黃(huang)芩(拉丁學名:Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi),別(bie)名山茶(cha)根(gen)、土金茶(cha)根(gen),是唇形(xing)科(ke)黃(huang)芩屬多年生草本(ben)植物(wu);肉(rou)質(zhi)根(gen)莖(jing)肥厚,葉堅(jian)紙質(zhi),披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)至(zhi)線狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing),總狀(zhuang)花(hua)序在莖(jing)及枝上頂生,花(hua)冠紫、紫紅至(zhi)藍色,花(hua)絲扁平(ping),花(hua)柱細長,花(hua)盤環狀(zhuang),子房褐(he)色,小堅(jian)果(guo)卵球形(xing),花(hua)果(guo)期7~9月(yue)。
黃(huang)芩生于(yu)(yu)向陽(yang)草坡地(di)、休荒地(di)上,海拔60~1300(1700~2000)米。產(chan)于(yu)(yu)黑(hei)龍江,遼寧,內蒙古(gu),河(he)北,河(he)南,甘肅(su),陜西(xi)(xi),山西(xi)(xi),山東,四川等地(di),中國北方多數省區都(dou)可種(zhong)植。俄羅斯東西(xi)(xi)伯利(li)亞,蒙古(gu),朝鮮,日本均有分布。模式標本采自俄羅斯。
黃芩的根入(ru)藥(yao),味苦、性(xing)寒,有清熱(re)燥濕(shi)、瀉火(huo)解毒、止血(xue)、安胎(tai)等功(gong)效。主治溫(wen)熱(re)病、上呼(hu)吸道感染(ran)、肺熱(re)咳嗽、濕(shi)熱(re)黃膽、肺炎、痢(li)疾、咳血(xue)、目赤、胎(tai)動不安、高血(xue)壓、癰腫癤瘡等癥。黃芩的臨床抗(kang)菌性(xing)比黃連好(hao),而(er)且不產生抗(kang)藥(yao)性(xing)。
生(sheng)于向陽草坡(po)地(di)、休荒地(di)上,海拔60~1300(1700~2000)米。
黃(huang)芩野生(sheng)于(yu)山頂、山坡、林緣、路旁等向陽較(jiao)干(gan)燥的(de)地方。喜溫(wen)暖,耐(nai)嚴寒,成年植株地下(xia)部分在-35℃低(di)溫(wen)下(xia)仍能安全越冬,35℃高溫(wen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)致枯死,但(dan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能經受40℃以(yi)(yi)上(shang)連續高溫(wen)天(tian)氣。耐(nai)旱怕(pa)澇,地內積水或雨水過多,生(sheng)長不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang),重(zhong)者爛根死亡。排水不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang)的(de)土地不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜種植。土壤以(yi)(yi)壤土和沙質壤士,酸(suan)堿(jian)度以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)性和微堿(jian)性為好,忌連作(zuo)。
黃芩(qin)主要分布在(zai)山(shan)東、陜西(xi)、山(shan)西(xi)、甘(gan)肅四大(da)產(chan)(chan)區(qu),其(qi)中集中在(zai)山(shan)西(xi)絳縣(xian)南凡鎮(zhen)(zhen)、運城市夏縣(xian)瑤(yao)峰(feng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、新絳縣(xian)萬安(an)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、萬榮縣(xian)、聞喜縣(xian)薛店鎮(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)地;陜西(xi)商(shang)(shang)洛、渭(wei)南臨渭(wei)區(qu)橋(qiao)南鎮(zhen)(zhen)、商(shang)(shang)州(zhou)市商(shang)(shang)州(zhou)區(qu)孝義鎮(zhen)(zhen)、洛南縣(xian)景村鎮(zhen)(zhen)、丹鳳縣(xian)棣(di)花鎮(zhen)(zhen)、商(shang)(shang)洛市夜村鎮(zhen)(zhen)、丹鳳縣(xian)商(shang)(shang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)地;山(shan)東沂蒙山(shan)區(qu)、莒縣(xian)庫山(shan)鄉、萊(lai)蕪市茶葉口鎮(zhen)(zhen)、富(fu)官(guan)莊鄉等(deng)地;甘(gan)肅主產(chan)(chan)隴(long)西(xi)、渭(wei)源(yuan)、漳縣(xian),次(ci)產(chan)(chan)岷縣(xian)、宕昌、河西(xi)等(deng)地。
黃芩主要分布中國內(nei)蒙(meng)中東部和東北(bei)三(san)省(sheng)大部,河北(bei)承德,內(nei)蒙(meng)古赤峰等幾(ji)個最具規模的(de)主產區,是(shi)中國北(bei)方野生中藥材的(de)主要產地之一。
多年生草本(ben);根(gen)莖肥厚,肉(rou)質(zhi),徑達2厘(li)米,伸長而分枝。莖基部伏地,上升,高30~120厘(li)米,基部徑2.5-3毫(hao)米,鈍四棱(leng)形,具細條紋,近無毛(mao)或被(bei)上曲至開展(zhan)的微柔(rou)毛(mao),綠(lv)色或帶紫色,自基部多分枝。
葉堅紙質,披(pi)針形至線狀披(pi)針形,長(chang)1.5~4.5厘米(mi),寬0.5~1.2厘米(mi),頂端鈍(dun),基部(bu)圓形,全緣,上面暗綠色,無(wu)毛或(huo)疏被貼生至開展的微柔(rou)毛,下面色較淡,無(wu)毛或(huo)沿中(zhong)脈(mo)(mo)疏被微柔(rou)毛,密被下陷的腺點,側脈(mo)(mo)4對,與中(zhong)脈(mo)(mo)上面下陷下面凸出;葉柄短,長(chang)2毫米(mi),腹凹背凸,被微柔(rou)毛。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)在(zai)(zai)莖及枝上頂生,總狀,長(chang)7~15厘(li)米(mi),常再于莖頂聚(ju)成圓(yuan)(yuan)錐花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)長(chang)3毫(hao)米(mi),與序(xu)軸均被(bei)微(wei)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao);苞片(pian)下部(bu)(bu)者似葉,上部(bu)(bu)者遠(yuan)較小,卵圓(yuan)(yuan)狀披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)至披(pi)針形(xing)(xing),長(chang)4~11毫(hao)米(mi),近(jin)于無毛(mao)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼(e)開花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時長(chang)4毫(hao)米(mi),盾片(pian)高1.5毫(hao)米(mi),外(wai)面密(mi)被(bei)微(wei)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao),萼(e)緣被(bei)疏(shu)(shu)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao),內面無毛(mao),果時花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼(e)長(chang)5毫(hao)米(mi),有高4