao)(diao)教訓練(lian)。
準備寵(chong)物(wu)狗的(de)用具
飼養寵物狗(gou)要準(zhun)備(bei)一些(xie)必需用具(ju),如(ru)狗(gou)舍(she)、食(shi)盆、食(shi)盤、水(shui)碗、刷(shua)子、梳子、剃刀(dao)、電(dian)吹風等,還可準(zhun)備(bei)一些(xie)寵物狗(gou)的玩具(ju)。這些(xie)用具(ju)可以(yi)到寵物店挑選購買,也可利用自家的一些(xie)閑置物件自己改造制作。
給寵物狗(gou)“領證”
飼養寵(chong)物狗(gou)(gou)應按政府有關部(bu)門的規定(ding)辦證,一般流程是(shi)養狗(gou)(gou)人先(xian)到當地派出所領取申(shen)請養狗(gou)(gou)登記表(biao),按要求填(tian)實內(nei)容(rong),粘貼狗(gou)(gou)狗(gou)(gou)照片(pian)、狗(gou)(gou)主照片(pian),到轄區(qu)(qu)派出所、公(gong)安局逐級審核,或到轄區(qu)(qu)政府一站式(shi)服務大(da)廳辦理。
寵物狗的飲食
寵物狗的飲食原則(ze)是定時、定量(liang)、定質(zhi)、定次、定點、定溫(wen)。
定(ding)時(shi)(shi)就(jiu)是(shi)根(gen)據寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)(shi)需求兼顧自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間選定(ding)飼(si)(si)喂時(shi)(shi)間,飼(si)(si)喂時(shi)(shi)間一旦(dan)確定(ding),每天均(jun)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)飼(si)(si)喂,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)隨意(yi)(yi)變(bian)化,這(zhe)樣寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)建起條件反射。定(ding)量就(jiu)是(shi)控制寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)量,不(bu)(bu)(bu)饑不(bu)(bu)(bu)飽(bao)為(wei)宜,相當于人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)七分飽(bao)或(huo)八分飽(bao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)忽多(duo)(duo)忽少,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)暴飲(yin)(yin)暴食(shi)(shi)(shi)。定(ding)質(zhi)就(jiu)是(shi)保(bao)證寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量,包括清潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)(yin)水、安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)、營養平(ping)衡等(deng)。寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)主要分為(wei)2種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)購(gou)買(mai)專業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)糧,一種(zhong)是(shi)吃人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剩(sheng)菜剩(sheng)飯,2種(zhong)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)均(jun)可(ke),需要注意(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)飼(si)(si)喂霉變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)飼(si)(si)喂朱古力、洋蔥、蒜頭、雞骨牛(niu)骨、豬骨、蝦蟹等(deng)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)飼(si)(si)喂生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)未(wei)完(wan)全煮(zhu)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)飼(si)(si)喂油(you)膩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)長期(qi)飼(si)(si)喂甜味或(huo)刺(ci)激性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu),一旦(dan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)中毒,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)用鹽刺(ci)激催(cui)吐。定(ding)次就(jiu)是(shi)固(gu)定(ding)寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)每天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)(shi)次數,成年(nian)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)每天早晚各喂一次即可(ke)。幼年(nian)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次數可(ke)多(duo)(duo)1~2次。定(ding)點就(jiu)是(shi)固(gu)定(ding)寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)(shi)地點。定(ding)溫(wen)就(jiu)是(shi)寵(chong)物(wu)(wu)狗(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)要有一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)過熱過冷,冬天給溫(wen)食(shi)(shi)(shi),夏(xia)天給冷食(shi)(shi)(shi),一般先食(shi)(shi)(shi)后飲(yin)(yin)。
寵物狗的疾病防治飼養寵物狗一定要注射疫苗,以免寵物狗傷人致人發病,另外也要定期驅蟲,預防寄生蟲感染。這些專業的工作一定要到正規的寵物醫院找專業的寵物醫生請教、辦理。寵物狗免疫接種的疫(yi)苗(miao)一(yi)般包括狂(kuang)犬病疫(yi)苗(miao)、犬瘟熱疫(yi)苗(miao)、肝炎疫(yi)苗(miao)等。無論寵物狗(gou)(gou)是否注射疫(yi)苗(miao),一(yi)旦人被寵物狗(gou)(gou)咬(yao)傷,一(yi)定要第(di)一(yi)時間到正規醫院找醫生處理。
犬瘟熱、細小病毒病均是(shi)寵物狗的常(chang)見(jian)流(liu)行(xing)病,對(dui)狗的身(shen)體健康具有(you)顯著(zhu)影響(xiang),嚴重時(shi)直(zhi)接威脅(xie)到寵物狗的生命安全。目前,雖然(ran)很(hen)多寵物狗主人每年(nian)都會(hui)為其(qi)進行(xing)防(fang)疫處(chu)理,但(dan)是(shi)上(shang)(shang)述(shu)(shu)兩種流(liu)行(xing)病發病率仍然(ran)居高(gao)不下(xia)。結(jie)合上(shang)(shang)述(shu)(shu)流(liu)行(xing)病的發病特征,結(jie)合臨床(chuang)癥狀,提(ti)出診斷要點,并對(dui)防(fang)治方法進行(xing)分析和(he)總結(jie),現(xian)做詳細匯報。
