豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)主(zhu)要分布(bu)(bu)于東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)亞(ya)一(yi)(yi)帶,其(qi)中(zhong)以婆羅洲(又稱加(jia)(jia)(jia)里曼(man)丹島(dao)(dao)(dao))和(he)(he)蘇門(men)答臘島(dao)(dao)(dao)(印尼(ni)所屬島(dao)(dao)(dao)嶼)最(zui)為豐富(fu),各有(you)(you)分布(bu)(bu)約(yue)40種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)次是菲律賓群島(dao)(dao)(dao)約(yue)有(you)(you)30種(zhong)(zhong),馬(ma)(ma)來半(ban)島(dao)(dao)(dao)有(you)(you)10多種(zhong)(zhong),新幾內亞(ya)島(dao)(dao)(dao)和(he)(he)蘇拉威西島(dao)(dao)(dao)有(you)(you)約(yue)20種(zhong)(zhong),另外(wai)非(fei)洲的馬(ma)(ma)達(da)加(jia)(jia)(jia)斯(si)加(jia)(jia)(jia)島(dao)(dao)(dao)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)沿海分布(bu)(bu)特(te)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)兩種(zhong)(zhong)(馬(ma)(ma)索亞(ya)拉半(ban)島(dao)(dao)(dao)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)和(he)(he)馬(ma)(ma)達(da)加(jia)(jia)(jia)斯(si)加(jia)(jia)(jia)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)),塞舌爾群島(dao)(dao)(dao)特(te)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(伯威爾豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)),斯(si)里蘭卡特(te)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(滴液豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao))、印度東(dong)(dong)北部(bu)(bu)特(te)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(印度豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)),新喀里多尼(ni)亞(ya)島(dao)(dao)(dao)特(te)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(維耶(ye)亞(ya)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)),澳大(da)利(li)亞(ya)北部(bu)(bu)數種(zhong)(zhong)(堅韌(ren)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)、奇異(yi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)、羅恩豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao))。中(zhong)國(guo)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)、廣(guang)西、海南(nan)(nan)和(he)(he)臺灣也分布(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong),為奇異(yi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(又稱野(ye)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)Nepenthes mirabilis),也是分布(bu)(bu)最(zui)廣(guang)的豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao),從(cong)中(zhong)國(guo)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)經東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)亞(ya)多地至澳大(da)利(li)亞(ya)北部(bu)(bu)都有(you)(you)分布(bu)(bu)。
豬(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)草(cao)為(wei)多(duo)年生(sheng)藤本(ben)植物,莖(jing)木質或半木質,差不多(duo)3米多(duo)高,攀(pan)援于樹木或者沿地(di)面而生(sheng)。葉一般(ban)為(wei)長(chang)橢圓形,末端(duan)有(you)籠(long)(long)(long)蔓,以便于攀(pan)援。在籠(long)(long)(long)蔓的末端(duan)會(hui)形成(cheng)一個(ge)瓶狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或漏斗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的捕蟲籠(long)(long)(long),并帶(dai)有(you)籠(long)(long)(long)蓋(gai)。豬(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)草(cao)生(sheng)長(chang)多(duo)年后才(cai)會(hui)開花,花一般(ban)為(wei)總狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花序(xu),少(shao)數為(wei)圓錐花序(xu),雌雄異(yi)株,花小而平(ping)淡,白天味(wei)道淡,略香(xiang);晚上味(wei)道濃烈,轉臭。其觀賞性(xing)無法(fa)與捕蟲籠(long)(long)(long)相比。果(guo)(guo)為(wei)蒴果(guo)(guo),成(cheng)熟(shu)時開裂散出種子。