毫(hao)米(mi)的盾片(pian)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)(guan)紫、紫紅至藍色,長(chang)2.3~3厘(li)米(mi),外(wai)面密(mi)被(bei)具腺短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao),內面在(zai)(zai)囊狀膨大處被(bei)短柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao);冠(guan)(guan)筒近(jin)基部(bu)(bu)明顯(xian)膝曲,中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)徑1.5毫(hao)米(mi),至喉部(bu)(bu)寬(kuan)達6毫(hao)米(mi);冠(guan)(guan)檐2唇(chun)形(xing)(xing),上唇(chun)盔狀,先(xian)端微(wei)缺,下唇(chun)中(zhong)(zhong)裂片(pian)三角(jiao)狀卵圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),寬(kuan)7.5毫(hao)米(mi),兩側(ce)裂片(pian)向上唇(chun)靠合。雄蕊4,稍(shao)(shao)露出,前對(dui)較長(chang),具半藥,退化半藥不明顯(xian),后對(dui)較短,具全(quan)藥,藥室裂口具白色髯(ran)毛(mao),背部(bu)(bu)具泡(pao)狀毛(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲扁平,中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)以下前對(dui)在(zai)(zai)內側(ce)后對(dui)在(zai)(zai)兩側(ce)被(bei)小疏(shu)(shu)柔(rou)(rou)毛(mao)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱細(xi)長(chang),先(xian)端銳(rui)尖,微(wei)裂。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)盤(pan)環狀,高0.75毫(hao)米(mi),前方稍(shao)(shao)增大,后方延伸(shen)成極短子(zi)房柄(bing)。子(zi)房褐色,無毛(mao)。
小堅果(guo)卵球形,高(gao)1.5毫(hao)米,徑1毫(hao)米,黑褐色(se),具瘤,腹(fu)面近基部具果(guo)臍(qi)。花期7-8月,果(guo)期8-9月。
根(gen)(gen)的(de)生(sheng)長(chang):黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)為(wei)直根(gen)(gen)系,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)在(zai)前三年生(sheng)長(chang)正常,其主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)長(chang)度、粗度、鮮(xian)重(zhong)和干重(zhong)均逐年增加,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)中黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)苷含量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)高。第(di)四年以后,生(sheng)長(chang)速度開(kai)始(shi)變(bian)慢,部分主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)開(kai)始(shi)出現枯(ku)心(xin),以后逐年加重(zhong),八年生(sheng)的(de)家重(zhong)黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)幾(ji)乎所(suo)有主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)及較(jiao)(jiao)粗的(de)側(ce)根(gen)(gen)全部枯(ku)心(xin),而且黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)苷的(de)含量(liang)也大(da)幅度降低。
莖(jing)、葉(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang):出(chu)(chu)苗后(hou),主莖(jing)逐漸長(chang)高,葉(xie)數逐漸增加,隨(sui)后(hou)形成分枝并現蕾(lei)、開花、結實。5~6月為莖(jing)葉(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期,一年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)黃芩主莖(jing)約可長(chang)出(chu)(chu)30對(dui)(dui)葉(xie),其中前五對(dui)(dui)葉(xie)每4~6天長(chang)出(chu)(chu)1對(dui)(dui),其后(hou)葉(xie)片每2~3天長(chang)出(chu)(chu)1對(dui)(dui)。
開(kai)花結果:一年生植株一般出苗后2個月開(kai)始(shi)(shi)現蕾(lei),二年生及(ji)其以后的黃芩,多于返(fan)青出苗后70~80天開(kai)始(shi)(shi)現蕾(lei),現蕾(lei)后10天左右(you)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)開(kai)花,40天左右(you)果實開(kai)始(shi)(shi)成熟,如(ru)環境(jing)條件適(shi)宜(yi)黃芩開(kai)花結實可持續到霜枯(ku)期。
采取種(zhong)子直播(bo)時,當幼苗(miao)長到4厘米高時要間去過密和瘦弱的小苗(miao),按株距10厘米定苗(miao)。育苗(miao)地不必(bi)間苗(miao)。
幼苗出土(tu)后(hou),應及(ji)時(shi)松(song)土(tu)除(chu)草(cao),并結合松(song)土(tu)向(xiang)幼苗四周適當培(pei)土(tu),保(bao)持疏松(song)、無(wu)雜草(cao),一(yi)年(nian)需要除(chu)草(cao)3-4次。
苗高10-15厘米時,追肥(fei)1次,施(shi)用(yong)(yong)量為每畝用(yong)(yong)人畜糞水(shui)1500-2000千(qian)克(ke)(ke)。6月底-7月初,每畝追施(shi)過(guo)(guo)磷酸(suan)鈣20千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、尿(niao)素(su)5千(qian)克(ke)(ke),行間(jian)開溝施(shi)下(xia),覆土(tu)后(hou)澆水(shui)。次年收獲的(de)待植株枯萎(wei)后(hou),于行間(jian)開溝每畝追施(shi)腐熟廄肥(fei)2000千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、過(guo)(guo)磷酸(suan)鈣20千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、尿(niao)素(su)5千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、草木灰150千(qian)克(ke)(ke),然后(hou)覆土(tu)蓋平。
黃芩耐旱怕澇,雨季需注意排水,田(tian)間不可積(ji)水,否則(ze)易爛(lan)根。遇(yu)嚴(yan)重(zhong)干旱時(shi)或追肥后,可適當澆水。
在抽出花(hua)(hua)序前,將花(hua)(hua)梗減掉,可(ke)減少養分消耗,促(cu)使根系(xi)生(sheng)長,提(ti)高(gao)產量。
種子繁殖:
⑴直播法
