銀白楊喜(xi)大陸性(xing)氣候,耐(nai)寒(han),深根性(xing),根薛(xue)力(li)強,抗風力(li)強,對土壤條件要求不嚴,但以濕(shi)潤肥沃的(de)(de)沙質(zhi)土生長(chang)良好。不耐(nai)濕(shi)熱,北京(jing)以南地區栽(zai)培的(de)(de)多受病蟲(chong)害。
遼寧南部、山東、河(he)南、河(he)北、山西(xi)(xi)、陜西(xi)(xi)、寧夏(xia)、甘肅、青海(hai)等省區栽培,僅新疆(額爾齊斯河(he))有(you)野生。歐洲、北非(fei)、亞(ya)洲西(xi)(xi)部和北部也有(you)分(fen)布。
喬木,高(gao)15-30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。樹(shu)(shu)干不(bu)直,雌株(zhu)更歪斜;樹(shu)(shu)冠寬(kuan)闊。樹(shu)(shu)皮白(bai)色(se)(se)至(zhi)灰白(bai)色(se)(se),平滑,下部常粗糙(cao)。小枝初被(bei)白(bai)色(se)(se)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),萌條密被(bei)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing),灰綠或(huo)(huo)淡褐(he)色(se)(se)。芽卵圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)4-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)漸尖(jian),密被(bei)白(bai)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),后(hou)局部或(huo)(huo)全部脫落,棕褐(he)色(se)(se),有(you)(you)光(guang)澤;萌枝和長(chang)枝葉(xie)卵圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),掌狀3-5淺裂(lie),長(chang)4-10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3-8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)先(xian)端(duan)(duan)鈍尖(jian),基部闊楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)平截(jie),或(huo)(huo)近心形(xing)(xing),中(zhong)裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)遠大(da)于側裂(lie)片(pian)(pian),邊緣(yuan)呈不(bu)規則凹缺,側裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)幾呈鈍角開展(zhan),不(bu)裂(lie)或(huo)(huo)凹缺狀淺裂(lie),初時兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)被(bei)白(bai)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),后(hou)上面(mian)(mian)脫落;短(duan)枝葉(xie)較小,長(chang)4-8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)2-5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),卵圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀卵形(xing)(xing),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)鈍尖(jian),基部闊楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),少(shao)微心形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)平截(jie),邊緣(yuan)有(you)(you)不(bu)規則且不(bu)對稱(cheng)的鈍齒牙(ya);上面(mian)(mian)光(guang)滑,下面(mian)(mian)被(bei)白(bai)色(se)(se)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);葉(xie)柄短(duan)于或(huo)(huo)等于葉(xie)片(pian)(pian),略側扁,被(bei)白(bai)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。雄花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)長(chang)3-6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)軸有(you)(you)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),苞片(pian)(pian)膜質,寬(kuan)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)約3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),邊緣(yuan)有(you)(you)不(bu)規則齒牙(ya)和長(chang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);花(hua)(hua)盤有(you)(you)短(duan)梗,寬(kuan)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),歪斜;雄蕊(rui)8-10,花(hua)(hua)絲細長(chang),花(hua)(hua)藥紫紅(hong)色(se)(se);雌花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)長(chang)5-10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)軸有(you)(you)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),雌蕊(rui)具短(duan)柄,花(hua)(hua)柱短(duan),柱頭2,有(you)(you)淡黃色(se)(se)長(chang)裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)。蒴果細圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing),長(chang)約5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),2瓣(ban)裂(lie),無毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。花(hua)(hua)期4-5月(yue),果期5月(yue)。
苗木進(jin)入(ru)休眠期(qi)時,即在11月中下(xia)旬至12月上中旬采條,最好(hao)選用生長健(jian)壯、發育(yu)充實、側芽(ya)(ya)萌芽(ya)(ya)少、沒有病蟲(chong)害(hai)的1年生苗干中、下(xia)部節段作插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)。大(da)樹(shu)基部的1年生萌芽(ya)(ya)條也可選用。采條后(hou)將種(zhong)條(平放)與濕沙(sha)層(ceng)積于室外溝中,最上層(ceng)蓋沙(sha)30~40cm。插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)長度一般17cm左右(you),插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)粗度以(yi)1~1.6cm為(wei)宜。插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)上端具有1~2個飽(bao)滿芽(ya)(ya)。一般在春季扦插(cha)(cha),扦插(cha)(cha)前進(jin)行(xing)浸水(shui)(shui)(shui)催根(gen)(gen)或ABT生根(gen)(gen)粉(fen)速蘸處理,或用100~150mg/kg萘乙(yi)酸(suan)溶液(ye)處理插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)基部,然(ran)后(hou)扦插(cha)(cha)。插(cha)(cha)后(hou)立即澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui),在插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)愈合生根(gen)(gen)期(qi),圃地(di)應保(bao)持(chi)足(zu)夠的水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen),以(yi)后(hou)酌情澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、施肥、松土除草,及時修(xiu)枝和防治(zhi)病蟲(chong)。育(yu)苗地(di)應選擇肥沃、疏松、透氣良好(hao)的沙(sha)壤地(di)為(wei)好(hao)。
銀白楊種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)成熟后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),立即采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。果實(shi)采(cai)(cai)來后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),攤放(fang)(fang)于(yu)室內水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)地上晾放(fang)(fang),厚度5~6cm為宜,每(mei)日翻5~6次,2~3d后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)果實(shi)全(quan)部(bu)裂口,然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)用(yong)柳條抽打取種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)篩(shai)(shai),可(ke)隨(sui)采(cai)(cai)隨(sui)播,出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)整齊,幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)生長旺(wang)盛。次年春(chun)播的(de)應(ying)在(zai)干(gan)燥、密封低溫下保(bao)存。播前先(xian)灌足底水(shui)(shui),等表土稍干(gan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),用(yong)平(ping)耙將床(chuang)面(mian)(mian)2~3cm的(de)表土充分(fen)摟平(ping),然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)條播。播后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)用(yong)細沙覆蓋2~3mm,并稍做鎮壓,最后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)用(yong)細眼(yan)噴壺澆水(shui)(shui),以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)保(bao)持苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)濕潤(run),直至出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。另一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法也很簡便,播前苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)先(xian)灌水(shui)(shui),待水(shui)(shui)快滲(shen)完(wan)時(shi),將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)播于(yu)床(chuang)面(mian)(mian),然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)用(yong)篩(shai)(shai)過(guo)的(de)“三合(he)土”(細沙1份(fen),細土1份(fen),腐熟農家肥(fei)1份(fen))覆蓋,以(yi)稍見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)即可(ke),一般播后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)2d幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)開始(shi)出(chu)(chu)土,3~5d幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)大量出(chu)(chu)齊。幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi)需要充足水(shui)(shui)分(fen),應(ying)經常保(bao)持苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)濕潤(run),以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)加強肥(fei)水(shui)(shui)管理,中耕除草(cao),及時(shi)防治病蟲害。園林用(yong)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)需再移栽培育大苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。栽植時(shi)由于(yu)銀白楊側枝較(jiao)多,可(ke)適當疏去部(bu)分(fen)側枝,以(yi)利成活。
銀(yin)白楊木材(cai)紋理(li)直,結構細,質輕軟,可供建筑、家(jia)具、造(zao)紙等用。樹皮可制栲(kao)膠(jiao);葉磨碎可驅臭蟲;樹形高聳,枝葉美觀,幼葉紅艷,可做綠(lv)化樹種。也為(wei)西北地區平原沙荒造(zao)林(lin)樹種。