水塔花原產南美(mei)洲熱帶雨林(lin)中,多生于(yu)樹干,巖(yan)石上(shang),在世界各地都有(you)栽培。
草本(ben),莖極(ji)短。葉蓮座狀(zhuang)排列,6-15片(pian),闊披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)30-45厘(li)米,直立至稍外彎,頂端鈍而有(you)小(xiao)銳尖(jian),基(ji)部(bu)闊,邊緣至少在上半部(bu)有(you)棕(zong)色(se)小(xiao)刺(ci),上面綠色(se),背粉(fen)綠。穗狀(zhuang)花(hua)序直立,略長(chang)于葉;苞片(pian)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)至橢圓狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)5-7厘(li)米,粉(fen)紅(hong)(hong)色(se);萼(e)片(pian)有(you)粉(fen)被,暗紅(hong)(hong)色(se),長(chang)約(yue)(yue)為花(hua)瓣的1/3,裂片(pian)鈍至短尖(jian);花(hua)瓣紅(hong)(hong)色(se),長(chang)約(yue)(yue)4厘(li)米,開花(hua)時旋扭;雄(xiong)蕊比花(hua)瓣短;子(zi)房(fang)有(you)粉(fen)被。
水塔花(hua)葉的基(ji)部常保(bao)持相當量的水分,雖在熱帶地區最高溫(wen)度(du)的時候,從未(wei)見份量減少或缺少的,有些(xie)蚊子專以此為繁殖地。
喜(xi)溫(wen)(wen)暖、濕潤、半陰環境。不耐寒。稍耐旱。要求(qiu)空氣(qi)(qi)濕度(du)較大,忌(ji)強光(guang)直射,生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)20-28℃。對土質(zhi)要求(qiu)不高(gao),適(shi)宜在(zai)排(pai)水良好(hao)的酸(suan)性砂(sha)質(zhi)土中(zhong)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang),以含腐(fu)殖質(zhi)豐富、排(pai)水透氣(qi)(qi)良好(hao)的微酸(suan)性砂(sha)質(zhi)壤土為(wei)(wei)好(hao),忌(ji)鈣(gai)質(zhi)土。最適(shi)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)為(wei)(wei)25℃,越冬氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)不得低于10℃。
鳳梨(li)栽(zai)植(zhi)土(tu)(tu)以選用(yong)(yong)疏松的(de)泥炭土(tu)(tu),腐殖土(tu)(tu),樹蕨碎渣混合培養土(tu)(tu)為好。家庭栽(zai)培,盆(pen)(pen)土(tu)(tu)最好用(yong)(yong)腐葉土(tu)(tu)加(jia)少(shao)量園田(tian)土(tu)(tu),或用(yong)(yong)泥炭土(tu)(tu)和(he)珍(zhen)珠巖各半混合。也可選用(yong)(yong)草炭土(tu)(tu)2份(fen)加(jia)入細沙1份(fen)混合,配制成培養土(tu)(tu)。鳳梨(li)科植(zhi)物原為寄生植(zhi)物,根(gen)系不夠發達,無主(zhu)根(gen),只有小而短的(de)根(gen)系,有些根(gen)還喜歡(huan)接觸(chu)空氣(qi),故用(yong)(yong)小盆(pen)(pen)、淺盆(pen)(pen)栽(zai)植(zhi)會比用(yong)(yong)大盆(pen)(pen)、深盆(pen)(pen)的(de)生長發育(yu)得更好。切(qie)忌施過多的(de)肥料,以防根(gen)系腐爛,葉子發黃,應以稀薄肥水施之。
鳳梨(li)科植物喜高溫、濕(shi)潤(run)、半蔭的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣,適(shi)合放置在(zai)(zai)(zai)溫暖、明(ming)亮(liang)的(de)(de)(de)室內(nei)半陰(yin)通風處,取散射光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)蒔養(yang)。冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)可以全日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao),春秋(qiu)早(zao)晚(wan)應有(you)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao),夏季(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)要陽光(guang)(guang)直(zhi)射。光(guang)(guang)線明(ming)亮(liang),葉(xie)面色澤(ze)(ze)鮮(xian)艷(yan)(yan)。越冬(dong)(dong)溫度(du)以不(bu)(bu)低于10℃為宜,高于20℃以上(shang),不(bu)(bu)利于植株休眠(mian),會影(ying)響(xiang)來年生(sheng)長(chang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)日(ri)常管護中應避(bi)免強光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)射,強光(guang)(guang)易使葉(xie)片受灼,出(chu)現雜斑;但注意(yi)不(bu)(bu)要長(chang)久放在(zai)(zai)(zai)過(guo)陰(yin)處,葉(xie)片美(mei)麗的(de)(de)(de)色澤(ze)(ze)常因(yin)之變(bian)淺(qian)變(bian)淡,造成(cheng)觀賞上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)憾(han)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)氣(qi)候干(gan)(gan)旱,悶熱,溫度(du)低的(de)(de)(de)情況下,鳳梨(li)的(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)緣及葉(xie)尖極易出(chu)現焦枯(ku)現象,因(yin)此要保持盆土(tu)(tu)濕(shi)潤(run)。