種子繁殖以直播為(wei)主(zhu),直播黃芩根(gen)系直,根(gen)叉(cha)少,商品(pin)外(wai)觀品(pin)質(zhi)好(hao),同時省工(gong)。
直(zhi)播多于春(chun)季進行,一般在(zai)地下5厘米地溫穩定在(zai)12℃-15℃時播種,北方(fang)地區多在(zai)4月上中旬前后。
⑵育苗移栽法
育苗(miao)移栽法可節省種(zhong)子(zi),延長生長時間,利于確(que)保全(quan)苗(miao),但較(jiao)(jiao)為費(fei)工(gong),同時移栽黃(huang)芩主(zhu)根較(jiao)(jiao)短,根叉(cha)較(jiao)(jiao)多,商品(pin)外觀品(pin)質差,一般在種(zhong)子(zi)昂貴(gui)或者旱地缺水直播難以出苗(miao)保苗(miao)時采用。
扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)(cha)繁殖:扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)(cha)雖可繁殖,但生產中很少(shao)采用。扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)(cha)成(cheng)敗的(de)關鍵在于扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)(cha)季節和取條部分。扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)(cha)時間以(yi)春(chun)季5-6月(yue)份(fen)扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)(cha)成(cheng)活(huo)率高。插(cha)(cha)(cha)條應選莖尖半木質化的(de)幼嫩部分,扦(qian)(qian)插(cha)(cha)(cha)成(cheng)活(huo)率可達(da)90%以(yi)上。
分根(gen)繁(fan)(fan)殖:即挖(wa)取(qu)(qu)洞未(wei)萌(meng)發的3年(nian)生黃芩根(gen)莖(jing),切取(qu)(qu)主根(gen)留供(gong)藥用(yong),然后(hou)根(gen)據根(gen)莖(jing)生長的自(zi)然形狀(zhuang)分切成若(ruo)干塊,每塊有芽眼2-3個即可栽種。分根(gen)繁(fan)(fan)殖雖(sui)然生長快,但繁(fan)(fan)殖系數(shu)太低,生產中很少采用(yong)。
病害有葉枯病,可(ke)清潔(jie)田園,發端正初期(qi)噴灑1:1:200波爾多液,或用(yong)50%多菌靈1000倍(bei)液防治(zhi)。
根(gen)腐病(bing),注意排水(shui),實行輪作(zuo);及(ji)早撥出病(bing)株(zhu)燒毀,病(bing)株(zhu)處土(tu)壤用石灰(hui)消毒。
蟲害(hai)有(you)黃芩舞蛾,可用90%敵(di)百蟲防治。
付方
性味:苦,寒。
①《本(ben)經》:味苦,平。
②《別錄》:大寒,無毒。
③《藥性論》:味(wei)苦(ku)甘(gan)。
歸經(jing):入(ru)心、肺、膽、大腸經(jing)。
①《品匯精要》:行手太陰、陽明經。
②《綱目》:入手(shou)少陰、陽(yang)明,手(shou)足太陰、少陽(yang)六經。
③《雷公(gong)炮制藥性解(jie)》:入肺、大腸、膀胱、膽四(si)經。
瀉(xie)實火(huo),除濕熱(re)(re)(re),止血,安胎。治壯熱(re)(re)(re)煩(fan)渴,肺熱(re)(re)(re)咳嗽,濕熱(re)(re)(re)瀉(xie)痢(li),黃(huang)疸(dan),熱(re)(re)(re)淋,吐、衄(nv)、崩(beng)、漏(lou),目赤腫(zhong)痛,胎動(dong)不(bu)安,癰腫(zhong)疔瘡。
①《本(ben)經(jing)》:主(zhu)諸熱黃疸,腸(chang)澼,泄利,逐水(shui),下(xia)血(xue)閉,(治)惡(e)瘡,疽蝕,火瘍。
②《別(bie)錄(lu)》:療痰(tan)熱,胃中熱,小腹絞痛,消(xiao)谷(gu),利小腸,女子血閉,淋露下血,小兒腹痛。
③陶弘(hong)景:治奔豚(tun),臍下熱痛。
④《藥(yao)性論》:能(neng)治熱(re)毒,骨(gu)蒸(zheng),寒熱(re)往來,腸胃(wei)不利,破壅(yong)氣,治五(wu)淋,令人宣暢,去關節煩悶,解(jie)熱(re)渴,治熱(re)腹(fu)中(zhong)疞痛(tong),心腹(fu)堅脹。
⑤《日(ri)華子本草》:下氣,主天行熱(re)疾(ji),疔瘡,排膿(nong)。治乳癰,發背。
⑥《珍珠(zhu)囊》:除陽有余(yu),涼心去熱,通寒格。
⑦李(li)杲:治(zhi)發熱口苦。
⑧《滇南本草》:上行瀉肺火,下(xia)行瀉膀胱火,(治(zhi))男子五淋,女(nv)子暴崩,調經清(qing)熱(re),胎(tai)有火熱(re)不安,清(qing)胎(tai)熱(re),除六經實火實熱(re)。
⑨《綱目》:治風(feng)熱(re)濕熱(re)頭疼,奔豚熱(re)痛(tong),火咳,肺痿喉腥,諸失(shi)血(xue)。
⑩《本草(cao)正(zheng)》:枯(ku)者(zhe)清(qing)上焦(jiao)之火(huo),消(xiao)痰(tan)利氣,定(ding)喘嗽,止失血,退(tui)往來(lai)寒熱(re)(re),風(feng)熱(re)(re)濕熱(re)(re),頭痛,解(jie)瘟疫,清(qing)咽,療肺痿肺癰,乳(ru)癰發(fa)背,尤祛(qu)肌(ji)表之熱(re)(re),故治(zhi)斑疹、鼠(shu)瘺(lou),瘡瘍、赤(chi)(chi)眼;實者(zhe)涼(liang)下焦(jiao)之熱(re)(re),能除(chu)赤(chi)(chi)痢,熱(re)(re)蓄膀胱(guang),五淋澀(se)痛,大腸閉(bi)結,便血、漏(lou)血。
⑾《科學的民間藥草》:外(wai)洗創口,有防(fang)腐(fu)作用(yong)。
內服:煎(jian)湯,1~3錢;或入丸(wan)、散。外用(yong):煎(jian)水洗(xi)或研(yan)末撤(che)。
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)根含黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)類化合物:黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(baicalein),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)新素(su)(su)(su)(neobaicalein),即黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)Ⅱ(skullcapflavoneⅡ),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)甙(dai)(baicalin),漢黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(wogonin),漢黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)甙(dai)(wogono-side),木(mu)蝴(hu)蝶素(su)(su)(su)A(oroxylin,oroxylin A),7-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(7-methoxbaic alein),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(skullcapflavone)Ⅰ,二(er)(er)氫(qing)木(mu)蝴(hu)蝶素(su)(su)(su)A(dihydrooroxylin