銀白楊喜大陸性(xing)氣候,耐(nai)寒,深根(gen)性(xing),根(gen)薛力(li)強(qiang),抗風力(li)強(qiang),對(dui)土壤(rang)條件(jian)要求不(bu)嚴(yan),但以(yi)濕潤肥沃的(de)沙質土生長良好(hao)。不(bu)耐(nai)濕熱,北京以(yi)南地區栽培(pei)的(de)多受病蟲害。
遼寧南(nan)部(bu)、山(shan)(shan)東、河(he)南(nan)、河(he)北(bei)、山(shan)(shan)西、陜西、寧夏、甘肅、青海等(deng)省區栽培(pei),僅新(xin)疆(額爾齊(qi)斯河(he))有野生。歐(ou)洲、北(bei)非(fei)、亞洲西部(bu)和北(bei)部(bu)也有分布(bu)。
喬木,高15-30米(mi)。樹(shu)干不(bu)直(zhi),雌(ci)(ci)株更(geng)歪斜(xie);樹(shu)冠寬(kuan)闊。樹(shu)皮白(bai)(bai)色(se)至灰白(bai)(bai)色(se),平滑(hua),下(xia)部(bu)常(chang)粗糙。小(xiao)枝(zhi)初被白(bai)(bai)色(se)絨(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao),萌(meng)條密被絨(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao),圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing),灰綠或(huo)淡褐(he)(he)色(se)。芽卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)4-5毫(hao)米(mi),先端(duan)(duan)漸尖(jian),密被白(bai)(bai)絨(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao),后局部(bu)或(huo)全部(bu)脫落(luo)(luo),棕褐(he)(he)色(se),有(you)光(guang)澤;萌(meng)枝(zhi)和長(chang)枝(zhi)葉(xie)(xie)卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),掌狀3-5淺(qian)裂(lie),長(chang)4-10厘米(mi),寬(kuan)3-8厘米(mi),裂(lie)片(pian)先端(duan)(duan)鈍尖(jian),基(ji)部(bu)闊楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)平截,或(huo)近心形(xing)(xing)(xing),中裂(lie)片(pian)遠大于側裂(lie)片(pian),邊緣(yuan)呈不(bu)規(gui)則凹缺(que),側裂(lie)片(pian)幾呈鈍角(jiao)開展,不(bu)裂(lie)或(huo)凹缺(que)狀淺(qian)裂(lie),初時兩面被白(bai)(bai)絨(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao),后上(shang)面脫落(luo)(luo);短枝(zhi)葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)小(xiao),長(chang)4-8厘米(mi),寬(kuan)2-5厘米(mi),卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),先端(duan)(duan)鈍尖(jian),基(ji)部(bu)闊楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),少微心形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)平截,邊緣(yuan)有(you)不(bu)規(gui)則且(qie)不(bu)對稱的鈍齒牙;上(shang)面光(guang)滑(hua),下(xia)面被白(bai)(bai)色(se)絨(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao);葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)短于或(huo)等于葉(xie)(xie)片(pian),略側扁,被白(bai)(bai)絨(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao)。雄(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序長(chang)3-6厘米(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)序軸(zhou)有(you)毛(mao)(mao),苞片(pian)膜質,寬(kuan)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)約(yue)3毫(hao)米(mi),邊緣(yuan)有(you)不(bu)規(gui)則齒牙和長(chang)毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)盤(pan)有(you)短梗,寬(kuan)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),歪斜(xie);雄(xiong)蕊(rui)8-10,花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲(si)細(xi)長(chang),花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥紫紅色(se);雌(ci)(ci)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序長(chang)5-10厘米(mi),花(hua)(hua)(hua)序軸(zhou)有(you)毛(mao)(mao),雌(ci)(ci)蕊(rui)具短柄(bing),花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)短,柱(zhu)頭2,有(you)淡黃色(se)長(chang)裂(lie)片(pian)。蒴(shuo)果(guo)(guo)細(xi)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)約(yue)5毫(hao)米(mi),2瓣裂(lie),無毛(mao)(mao)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期4-5月,果(guo)(guo)期5月。