從春末至秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)期,可適(shi)當增(zeng)加澆水(shui)(shui)量,葉(xie)筒(tong)中也可灌(guan)些(xie)清水(shui)(shui),要半月(yue)換水(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)次(ci),以免水(shui)(shui)變(bian)質發臭。常噴葉(xie)面水(shui)(shui)。冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)盆土(tu)(tu)干(gan)(gan)些(xie)為宜,但不(bu)(bu)宜過(guo)干(gan)(gan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)5-9月(yue),每周施(shi)氮肥一(yi)(yi)次(ci),花(hua)(hua)前(qian)適(shi)當增(zeng)施(shi)磷、鉀肥,以促花(hua)(hua)大色艷(yan)(yan)。開花(hua)(hua)時,筒(tong)內(nei)不(bu)(bu)要灌(guan)水(shui)(shui),存放在(zai)(zai)(zai)避(bi)日(ri)光(guang)(guang)處,能延長(chang)花(hua)(hua)期。花(hua)(hua)后進(jin)入休眠(mian)期,須將花(hua)(hua)梗剪除,以減(jian)少養(yang)分的(de)(de)(de)消耗。冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)要在(zai)(zai)(zai)筒(tong)內(nei)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)。
鳳(feng)梨在(zai)冬季是開(kai)花期,要(yao)(yao)(yao)求有(you)足夠的(de)(de)肥料,通常每兩周施用(yong)(yong)一次(ci)稀薄有(you)機液肥,例如(ru)豆(dou)餅、麻醬(jiang)渣浸泡(pao)液(濃度為20%為宜),也可用(yong)(yong)黃(huang)豆(dou)浸泡(pao)液或經(jing)過發酵(jiao)的(de)(de)淘米(mi)(mi)水(shui)。鳳(feng)梨一生只開(kai)花一次(ci),花后會在(zai)老(lao)(lao)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)基部(bu)長出一至數(shu)枚分(fen)孽芽(ya),此時不(bu)宜過早分(fen)株(zhu)(zhu)。否則不(bu)易(yi)成活,分(fen)株(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)方法是:先(xian)從基部(bu)剪(jian)去(qu)花莖,再將老(lao)(lao)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)葉片留(liu)下5-8厘米(mi)(mi),其余全部(bu)剔除,留(liu)下的(de)(de)葉片基部(bu)正好形成一個(ge)筒狀可貯水(shui),剪(jian)時千萬不(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)碰傷小(xiao)(xiao)芽(ya)。待(dai)芽(ya)高(gao)10厘米(mi)(mi)左右,再用(yong)(yong)利刀(dao)輕輕從芽(ya)和母(mu)株(zhu)(zhu)連接處切開(kai),將小(xiao)(xiao)芽(ya)栽(zai)入用(yong)(yong)腐葉土配成的(de)(de)盆土中,精心養護(hu)一年后,又能開(kai)出艷麗的(de)(de)花朵。另外結(jie)合春(chun)季換盆,切取母(mu)株(zhu)(zhu)塊(kuai)(kuai)莖部(bu)分(fen)長出的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)塊(kuai)(kuai)莖扦插(cha),或用(yong)(yong)老(lao)(lao)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)部(bu)萌(meng)發出的(de)(de)長了(le)根(gen)的(de)(de)嫩芽(ya)分(fen)株(zhu)(zhu),都要(yao)(yao)(yao)避蔭保濕保溫,當根(gen)系長至2——3厘米(mi)(mi)時,即可定植(zhi)(zhi)。如(ru)果栽(zai)培得法,一株(zhu)(zhu)母(mu)珠每年大約能繁殖10株(zhu)(zhu)左右。