豬(zhu)(zhu)籠草(cao)(cao)(cao)屬植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)在(zai)自然界常常平臥生長。葉的(de)(de)(de)構造復(fu)雜,分葉柄(bing),葉身(shen)和卷須。卷須尾部擴大(da)并反卷形(xing)成(cheng)瓶(ping)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),可捕食(shi)昆蟲(chong)。豬(zhu)(zhu)籠草(cao)(cao)(cao)具有(you)總(zong)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花序,開綠色或紫(zi)色小(xiao)花。豬(zhu)(zhu)籠草(cao)(cao)(cao)葉頂的(de)(de)(de)瓶(ping)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)體(ti)是(shi)捕食(shi)昆蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具。瓶(ping)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)瓶(ping)蓋復(fu)面能分秘(mi)香味,引(yin)誘昆蟲(chong)。瓶(ping)口光滑,昆蟲(chong)會被(bei)滑落瓶(ping)內,被(bei)瓶(ping)底分泌的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)淹死,并分解(jie)蟲(chong)體(ti)營養(yang)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi),逐(zhu)漸消化吸(xi)收。豬(zhu)(zhu)籠草(cao)(cao)(cao),為(wei)豬(zhu)(zhu)籠草(cao)(cao)(cao)屬植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)稱。是(shi)一種能夠(gou)捕食(shi)昆蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)多年生草(cao)(cao)(cao)本植(zhi)物(wu)(wu),主產地是(shi)熱帶亞洲地區。豬(zhu)(zhu)籠草(cao)(cao)(cao)為(wei)地生植(zhi)物(wu)(wu),是(shi)攀援(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)亞灌木。豬(zhu)(zhu)籠草(cao)(cao)(cao)擁有(you)一幅獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)取營養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)器官——捕蟲(chong)囊,捕蟲(chong)囊呈圓(yuan)筒形(xing),下半部稍膨大(da),因(yin)為(wei)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)像(xiang)豬(zhu)(zhu)籠,故稱豬(zhu)(zhu)籠草(cao)(cao)(cao)。在(zai)中國的(de)(de)(de)產地海南又(you)被(bei)稱作雷公壺,意指它像(xiang)酒壺。豬(zhu)(zhu)籠草(cao)(cao)(cao)依靠捕捉昆蟲(chong)等小(xiao)動物(wu)(wu)來補充營養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)被(bei)稱為(wei)食(shi)蟲(chong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。
大多數豬(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的環(huan)境其(qi)濕度和(he)溫度都較(jiao)高,并具有(you)明亮的散射(she)光。一般為(wei)(wei)森林(lin)或(huo)灌木林(lin)的邊(bian)緣(yuan)或(huo)空(kong)地上(shang)。少(shao)數物(wu)種,如蘋(pin)果(guo)豬(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(N.ampullaria),其(qi)較(jiao)喜(xi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)于(yu)茂密陰暗(an)的森林(lin)中(zhong)。大部分物(wu)種適應了生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)于(yu)類似草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)原物(wu)種的草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)類種群中(zhong)。豬(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)在偏酸性且低營養的土壤中(zhong),通常為(wei)(wei)泥炭、白沙(sha)、砂巖(yan)或(huo)火山(shan)土壤。但也有(you)例外,如馬(ma)來王豬(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(N.rajah)能(neng)在金屬元素(su)含量(liang)較(jiao)高的土壤中(zhong)健康成長(chang)(chang),白環(huan)豬(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(N.albomarginata)可(ke)以在沙(sha)灘的高潮線附近生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。部分豬(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)還會(hui)成為(wei)(wei)巖(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)于(yu)巖(yan)壁上(shang)。同時,如無刺豬(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(N.inermis)甚至(zhi)可(ke)以不(bu)接觸土壤,而作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)附生(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)附生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)樹木上(shang)。
