組佩又(you)名“雜佩”、“佩玉(yu)”,專指春秋戰國時(shi)盛行的(de)由多件玉(yu)器(qi)串聯(lian)組成的(de)懸于(yu)(yu)身上的(de)佩飾玉(yu)。此佩玉(yu)現(xian)今(jin)所知(zhi)最早見于(yu)(yu)春秋早期,戰國達(da)到極(ji)盛,漢代逐漸(jian)消亡。其后南北朝(chao)、唐(tang),元等朝(chao)代雖偶有出土,但在當時(shi)社會中(zhong)不(bu)具(ju)有較(jiao)大(da)的(de)影響。
玉組(zu)佩以(yi)鏤雕(diao)綬帶紋長方形玉飾系鎏金銀鏈(lian)下掛5件玉墜而成,玉墜分別(bie)為摩羯、雙(shuang)魚、雙(shuang)鳳、雙(shuang)龍、魚銜(xian)蓮枝佩。龍、鳳、魚等吉(ji)祥(xiang)題材的運用以(yi)及雕(diao)琢刻劃中所(suo)表現出(chu)的寫實風(feng)格,具(ju)有(you)濃郁的中原文化氣息(xi),顯(xian)示(shi)出(chu)遼地諸族文化的交流及玉器制作(zuo)的發(fa)展水平(ping)。
春秋、戰國組佩(pei),一般由(you)璜、環、瓏(long)、琥、觿(xi)、珠等(deng)組成。人們佩(pei)戴成組佩(pei)玉,不只是出于純(chun)粹的飾(shi)目的,更是由(you)于玉具有(you)堅硬(ying)、潤澤、純(chun)凈,美觀等(deng)屬(shu)性,因此被當時士人看成是人的完美品德的象征。組佩(pei)通常用玉環(璧),玉璜作主(zhu)體,以(yi)瓏(long)、琥、觿(xi)為懸(xuan)飾(shi)。
從考古發掘所得(de)幾套(tao)組(zu)佩(pei)的(de)(de)復原圖中(zhong)(zhong)可知(zhi),龍(long)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)佩(pei)(瓏)和(he)虎(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)佩(pei)(琥(hu))是(shi)春秋(qiu)戰國組(zu)佩(pei)中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)具特(te)色的(de)(de)。龍(long)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)佩(pei)為片狀,多數(shu)鏤刻(ke)(ke)成(cheng)“s”形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)身(shen)(shen)軀,腹部(bu)上拱,中(zhong)(zhong)間有(you)孔用(yong)于懸(xuan)掛(gua)在組(zu)佩(pei)正中(zhong)(zhong)。頭部(bu)有(you)孔的(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較長,有(you)的(de)(de)作鉤形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),應(ying)是(shi)懸(xuan)掛(gua)在側翼的(de)(de)飾(shi)件(jian)。龍(long)的(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)雕刻(ke)(ke)得(de)健勁(jing)有(you)力,除春秋(qiu)早(zao)期(qi)部(bu)分平(ping)素外,常見的(de)(de)玉龍(long)首(shou)、爪、尾(wei)刻(ke)(ke)琢精細(xi),身(shen)(shen)上飾(shi)圖案(an)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。春秋(qiu)早(zao)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)以(yi)蟠螭紋(wen)(wen)、蟠虺紋(wen)(wen)為主,戰國時則普遍施谷紋(wen)(wen)、渦(wo)紋(wen)(wen)、勾云紋(wen)(wen)等,或者(zhe)幾種紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)交織裝飾(shi),變化豐(feng)富。龍(long)首(shou)爪用(yong)隱起(qi)法雕刻(ke)(ke),視之如(ru)同(tong)淺浮雕。龍(long)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象猙獰,表情夸張(zhang),形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式各(ge)異(yi)。除龍(long)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)佩(pei)外,還常見有(you)虎(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)佩(pei)、鳥(niao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)佩(pei)和(he)沖牙等。這些玉件(jian)的(de)(de)特(te)點與龍(long)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)佩(pei)基本相(xiang)同(tong)。
西漢(han)(han)初(chu)年,戰(zhan)(zhan)國風格的(de)組(zu)佩(pei)曾(ceng)流行過一段時間,串聯形(xing)式趨(qu)于簡(jian)化,西漢(han)(han)中(zhong)后期組(zu)佩(pei)基本消(xiao)失。南(nan)北朝、唐、元(yuan)墓葬中(zhong)曾(ceng)發現過當(dang)時新(xin)形(xing)式的(de)成組(zu)玉(yu)佩(pei),但玉(yu)件的(de)造型風格、組(zu)佩(pei)的(de)串聯形(xing)式與(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)國已完全不(bu)同。玉(yu)件除少數刻陰(yin)線花(hua)鳥(niao)流云紋外,多為(wei)光素,與(yu)同時其他種類玉(yu)器相比,顯得較粗糙。宋至(zhi)清(qing)代,關于戰(zhan)(zhan)國組(zu)佩(pei)的(de)確(que)切形(xing)式,已不(bu)為(wei)世人所知。
玉組佩(pei)(M92:83)
最大的璜長8.5厘米
1994年晉侯墓(mu)地92號墓(mu)出土