A),白楊素(su)(su)(su)(chrysin),2,5,8-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-7-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,5,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-flavone),2,5,8-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6,7-二(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,5,8-trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone),4,5,7-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(4,5,7-trhydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone),2,3,5,6,7-五羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,3,5,6,7-pentahydroxyflavanone),漢黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)-5-β-D-葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖甙(dai)(wogonin-5-β-D-glucoside),2-(3-羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-4-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))-乙基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-1-O-α-L-鼠(shu)李糖基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(1→3)-β-D(4-阿魏酰基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))-葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖〔2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl-1-O-α-L-rhamnosyl(1→3)-β-D-(4-feruloyl)glucoside〕,白楊素(su)(su)(su)-6-C-α-L-阿拉(la)伯糖甙(dai)(chrysin-6-C-β-D-glucoside-8-C-β-L-arabinoside),白楊素(su)(su)(su)-6-C-α-L-阿拉(la)伯糖甙(dai)-8-C-β-D-葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖甙(dai)(chrysin-6-C-α-L-arabi-noside-8-C-β-D-glucoside),(2S)-2,5,6,7-四(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷酮(tong)(tong)(tong)〔(2S)-25,6,7-terahydroxyflavanone〕,5,7,2,6-四(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,6-tetrahydroxyflavone),5,8-二(er)(er)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6,7-二(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,8-dihydroxy-6,7-drimethoxyflavone),5,7,4-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,4-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone),木(mu)蝴(hu)蝶素(su)(su)(su)A-7-O-葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖醛(quan)酸甙(dai)(oroxylinA-7-O-glucuronide),5,7,2-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trihyroxy-6-methoxyflavone),5,2-二(er)(er)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6,7,8-三(san)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,2-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyfla-vone),5-閎(hong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-7,8-二(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-flavone),去甲(jia)(jia)(jia)漢黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(norwogonin),二(er)(er)氫(qing)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(dihydro-baicalin),5,7,2-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trihydroxyflavone),5,7,2-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8,6-二(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trihydroxy-8,6-dimethoxyflavone),5,7,2,5-四(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8,6-二(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)即粘毛(mao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)Ⅲ(5,7,2,5-tetrahydroxy-8,6-dimethoxyflavone,vis-ciduiin Ⅲ,5,2,5-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)三(san)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,2,5-trihy-droxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖甙(dai)(baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside),5,7,2-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trhiyroxy-8-methoxyflavone),5,7,2,3-四(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,3-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone),5,7,2,3-四(si)閎(hong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,3-tetrahydroxyflavone),3,5,7,2,5,6-五羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(3,5,7,2,5,6-pentahydroxyflavone)即粘毛(mao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)Ⅰ(viscidulin Ⅰ),(2S)-7,2,6-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-5-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷酮(tong)(tong)(tong)〔(2S)-7,2,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone〕,2,6,2,4-四(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)查(cha)爾酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,6,2,4-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxychalcone),5,7,2,5-四(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,5-tetrahydroxyflavone),左旋圣草(cao)素(su)(su)(su)(eriodictyol),半枝蓮種素(su)(su)(su)(rivularin)及粘毛(mao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)Ⅲ-2-O-β-D-吡喃葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖甙(dai)(viscidulin Ⅲ-2-O-β-D-glucoplyranoside)等。