犬(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)(wen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。通(tong)常情(qing)況(kuang)下,犬(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)(wen)熱流(liu)行病(bing)(bing)(bing)多出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在寵物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狗幼(you)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)中,此種(zhong)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)致(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)主要為犬(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)(wen)熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du),對幼(you)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)健(jian)康造成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)影響。犬(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)(wen)熱可(ke)導致(zhi)(zhi)寵物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狗出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)嚴重(zhong)消化不(bu)良,并(bing)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)鼻炎(yan)、呼吸受阻等表現(xian)(xian)(xian),部(bu)分病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)會并(bing)發腦炎(yan),威脅病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)命。犬(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)(wen)熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)一般(ban)分布在病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)排泄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中,同時其分泌物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中也存在大量病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)。健(jian)康寵物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狗感染(ran)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)(wen)熱通(tong)常有(you)兩種(zhong)途徑(jing),一是直接接觸含有(you)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)的(de)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),二(er)是與(yu)本身已經發生(sheng)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)(wen)熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)接觸。犬(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)(wen)熱一年四季(ji)均可(ke)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian),其中以春季(ji)和(he)冬季(ji)為高發季(ji)節,尤(you)其在天氣變化比較顯著的(de)階段。一般(ban)情(qing)況(kuang)下,1~2歲寵物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)比較容(rong)易發生(sheng)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)(wen)熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)感染(ran)。
臨(lin)床癥狀。犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)熱可(ke)(ke)(ke)對(dui)病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)呼吸(xi)功(gong)能造成(cheng)損傷,使其呼吸(xi)局促。部分病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)出現(xian)眼結(jie)膜潮(chao)紅,且眼部分泌物明(ming)顯增加。同(tong)時(shi),病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)出現(xian)顫抖、畏寒、透明(ming)鼻(bi)涕等,鼻(bi)眼分泌物可(ke)(ke)(ke)逐漸轉為膿性分泌物,導(dao)致(zhi)局部皮膚(fu)潰爛。病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)胃腸道功(gong)能受到嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)影響(xiang),不僅會出現(xian)嘔吐、瀉下等表現(xian),還會出現(xian)食欲減退(tui),導(dao)致(zhi)身形消瘦。對(dui)于(yu)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)熱病(bing)(bing)毒(du)感染病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)而言(yan),除上述癥狀外,部分病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)還會出現(xian)肌肉疼痛、痙攣等表現(xian),并合并嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)神經癥狀,導(dao)致(zhi)昏(hun)迷。犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)熱分為三個階(jie)段,每(mei)個階(jie)段臨(lin)床癥狀略有不同(tong),表1中(zhong)內容(rong)為犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)熱主要(yao)(yao)臨(lin)床癥狀。染源,減少病(bing)(bing)毒(du)大量爆發(fa)概率(lv)。對(dui)于(yu)病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)而言(yan),應根據(ju)其發(fa)病(bing)(bing)所處(chu)階(jie)段,對(dui)其進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)積極治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)。發(fa)病(bing)(bing)初期可(ke)(ke)(ke)采用單(dan)抗或(huo)血(xue)清盡心治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao),同(tong)時(shi)也可(ke)(ke)(ke)采用犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)瘟(wen)熱高(gao)免血(xue)清,來對(dui)病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)感染進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)和處(chu)理,配合免疫球蛋白攝入,有效(xiao)提高(gao)病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的免疫功(gong)能。在積極開展特異性治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)的同(tong)時(shi),還要(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)應抗病(bing)(bing)毒(du)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)。若合并多種病(bing)(bing)原菌感染,則采用抗生素進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)。