豬(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)草(cao)以(yi)其(qi)(qi)原(yuan)生地(di)(di)(di)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)的(de)(de)不同(以(yi)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)1200m為(wei)(wei)標準(zhun)),分為(wei)(wei)低(di)地(di)(di)(di)豬(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)草(cao)和高(gao)(gao)地(di)(di)(di)豬(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)草(cao)。低(di)地(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)氣候全年常炎(yan)熱潮(chao)濕(shi),因此(ci)低(di)地(di)(di)(di)豬(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)草(cao)對溫(wen)差沒有過多的(de)(de)要求;而高(gao)(gao)地(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)氣候全年則為(wei)(wei)白天溫(wen)暖,晚上涼爽,因此(ci)它們的(de)(de)健康生長(chang)需要一個溫(wen)差較大的(de)(de)環境。藍姆豬(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)草(cao)(N.lamii)是原(yuan)生地(di)(di)(di)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)最高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)豬(zhu)籠(long)(long)(long)草(cao),其(qi)(qi)生長(chang)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)超過3520m。
扦插法
進(jin)行(xing)豬(zhu)籠草的扦(qian)插時要注意幾項要點:
首先,切下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)芽(ya)點(dian)(dian),也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)切下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)一(yi)(yi)段枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)上一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)葉(xie)子(zi)(zi)。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)將由芽(ya)點(dian)(dian)發育而成(cheng)。如果只切取(qu)芽(ya)點(dian)(dian)與芽(ya)點(dian)(dian)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)(fen)(fen),那(nei)這(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)帶(dai)芽(ya)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)不(bu)出(chu)新枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)。其次,因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)扦(qian)插(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)根,無法有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)提供(gong)植株足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)份,因(yin)(yin)此(ci),用來莖(jing)插(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)不(bu)要帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)太多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian),以免使(shi)植株脫水(shui)。最適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)長(chang)(chang)度是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩、三個芽(ya)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)減少水(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)散失,必須將枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)剪(jian)掉一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)。做(zuo)法是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二分(fen)(fen)(fen)之一(yi)(yi)到三分(fen)(fen)(fen)之二以與葉(xie)脈垂(chui)直的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向剪(jian)去。剪(jian)掉一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)對于扦(qian)插(cha)來說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非常(chang)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)要因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)舍不(bu)得葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)而使(shi)扦(qian)插(cha)失敗(bai)。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),也(ye)不(bu)要將全部的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)完全剪(jian)掉,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)葉(xie)子(zi)(zi)能制造長(chang)(chang)出(chu)新枝(zhi)與根所需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)養分(fen)(fen)(fen)及(ji)生長(chang)(chang)激(ji)素;沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)葉(xie)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)較難(nan)扦(qian)插(cha)成(cheng)功(gong)。
切取枝條的(de)時,應使切口平(ping)整,所以(yi)應使用園藝專用的(de)剪刀(dao)或(huo)是(shi)鋒利的(de)刀(dao)子,以(yi)與莖呈垂直方向切斷枝條。不要斜切枝條,以(yi)減少枝條受傷的(de)面積,更(geng)不要使用鈍的(de)工具來切枝條,否則破碎(sui)的(de)切口會使植物更(geng)容易受到微(wei)生(sheng)物的(de)感染。