市場上(shang)用于觀賞(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鳳(feng)梨多(duo)為雜交種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)自然狀(zhuang)態下很(hen)(hen)難獲(huo)得種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),就(jiu)是通過人工授粉等方法獲(huo)得種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),其后(hou)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)性狀(zhuang)也會發(fa)生分離,不能保(bao)持母(mu)株(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優良性狀(zhuang),故播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖只在(zai)(zai)原生種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)保(bao)存和培(pei)育新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時采(cai)(cai)用。大多(duo)數觀賞(shang)鳳(feng)梨的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)脫離母(mu)體后(hou)很(hen)(hen)快會失去活力,應即采(cai)(cai)即播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。鳳(feng)梨從開(kai)花(hua)至種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)成熟一(yi)般需要3-4個月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間。鳳(feng)梨的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)很(hen)(hen)小,一(yi)個果實可產(chan)生數十粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),1株(zhu)可產(chan)生上(shang)千(qian)粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。鳳(feng)梨的(de)(de)(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法可采(cai)(cai)用室內盆(pen)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)或(huo)育苗(miao)盤(pan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基質(zhi)可采(cai)(cai)用河(he)沙(sha)、珍珠巖和泥炭土(tu)混合,播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前必(bi)須(xu)高溫(wen)消(xiao)毒。將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)散播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)于基質(zhi)表面(mian)后(hou)輕壓一(yi)下,不需覆(fu)土(tu),蓋上(shang)塑(su)料薄膜或(huo)玻(bo)璃保(bao)濕即可。在(zai)(zai)發(fa)芽適(shi)溫(wen)24℃-26℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下,約7-14天(tian)發(fa)芽,實生苗(miao)具3-4片真葉(xie)時可移(yi)植于4-5厘米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)盆(pen)中(zhong)。鳳(feng)梨的(de)(de)(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)需培(pei)養3-4年后(hou)中(zhong)心葉(xie)才能轉色并(bing)開(kai)花(hua)供觀賞(shang)。
分株(zhu)繁殖常在春季進(jin)行(xing)。觀賞鳳梨母株(zhu)在開花前(qian)后基部或葉片之(zhi)間能(neng)抽(chou)出(chu)蘗芽,而母株(zhu)則不(bu)能(neng)繼(ji)續生長而死亡,利用蘗芽能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)分株(zhu)繁殖和(he)扦插繁殖,有根的蘗芽可直接上盆,稱為分株(zhu)繁殖。
無根的(de)需進行扦插繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)。分株(zhu)(zhu)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)和(he)扦插繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)常在春季進行,高溫期間分株(zhu)(zhu)的(de)成(cheng)活(huo)率較低。扦插時(shi)(shi)(shi),當蘗芽8-10厘(li)米時(shi)(shi)(shi)割下(xia),插入(ru)腐葉土和(he)粗(cu)沙各(ge)半的(de)基質中,保(bao)持室溫25℃-28℃,約(yue)30-40天(tian)(tian)可(ke)生(sheng)根,50-60天(tian)(tian)能(neng)上盆栽培(pei)。掰下(xia)蘗芽的(de)母(mu)株(zhu)(zhu)經養植(zhi)后還可(ke)再(zai)長2-3批蘗芽。要使母(mu)株(zhu)(zhu)多長蘗芽,必須養護(hu)恰當,最好地栽,經常施肥,并給以較充足的(de)光照。另(ling)外,鳳(feng)梨(li)蘗芽分切的(de)遲(chi)(chi)早與繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)系數(shu)有較大關系。分株(zhu)(zhu)越(yue)遲(chi)(chi),子(zi)株(zhu)(zhu)越(yue)大,成(cheng)活(huo)率越(yue)高,子(zi)株(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)長也越(yue)快,但分株(zhu)(zhu)過(guo)遲(chi)(chi)時(shi)(shi)(shi),也會影響(xiang)母(mu)株(zhu)(zhu)進一步繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)新芽。分株(zhu)(zhu)苗栽培(pei)2-3年即可(ke)開花。