細小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)。細小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)的主要流行特(te)點為(wei)傳染性較強,但是病(bing)(bing)程(cheng)比較短,此種流行病(bing)(bing)的致(zhi)病(bing)(bing)菌主要為(wei)犬細小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒。發病(bing)(bing)初期,病(bing)(bing)犬可出現比較嚴重的胃腸(chang)道表(biao)現,嘔吐癥狀比較顯著。發病(bing)(bing)后期通常會(hui)出現拉稀表(biao)現,糞便中夾雜血絲,且便味(wei)比較濃重,便色為(wei)番茄紅。在對(dui)細小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)進行診斷時(shi),通常無須開展實驗室檢驗,采用專用試紙(zhi)即可明確病(bing)(bing)情。
臨床癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)。細小(xiao)(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)主要(yao)分(fen)為兩(liang)種癥(zheng)(zheng)型,一(yi)是(shi)腸(chang)炎(yan)型,二是(shi)心肌炎(yan)型。其(qi)中,腸(chang)炎(yan)型通常在病(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)感染2周內(nei)出(chu)現(xian)臨床癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang),發(fa)病(bing)(bing)初期病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)體(ti)(ti)溫明顯升高(gao),食(shi)欲減退(tui),并出(chu)現(xian)嘔吐、腹瀉(xie)癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)。發(fa)病(bing)(bing)初期糞(fen)便比較稀(xi),病(bing)(bing)程推進(jin)后可(ke)出(chu)現(xian)便血(xue)癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang),糞(fen)便顏色呈咖啡色。與此同(tong)(tong)時,病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)全身乏力,體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)顯著降(jiang)低,并出(chu)現(xian)眼球下(xia)陷表現(xian),若(ruo)忽視治療,則會引(yin)發(fa)休克和死(si)亡。對于心肌炎(yan)型而言,此癥(zheng)(zheng)型比較少見,發(fa)病(bing)(bing)前無(wu)顯著癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)及(ji)體(ti)(ti)征表現(xian),不僅發(fa)病(bing)(bing)突(tu)然(ran),同(tong)(tong)時也會導致體(ti)(ti)溫上升,并出(chu)現(xian)呼吸受(shou)阻、胃(wei)腸(chang)道癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)等。細小(xiao)(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)可(ke)導致食(shi)欲嚴重(zhong)下(xia)降(jiang),嚴重(zhong)時無(wu)法(fa)進(jin)食(shi),并且腹瀉(xie)、嘔吐等癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)可(ke)加(jia)重(zhong)水電解(jie)質失衡(heng),導致有效(xiao)循環血(xue)容量顯著降(jiang)低,引(yin)起微(wei)循環功能障礙。
鑒別(bie)(bie)診斷(duan)要點。由于細(xi)小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)發病(bing)(bing)比較(jiao)突然,且病(bing)(bing)程短,對(dui)病(bing)(bing)犬生(sheng)命安全具有顯著威脅,因(yin)此(ci)在對(dui)其(qi)進(jin)行臨(lin)床(chuang)診斷(duan)時,應將(jiang)其(qi)與其(qi)他(ta)流。行病(bing)(bing)進(jin)行有效區分,并及(ji)時采取對(dui)癥治療(liao)(liao)干(gan)預措施(shi),避免發生(sheng)病(bing)(bing)情遷延現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang),提高臨(lin)床(chuang)治療(liao)(liao)效果(guo)。例如,細(xi)小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)與犬瘟(wen)熱均可(ke)導致病(bing)(bing)犬出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)嚴重(zhong)腹(fu)瀉(xie)及(ji)嘔吐(tu)癥狀,但是可(ke)通過辨(bian)別(bie)(bie)排泄(xie)物做出(chu)區分,細(xi)小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)可(ke)導致病(bing)(bing)犬排泄(xie)腥(xing)臭糞便,且顏(yan)色(se)類(lei)似番茄紅,犬瘟(wen)熱則不會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)上述表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。再(zai)如,細(xi)小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)、犬傳染肝炎均對(dui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)脫水、嘔吐(tu)、腹(fu)瀉(xie)及(ji)便血表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian),但是細(xi)小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)無黃疸、肝腫大(da)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian),可(ke)憑(ping)此(ci)進(jin)行鑒別(bie)(bie)診斷(duan)。