另外還含β-谷(gu)甾(zai)醇(chun)(β-sitosterol),菜油甾(zai)醇(chun)(campesterol)及豆甾(zai)醇(chun)(stigmasterol)。
抗菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong):黃芩(qin)煎(jian)劑(ji)100%濃(nong)(nong)度(du),平(ping)板(ban)法(fa)試(shi)驗(yan),對(dui)(dui)痢疾(ji)桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、傷寒桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、副(fu)傷寒桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、霍亂(luan)弧菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、大(da)腸桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、變形桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、綠膿桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、葡萄(tao)球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、溶血(xue)性(xing)璉(lian)球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(a,B)、肺(fei)炎(yan)雙球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、白喉桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)等有(you)(you)抑(yi)制作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃芩(qin)煎(jian)劑(ji)試(shi)管法(fa)試(shi)驗(yan)1:1280濃(nong)(nong)度(du)可(ke)抑(yi)制傷寒桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、溶血(xue)性(xing)鏈球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)a,1:640濃(nong)(nong)度(du)抑(yi)制溶血(xue)性(xing)鏈球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)B,肺(fei)炎(yan)雙球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)及(ji)福氏(shi)痢疾(ji)桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、人結核桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)H37,1:320濃(nong)(nong)度(du)可(ke)抑(yi)制霍亂(luan)弧菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、志賀氏(shi)痢疾(ji)桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun);1:80濃(nong)(nong)度(du)時(shi)宋內氏(shi)痢疾(ji)桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)抑(yi)制作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃芩(qin)醇(chun)浸(jin)液0.5g/ml或(huo)0。05g/ml,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)瓊脂斜面培養,藥液與(yu)培養基1:1混(hun)合,對(dui)(dui)綠膿桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)抑(yi)制作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃芩(qin)醇(chun)浸(jin)液2g/ml濃(nong)(nong)度(du),平(ping)皿(min)法(fa)試(shi)驗(yan)對(dui)(dui)大(da)腸桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、桔草桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、金黃色葡萄(tao)球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)抑(yi)制作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃芩(qin)煎(jian)劑(ji)、醇(chun)提劑(ji)1g/ml濃(nong)(nong)度(du),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)板(ban)法(fa)試(shi)驗(yan)時(shi)對(dui)(dui)腦膜(mo)炎(yan)球(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)均有(you)(you)抑(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。
抗(kang)真菌(jun)作用:黃芩(qin)煎液(ye),試管(guan)斜(xie)面法試驗(yan)4%濃度抑制狗小(xiao)牙胞菌(jun)及堇色毛(mao)(mao)(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun),8%濃度抑制許(xu)(xu)蘭氏黃癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun),10%濃度抑制許(xu)(xu)蘭氏黃癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)蒙古變種,15%濃度抑制共心性毛(mao)(mao)(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)及鐵銹色毛(mao)(mao)(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)。黃芩(qin)水浸劑1:3濃度在試管(guan)內對堇色毛(mao)(mao)(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、同心性毛(mao)(mao)(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun),許(xu)(xu)蘭氏黃癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、奧杜盎氏小(xiao)芽胞癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、羊毛(mao)(mao)(mao)樣(yang)小(xiao)芽胞癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、紅(hong)色表皮癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、K、W、氏表皮癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、星形奴卡(ka)氏菌(jun)等(deng)有不同程度抑菌(jun)作用。