苗(miao)木(mu)進入休眠期(qi)時(shi),即在(zai)11月(yue)中(zhong)下旬(xun)至12月(yue)上中(zhong)旬(xun)采條,最好(hao)(hao)選(xuan)用生(sheng)(sheng)長健壯、發育充實、側(ce)芽萌(meng)芽少、沒有病蟲害(hai)的1年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)干中(zhong)、下部節段作插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)。大樹基(ji)部的1年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)萌(meng)芽條也可選(xuan)用。采條后(hou)將種條(平放)與濕沙層(ceng)(ceng)積于室外溝中(zhong),最上層(ceng)(ceng)蓋沙30~40cm。插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)長度(du)一般17cm左右,插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)粗度(du)以(yi)1~1.6cm為宜。插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)上端具有1~2個飽滿芽。一般在(zai)春季(ji)扦(qian)插(cha)(cha),扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)前進行浸水(shui)(shui)催根(gen)或(huo)ABT生(sheng)(sheng)根(gen)粉(fen)速蘸處(chu)理(li),或(huo)用100~150mg/kg萘乙酸溶液處(chu)理(li)插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)基(ji)部,然后(hou)扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)。插(cha)(cha)后(hou)立即澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui),在(zai)插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)愈合生(sheng)(sheng)根(gen)期(qi),圃(pu)地應保持足(zu)夠的水(shui)(shui)分,以(yi)后(hou)酌情澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)、施肥、松土(tu)除草,及時(shi)修枝(zhi)和防治病蟲。育苗(miao)地應選(xuan)擇肥沃、疏松、透氣良好(hao)(hao)的沙壤地為好(hao)(hao)。
銀白(bai)楊種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子成(cheng)(cheng)熟后(hou)(hou),立即采(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。果實(shi)采(cai)來后(hou)(hou),攤放于室內(nei)水(shui)泥地(di)上(shang)晾放,厚度5~6cm為宜,每日翻(fan)5~6次,2~3d后(hou)(hou)果實(shi)全部裂口,然后(hou)(hou)用柳條抽打(da)取種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)篩,可(ke)隨采(cai)隨播(bo)(bo),出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)整齊,幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)生長旺盛。次年春播(bo)(bo)的應在干燥、密封低溫(wen)下保(bao)存。播(bo)(bo)前先(xian)灌(guan)足(zu)底水(shui),等表土(tu)稍干后(hou)(hou),用平耙將床面2~3cm的表土(tu)充分(fen)摟(lou)平,然后(hou)(hou)條播(bo)(bo)。播(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)用細沙覆蓋(gai)2~3mm,并稍做鎮壓(ya),最后(hou)(hou)用細眼噴(pen)壺澆水(shui),以后(hou)(hou)保(bao)持苗(miao)(miao)床濕潤,直至(zhi)出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)。另一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)也很簡(jian)便,播(bo)(bo)前苗(miao)(miao)床先(xian)灌(guan)水(shui),待水(shui)快滲完時(shi),將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子播(bo)(bo)于床面,然后(hou)(hou)用篩過(guo)的“三合土(tu)”(細沙1份(fen)(fen),細土(tu)1份(fen)(fen),腐熟農家肥(fei)1份(fen)(fen))覆蓋(gai),以稍見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子即可(ke),一般播(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)2d幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)開始出(chu)土(tu),3~5d幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)大量出(chu)齊。幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)期需要(yao)充足(zu)水(shui)分(fen),應經(jing)常(chang)保(bao)持苗(miao)(miao)床濕潤,以后(hou)(hou)加強肥(fei)水(shui)管理,中耕除草,及(ji)時(shi)防治病蟲害。園林用苗(miao)(miao)需再移栽培育大苗(miao)(miao)。栽植時(shi)由于銀白(bai)楊側(ce)枝較多,可(ke)適當疏去部分(fen)側(ce)枝,以利成(cheng)(cheng)活。
銀(yin)白(bai)楊(yang)木材(cai)紋理直,結構細,質(zhi)輕軟,可(ke)(ke)(ke)供建筑(zhu)、家具、造(zao)紙(zhi)等用。樹皮可(ke)(ke)(ke)制栲膠;葉(xie)磨碎可(ke)(ke)(ke)驅臭蟲;樹形(xing)高聳(song),枝葉(xie)美觀,幼葉(xie)紅(hong)艷,可(ke)(ke)(ke)做綠(lv)化樹種。也(ye)為西北地區平原沙荒造(zao)林樹種。