防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策略。(1)預防(fang)措施(shi)(shi):為有(you)效預防(fang)細(xi)小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing),應(ying)在(zai)寵(chong)物狗幼犬時(shi)期(qi),為其(qi)(qi)及時(shi)注(zhu)射細(xi)小(xiao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒性腸(chang)炎(yan)疫苗接種。與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時(shi),在(zai)對(dui)寵(chong)物狗進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)飼養(yang)時(shi),要保證科學(xue)喂養(yang),及時(shi)為其(qi)(qi)補(bu)充(chong)微量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素,并在(zai)此(ci)基礎上補(bu)充(chong)蔬菜成(cheng)分,保證飲食(shi)(shi)合(he)理,膳食(shi)(shi)纖維營養(yang)搭配。注(zhu)意(yi)在(zai)飼養(yang)過(guo)程(cheng)中,不能(neng)喂食(shi)(shi)變質食(shi)(shi)物或飼料(liao),充(chong)分預防(fang)細(xi)小(xiao)流行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。(2)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)方法(fa):為充(chong)分減(jian)少(shao)水(shui)電解質失衡現象(xiang),維持正常血容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang),減(jian)少(shao)休克發(fa)生率(lv),應(ying)積極采取(qu)有(you)效措施(shi)(shi)對(dui)血容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擴充(chong)。在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)補(bu)液(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)時(shi),應(ying)結合(he)病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬實(shi)(shi)際病(bing)(bing)(bing)情,并對(dui)其(qi)(qi)脫(tuo)水(shui)程(cheng)度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)判定。密切(qie)關注(zhu)補(bu)液(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)過(guo)程(cheng),若發(fa)現病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬心(xin)跳恢復正常,且能(neng)夠(gou)自主排尿,則表示補(bu)液(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)效果已(yi)經達到,可根據實(shi)(shi)際情況停(ting)止液(ye)(ye)體(ti)輸入(ru)(ru)。治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)過(guo)程(cheng)中,應(ying)就以下幾點問題(ti)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)注(zhu)意(yi):其(qi)(qi)一(yi),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)時(shi)對(dui)病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬心(xin)肺功能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)密切(qie)觀(guan)察,若出現呼吸(xi)困(kun)難、心(xin)率(lv)過(guo)快表現,則應(ying)對(dui)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)輸注(zhu)速度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)合(he)理調整(zheng),并限制(zhi)輸入(ru)(ru)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)。其(qi)(qi)二(er),針對(dui)需(xu)要大量(liang)(liang)補(bu)液(ye)(ye)的病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬,應(ying)對(dui)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)溫(wen)度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)控制(zhi),避免低(di)溫(wen)補(bu)液(ye)(ye),從而有(you)效減(jian)少(shao)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)風險。
在這個高速度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)山大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會中,想要(yao)(yao)減輕自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li),從而提高自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua),建(jian)議您不妨試(shi)試(shi)養(yang)寵(chong)物(wu)狗(gou)狗(gou),它會給(gei)你帶(dai)來很多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂趣,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還會達(da)到(dao)治療疾病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果,當(dang)然也是因人而異,當(dang)你把(ba)寵(chong)物(wu)狗(gou)狗(gou)視(shi)為自(zi)己(ji)(ji)最親密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朋友的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,你就(jiu)會有(you)這種感(gan)覺。對于(yu)一(yi)些子(zi)女在外,家里沒有(you)人相伴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孤單老(lao)人,可以(yi)喂養(yang)寵(chong)物(wu)狗(gou)狗(gou),因為這樣可以(yi)使你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活更加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充實,解除生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孤寂感(gan)。讓自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小孩子(zi)飼(si)養(yang)動(dong)物(wu),可以(yi)培養(yang)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任感(gan)、和(he)要(yao)(yao)對動(dong)物(wu)有(you)愛心。當(dang)自(zi)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寵(chong)物(wu)狗(gou)狗(gou)與你有(you)了很多年感(gan)情(qing)之后(hou),你會把(ba)它當(dang)做親人看待,舍不得它,寵(chong)物(wu)狗(gou)狗(gou)可以(yi)促進人與人之間更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)與溝通(tong)。