抗病毒作用:黃芩煎劑25-100%濃度,體外(wai)試驗對乙型肝炎病毒DNA復制有抑制作用。
抗炎(yan)抗變態反應:黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)70%乙醇(chun)提(ti)取物(wu)200,500mg/kg灌胃(wei)黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)素、黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)甙、漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)素50,100mg/kg灌胃(wei),可(ke)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)醋酸引起(qi)的(de)小(xiao)鼠(shu)腹腔滲出增加,對(dui)48/80(一(yi)種化(hua)合(he)物(wu)名稱(cheng),Sigma生產(chan))引起(qi)的(de)大鼠(shu)足腫(zhong)(zhong)也有抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong),黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)70%乙醇(chun)提(ti)取物(wu)500mg/kg灌胃(wei),黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)素、黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)甙及(ji)漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)素100mg/kg灌胃(wei)對(dui)大鼠(shu)佐劑性關(guan)節炎(yan)有抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)水提(ti)物(wu)100,200mg/kg灌胃(wei),對(dui)大鼠(shu)被(bei)動皮膚過敏反應(PCA)有抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong),但對(dui)氯化(hua)苦(ku)引起(qi)的(de)小(xiao)鼠(shu)接觸皮炎(yan)(耳腫(zhong)(zhong)脹)無明顯(xian)影響。
對中樞神經(jing)系統(tong)的作(zuo)(zuo)用:黃芩煎劑(ji)(ji)4g/kg腹腔注射(she),對小鼠防御(yu)性條(tiao)件反(fan)射(she)可使陽性反(fan)射(she)時延(yan)長,而對非(fei)條(tiao)件反(fan)射(she)及分化無影響(xiang),說(shuo)明(ming)黃芩可加(jia)強皮層抑制過程(cheng)。黃芩煎劑(ji)(ji)2g/kg,對傷(shang)寒混合(he)疫苗致熱(re)家(jia)兔有解(jie)熱(re)作(zuo)(zuo)用。但也有報(bao)道黃芩水煎劑(ji)(ji)或(huo)酒浸劑(ji)(ji)5-9g/只灌胃(wei),或(huo)2g/只im,均不能證(zheng)明(ming)黃芩對傷(shang)寒疫苗致熱(re)家(jia)兔有解(jie)熱(re)作(zuo)(zuo)用。
對心血管(guan)的作(zuo)用(yong):黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩醇提(ti)(ti)液1g/kg靜(jing)脈(mo)注射,可使麻醉(zui)(zui)犬(quan)血壓(ya)下(xia)降。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩煎劑0。06g/kg靜(jing)脈(mo)注射,對麻醉(zui)(zui)犬(quan)有(you)明顯(xian)降壓(ya)作(zuo)用(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩素(su)20mg/kg靜(jing)脈(mo)注射,可使麻醉(zui)(zui)犬(quan)血壓(ya)下(xia)降40-50%。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩浸劑灌(guan)(guan)胃(wei)/kg灌(guan)(guan)胃(wei),3次/天(tian),連續(xu)4周(zhou),使慢(man)性(xing)腎(shen)(shen)性(xing)高血壓(ya)犬(quan)血壓(ya)下(xia)降,心率變慢(man)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩甙(dai)2×10(-4)mol/l,在(zai)豚鼠離體主動脈(mo)條(tiao)、肺(fei)動脈(mo)條(tiao)、氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)條(tiao)及(ji)右(you)心房均(jun)有(you)競爭性(xing)的拮(jie)抗腎(shen)(shen)上腺(xian)素(su),去(qu)甲(jia)腎(shen)(shen)上腺(xian)素(su)及(ji)多巴胺引(yin)起的收縮作(zuo)用(yong),也(ye)拮(jie)抗異丙腎(shen)(shen)上腺(xian)素(su)舒張(zhang)氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)和增加(jia)右(you)心房自(zi)發頻(pin)率作(zuo)用(yong),提(ti)(ti)示黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩甙(dai)對a,B1,B2受體均(jun)有(you)阻斷(duan)作(zuo)用(yong)。
抗血(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)聚集(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)抗凝:黃芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)、漢黃芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)、千層紙素(su)A、黃芩(qin)(qin)(qin)黃酮Ⅱ及(ji)白(bai)楊(yang)素(su)(chrysin)于濃度1。