出(chu)土于墓主的胸腹部,過頸佩戴。由282件形(xing)制各異的玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器組(zu)合(he)而成(cheng),主要有玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)珩(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)圭、束(shu)腰(yao)(yao)形(xing)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian),以及玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)貝、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)珠(zhu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、瑪瑙珠(zhu)、瑪瑙管(guan)(guan)(guan)、綠松石(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、料(liao)珠(zhu)、料(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)。過頸部分為(wei)三列珠(zhu)、管(guan)(guan)(guan),兩(liang)側為(wei)成(cheng)串的珠(zhu)、管(guan)(guan)(guan),并(bing)各有兩(liang)件束(shu)腰(yao)(yao)形(xing)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian),下端分別系(xi)有一(yi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)貝為(wei)墜。中間自(zi)上而下為(wei)4珩(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)4璜,末一(yi)行珩(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)的兩(liang)端分別系(xi)有2件玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)圭。珩(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)、璜中素面2件,其(qi)余均單(dan)面刻有相交的龍(long)紋,珩(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)的龍(long)首相反,而璜的龍(long)首向對,布局(ju)對稱,刻工細膩,頗為(wei)精致。據研究,大型(xing)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)組(zu)佩的使(shi)用,有嚴格(ge)的制度,使(shi)用范(fan)圍(wei)有可能僅限于公、侯等(deng)諸侯國國君及其(qi)夫人或(huo)有相應封號(hao)的貴族。多璜組(zu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)佩是國君與高級貴族區別貴賤,等(deng)級的標志(zhi)之(zhi)一(yi)。
玉組佩,明晚期,通長(chang)53.6cm。
清(qing)宮舊(jiu)藏。組(zu)(zu)(zu)佩(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)由53件(jian)(jian)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾串成。上(shang)部以一(yi)件(jian)(jian)壽星騎(qi)鶴式玉(yu)(yu)(yu)紐總攬(lan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)佩(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei),其下有(you)金質(zhi)橫(heng)梁(liang),橫(heng)梁(liang)兩(liang)端(duan)為(wei)(wei)龍(long)頭。橫(heng)梁(liang)下懸有(you)4串玉(yu)(yu)(yu)片,每(mei)串由上(shang)下5組(zu)(zu)(zu)構成,橫(heng)向(xiang)相對。上(shang)4組(zu)(zu)(zu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾每(mei)串各為(wei)(wei)3件(jian)(jian),其中2件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)葉,1件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)鏤(lou)(lou)件(jian)(jian),玉(yu)(yu)(yu)鏤(lou)(lou)件(jian)(jian)分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)“卍”字(zi)(zi)、“壽”字(zi)(zi)、鳳、雙魚、雙桃、華蓋、麒(qi)麟等(deng),第5組(zu)(zu)(zu)均為(wei)(wei)單個玉(yu)(yu)(yu)文臣。這(zhe)類(lei)成組(zu)(zu)(zu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾產生的(de)(de)年(nian)代很早,與《詩經》中所言“雜佩(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)”類(lei)似(si),按不(bu)同的(de)(de)部位,玉(yu)(yu)(yu)件(jian)(jian)被稱為(wei)(wei)“珩”、“琚”、“瑀(yu)”、“沖牙”,佩(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)戴于人身,行(xing)走時(shi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)件(jian)(jian)相觸而(er)有(you)聲。明代墓(mu)葬(zang)中出土有(you)成組(zu)(zu)(zu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)佩(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)多套,如定陵中即有(you)與此件(jian)(jian)類(lei)似(si)的(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)(zu)佩(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)。這(zhe)組(zu)(zu)(zu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)佩(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)所用白玉(yu)(yu)(yu)質(zhi)地(di)優良,加工精致,是宮廷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器中的(de)(de)精品。