觀賞(shang)鳳(feng)梨的(de)分株繁殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),繁殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)速(su)度(du)慢(man),獲得的(de)種苗數(shu)量(liang)小(xiao),大(da)小(xiao)不整齊(qi),商(shang)業化栽培(pei)品種的(de)大(da)規(gui)模繁殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多采用(yong)組織(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)法。觀賞(shang)鳳(feng)梨的(de)組織(zhi)(zhi)快繁多以蘗芽(ya)(ya)的(de)莖頂組織(zhi)(zhi)為材料,經常規(gui)消毒后接種在(zai)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)6-芐氨基腺嘌(piao)呤(6-BA)4毫克(ke)/升(sheng)和吲(yin)哚乙(yi)酸0.1毫克(ke)/升(sheng)(NAA)的(de)MS培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)基上(shang),30-40天(tian)(tian)可形(xing)成不定芽(ya)(ya)。通過(guo)液體振蕩培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)式有利于提(ti)高不定芽(ya)(ya)的(de)誘導(dao)率(lv),每個(ge)莖頂組織(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)50-60天(tian)(tian)時(shi)能獲得6-10個(ge)不定芽(ya)(ya)。將生(sheng)成的(de)不定芽(ya)(ya)切割后在(zai)相同的(de)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)基上(shang)能進(jin)(jin)行增殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),每次增殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)速(su)度(du)視品種而(er)異,大(da)約為3-6倍。當(dang)增殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)到一定的(de)數(shu)量(liang)后可再轉移(yi)到添(tian)加(jia)(jia)吲(yin)哚乙(yi)酸0.2毫克(ke)/升(sheng)的(de)1/2MS培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)基上(shang),約20-25天(tian)(tian)誘導(dao)出新(xin)根(gen),成為完整的(de)小(xiao)植(zhi)株。當(dang)組織(zhi)(zhi)苗長至(zhi)3-5厘米時(shi),將其(qi)移(yi)入(ru)栽培(pei)場或常溫下進(jin)(jin)行練苗,使其(qi)逐漸(jian)適(shi)應外界環境,以提(ti)高組織(zhi)(zhi)苗移(yi)植(zhi)的(de)成活率(lv)。
經過(guo)約20天左右的練苗(miao)后,可出(chu)(chu)瓶(ping)栽(zai)培。出(chu)(chu)瓶(ping)時,應(ying)洗出(chu)(chu)試(shi)管苗(miao)根部(bu)的培養基。栽(zai)培基質可采用細蛇(she)木屑和泥炭(tan)土的混合基質,移栽(zai)后保(bao)持(chi)適當的溫度和濕度,成活率(lv)可達90%以上。4-6周(zhou)后能(neng)長出(chu)(chu)新根。大多數的觀(guan)賞鳳梨都可以通過(guo)組織培養生產種(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao),但對于某些斑葉品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),如(ru)斑葉鸚(ying)歌鳳梨等,采用組織方式繁殖(zhi)時,其后代斑點(dian)或條紋往往會消失,降低觀(guan)賞價值,故應(ying)以分株繁殖(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)。
水(shui)塔(ta)花(hua)植株矮(ai)小,葉(xie)叢中心筒內常貯(zhu)有水(shui),好似水(shui)塔(ta),在(zai)熱帶地(di)區最高(gao)溫度的時候(hou),從未見份量(liang)減少(shao)或缺少(shao)的,有些(xie)蚊子專以此為(wei)繁(fan)殖地(di),別有風趣。
水塔花(hua)株叢青翠,花(hua)色(se)艷麗(li),是(shi)良好的(de)(de)盆栽花(hua)卉。盛開的(de)(de)水塔花(hua)是(shi)點綴陽臺、廳(ting)室的(de)(de)佳品(pin)。