0mM時,均可(ke)抑制膠原(yuan)誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)(de)大(da)鼠(shu)血(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)聚集(ji)(ji)(ji),白(bai)楊(yang)素(su)對(dui)(dui)ADP誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)聚集(ji)(ji)(ji)也有(you)抑制作(zuo)用,黃芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)及(ji)漢黃芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)對(dui)(dui)花生四烯(xi)酸誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)聚集(ji)(ji)(ji)也有(you)抑制作(zuo)用,黃芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)及(ji)黃芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙對(dui)(dui)凝血(xue)(xue)酶誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維蛋(dan)白(bai)原(yuan)轉化(hua)為纖(xian)(xian)維蛋(dan)白(bai)也抑制;黃芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)及(ji)黃芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙20,50mg/kg灌(guan)胃,對(dui)(dui)內毒素(su)誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)(de)大(da)鼠(shu)彌漫(man)性血(xue)(xue)管內凝血(xue)(xue),可(ke)以防止血(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)及(ji)纖(xian)(xian)維蛋(dan)白(bai)原(yuan)含量的(de)(de)降(jiang)低。
降(jiang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)脂(zhi):黃(huang)芩(qin)水浸液10%2ml/只灌(guan)胃(wei)(wei)(wei),連續給藥7周(zhou),可(ke)使膽(dan)(dan)固醇喂(wei)飼的(de)(de)家兔血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)膽(dan)(dan)固醇含(han)量下降(jiang)。黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)、黃(huang)芩(qin)甙100mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei)(wei)(wei),可(ke)降(jiang)低實(shi)驗性高(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)脂(zhi)大(da)鼠玉(yu)米油(you)(you)-膽(dan)(dan)固醇-膽(dan)(dan)酸喂(wei)飼血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)游離脂(zhi)肪酸、甘(gan)油(you)(you)三酯(zhi)及肝甘(gan)油(you)(you)三酯(zhi)的(de)(de)含(han)量,黃(huang)芩(qin)黃(huang)酮(tong)Ⅱ100mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei)(wei)(wei),可(ke)降(jiang)低血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)總膽(dan)(dan)固醇及肝甘(gan)油(you)(you)三酯(zhi)的(de)(de)含(han)量,增加血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)高(gao)(gao)密度(du)脂(zhi)蛋白(bai)-膽(dan)(dan)固醇(HDL-ch)的(de)(de)含(han)量,漢(han)黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)100mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei)(wei)(wei),可(ke)防(fang)止(zhi)肝甘(gan)油(you)(you)三酯(zhi)的(de)(de)沉積并增加血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)HDL-ch的(de)(de)含(han)量。黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)、黃(huang)芩(qin)甙100mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei)(wei)(wei),對(dui)乙醇引起(qi)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)脂(zhi)大(da)鼠,可(ke)降(jiang)低肝總膽(dan)(dan)固醇、游離膽(dan)(dan)固醇及甘(gan)油(you)(you)三酯(zhi)含(han)量,漢(han)黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)能降(jiang)低血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)甘(gan)油(you)(you)三酯(zhi)的(de)(de)水平,黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)能增加血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)HDL-ch含(han)量。
保肝(gan)(gan)、利(li)膽(dan)、抗氧(yang)(yang)化(hua):黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甲醇(chun)提取物1000mg/kg腹腔注射,對(dui)(dui)異硫氰(qing)酸萘(nai)酯(ANIT)引起的(de)(de)大鼠肝(gan)(gan)損害(hai)有抑(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong),可抑(yi)制血(xue)清(qing)膽(dan)紅素(su)的(de)(de)增加(jia)。黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)醇(chun)提物50,100mg/kg,黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)50,100mg/kg灌(guan)胃,對(dui)(dui)家(jia)兔有利(li)膽(dan)作(zuo)用(yong)。漢(han)黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)10(-4)-10(-6)mol/l濃度體(ti)外(wai)試驗(yan),對(dui)(dui)大鼠肝(gan)(gan)微粒體(ti)脂(zhi)(zhi)質過氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)有抑(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong),使(shi)(shi)丙二醛(MDA)含量(liang)下(xia)降。黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)及黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)2。5×10(-4)mol/l,1.0×10(-4)mol/l,漢(han)黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)2.5×10(-4)mol/l,黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)黃(huang)酮(tong)Ⅱ2。5×10(-4)mol/l,漢(han)黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)-7-O-D葡萄糖醛酸2.5×10(-4)mol/l,1.0×10(-4)mol/l,對(dui)(dui)FeC12-維生(sheng)素(su)C-ADP混(hun)合物誘導的(de)(de)大鼠肝(gan)(gan)勻漿脂(zhi)(zhi)質過氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)有抑(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong),使(shi)(shi)肝(gan)(gan)MDA的(de)(de)形成顯著下(xia)降,對(dui)(dui)NADPH一(yi)ADP引起的(de)(de)脂(zhi)(zhi)質過氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)也(ye)抑(yi)制。
抗癌:黃芩醚提物對(dui)小鼠白血(xue)病(bing)L1210細胞(bao)(bao)有(you)細胞(bao)(bao)毒作(zuo)用,半(ban)數有(you)效量為(wei)10.4mg/ml,黃芩黃酮Ⅱ對(dui)小鼠L1210細胞(bao)(bao)的半(ban)數有(you)效量為(wei)1.5μg/ml,黃芩甙、黃芩素及漢(han)黃芩素對(dui)L1210作(zuo)用不(bu)顯(xian)著。
其它作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong):黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素10,20mg/kg靜脈注(zhu)射(she),對麻醉犬有利尿作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)煎劑(ji)4g/kg灌胃,對大(da)鼠(shu)半乳糖(tang)(tang)(tang)性白內障(zhang)有防治(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),可(ke)(ke)延緩白內障(zhang)的形成(cheng)(cheng)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)(dai)對大(da)鼠(shu)晶體醛(quan)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)還(huan)原酶(mei)有抑(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),其ID50為(wei)1.81×10(-3)mg/ml。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)(dai)150mg/kg灌胃,對鏈黑(hei)霉素引起的糖(tang)(tang)(tang)尿病大(da)鼠(shu)血(xue)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)水(shui)平(ping)無(wu)明(ming)顯下降(jiang),但紅(hong)細(xi)胞山(shan)梨醇含量于(yu)治(zhi)療后顯著降(jiang)低,提示在動物(wu)體內也有抑(yi)制(zhi)醛(quan)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)酶(mei)的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),有可(ke)(ke)能用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)尿病性并發癥的防治(zhi)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)(dai)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素及漢黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素50-125μg/ml對小鼠(shu)肝唾液酸(suan)酶(mei)有抑(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)(dai)100mg/kg,葡萄糖(tang)(tang)(tang)醛(quan)酸(suan)43mg/kg皮下注(zhu)射(she)均可(ke)(ke)對抗士的寧(ning)引起的小鼠(shu)死(si)亡,而甙(dai)(dai)元黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素無(wu)效,認為(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)(dai)水(shui)解后的葡萄糖(tang)(tang)(tang)醛(quan)酸(suan)起的解毒作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)對PGs的代謝有較(jiao)廣泛(fan)的影響,水(shui)提物(wu)對PGs的生物(wu)合成(cheng)(cheng)有抑(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
李時(shi)珍生于明朝嘉靖年間,自幼聰明伶俐,好(hao)學上進(jin),小小年紀就(jiu)立志考取(qu)功名。光耀門庭。可是天有不測風云,在李時(shi)珍十(shi)、六(liu)歲時(shi),他(ta)突患急病,咳嗽不止(zhi),并且久冶不愈。隨(sui)著病情加劇,他(ta)每日(ri)吐痰(tan)碗余,煩、渴引飲(yin),骨蒸勞熱(re),六(liu)脈(mo)浮洪,雖服用柴胡、麥冬(dong)、荊芥、竹瀝等解(jie)表退熱(re)、潤肺(fei)清心、清熱(re)化痰(tan)之劑卻(que)并無效果。方圓百里的名醫都束手無策,認為(wei)其(qi)已無藥(yao)可救(jiu)。眼(yan)看(kan)小時(shi)珍生命(ming)危在旦夕。
正在李時(shi)珍的(de)父(fu)母(mu)悲傷(shang)絕望(wang)之際,村子里來了一(yi)位從遠方云游到此的(de)道(dao)(dao)士,這位道(dao)(dao)人白發長髯,頗(po)有一(yi)種仙風道(dao)(dao)骨的(de)味(wei)道(dao)(dao)。聞言道(dao)(dao)人專治疑(yi)難雜癥(zheng),小(xiao)時(shi)珍的(de)父(fu)母(mu)急忙把道(dao)(dao)人請到家中給他看病(bing)(bing)。道(dao)(dao)士給小(xiao)時(shi)珍號了脈象后(hou),捋捋長髯說:“不妨,不妨,此病(bing)(bing)只(zhi)需服用黃芩30克,加水兩盅,煎(jian)至(zhi)一(yi)盅,服用半(ban)月即可痊愈。“時(shi)珍的(de)父(fu)母(mu)半(ban)信半(ban)疑(yi)地按方煎(jian)藥。奇跡(ji)出(chu)現了。半(ban)月之后(hou),小(xiao)時(shi)珍身(shen)(shen)熱全(quan)退(tui),痰(tan)多咳嗽(sou)的(de)癥(zheng)狀也(ye)消失(shi)了,身(shen)(shen)體逐漸恢復健康。一(yi)味(wei)黃芩居(ju)然(ran)起(qi)到了立竿見影的(de)治療效(xiao)果。
李(li)時(shi)珍(zhen)(zhen)深感中(zhong)國(guo)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)的(de)神奇,更對這位(wei)身(shen)懷絕技的(de)道士欽(qin)佩不(bu)已,從此,便跟隨道人(ren)刻苦(ku)鉆研醫(yi)學(xue)(xue),讀(du)遍(bian)(bian)歷(li)代醫(yi)書,踏遍(bian)(bian)高山大(da)川。功夫不(bu)負有心人(ren),李(li)時(shi)珍(zhen)(zhen)終(zhong)于在醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)上取得了巨大(da)的(de)成(cheng)就,成(cheng)為(wei)醫(yi)林一代宗師(shi)。在他(ta)編著的(de)《本(ben)草綱目》中(zhong),李(li)時(shi)珍(zhen)(zhen)對救了他(ta)性命的(de)黃(huang)芩(qin)這味(wei)中(zhong)藥(yao)推崇備加,稱(cheng)之為(wei)“藥(yao)中(zhong)肯綮,如鼓應桴,醫(yi)中(zhong)之妙,有如此哉(zai)!