然后,將(jiang)處理好的(de)(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)插(cha)(cha)到栽培(pei)(pei)介(jie)質中,如果枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)只有一個芽點,則枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)插(cha)(cha)入土(tu)中的(de)(de)深度以(yi)能使(shi)(shi)芽點露在土(tu)面上為宜;若枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)帶有兩、三個芽點,則最下(xia)面的(de)(de)芽點要(yao)插(cha)(cha)到土(tu)中。用來扦插(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)栽培(pei)(pei)基(ji)質最好使(shi)(shi)用新(xin)的(de)(de)基(ji)質,以(yi)減(jian)少被(bei)土(tu)中真菌或細菌感染的(de)(de)機會。水苔是常用的(de)(de)扦插(cha)(cha)基(ji)質,也可(ke)以(yi)使(shi)(shi)用泥炭。將(jiang)莖(jing)插(cha)(cha)入栽培(pei)(pei)基(ji)質前,可(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)莖(jing)的(de)(de)切口沾上少許生根劑,可(ke)提高扦插(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)成功(gong)率(lv)(lv)。使(shi)(shi)用殺(sha)菌劑可(ke)以(yi)減(jian)小枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)受感染概(gai)率(lv)(lv)。
最后,將插(cha)到栽培(pei)基(ji)質中的(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)放置(zhi)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)濕度(du)的(de)(de)環境下。可(ke)用(yong)透明塑膠袋罩(zhao)住(zhu)植株(zhu)以(yi)提高(gao)(gao)濕度(du)。栽培(pei)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)則要(yao)參考各品種的(de)(de)特性,高(gao)(gao)地豬籠草與(yu)低地豬籠草的(de)(de)莖(jing)插(cha)應分別處于最適(shi)宜的(de)(de)栽培(pei)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)下。因此(ci)可(ke)以(yi)將扦(qian)插(cha)的(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)放在(zai)原來母株(zhu)的(de)(de)附(fu)近(jin)。扦(qian)插(cha)的(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)需要(yao)明亮的(de)(de)光線,但絕(jue)不可(ke)讓(rang)陽光直接照射在(zai)枝(zhi)條(tiao)上,以(yi)免過熱。通常可(ke)使用(yong)遮陽網遮蔽,也可(ke)以(yi)置(zhi)于其(qi)他較高(gao)(gao)大植物的(de)(de)陰影下。
新(xin)芽(ya)(ya)與(yu)根的(de)(de)(de)(de)再生(sheng)是一項(xiang)緩慢的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程,通常(chang)需(xu)要幾個(ge)月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)。由于無法觀(guan)察到(dao)(dao)根的(de)(de)(de)(de)發育狀況,因此(ci)新(xin)芽(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成可(ke)(ke)以(yi)視為(wei)莖插成功(gong)與(yu)否(fou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指標。基(ji)本上,若扦插成功(gong),則(ze)最頂端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)芽(ya)(ya)點上便會產生(sheng)一個(ge)小突起,隨(sui)著時(shi)間(jian)(jian)日漸(jian)膨大,而成一個(ge)新(xin)芽(ya)(ya);等到(dao)(dao)新(xin)芽(ya)(ya)產生(sheng)二到(dao)(dao)三(san)片葉子(zi)后,可(ke)(ke)視需(xu)要進行移植,環境濕度也可(ke)(ke)逐(zhu)漸(jian)降低。
空中壓條法
有(you)些(xie)品種的豬籠(long)草(cao)其扦(qian)插(cha)的成功率(lv)較低,因此(ci)可以(yi)改用(yong)空中壓條法來繁殖。選擇一(yi)段(duan)接近末稍的枝條,在其頂芽(ya)下(xia)端約兩、三(san)個節間進行環(huan)狀剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi);剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)的厚(hou)度(du)約為莖(jing)直(zhi)徑的四分之(zhi)一(yi);亦可切出一(yi)個深度(du)達(da)莖(jing)直(zhi)徑二分之(zhi)一(yi)的切口,可得到與環(huan)狀剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)一(yi)樣的效果。將莖(jing)上(shang)的切口涂上(shang)一(yi)些(xie)生根(gen)劑與殺菌(jun)劑,再包上(shang)一(yi)層(ceng)厚(hou)實的濕水(shui)苔,其厚(hou)度(du)至少要有(you)5cm以(yi)上(shang),最外(wai)層(ceng)則用(yong)一(yi)層(ceng)保鮮膜包住(zhu),以(yi)防止(zhi)水(shui)份蒸發。由(you)于根(gen)部都要在黑暗處才會生長,因此(ci)需要再包一(yi)層(ceng)鋁箔紙以(yi)避光。
切口處約要(yao)二到四個(ge)月(yue)才會長出根來,切記不可經(jing)常打開檢視,以免使損(sun)傷新根。在這一段期(qi)間,必須(xu)維持水苔的濕潤(run)。等根長出后,便可將(jiang)這一枝條自母(mu)株(zhu)上(shang)切下(xia)單獨栽培。
用種(zhong)子來繁(fan)殖豬(zhu)籠草(cao)并不容易。因(yin)為豬(zhu)籠草(cao)是雌(ci)(ci)雄異株(zhu)的(de)植物,要豬(zhu)籠草(cao)結種(zhong)子,必須(xu)要擁(yong)有兩(liang)種(zhong)性別(bie)的(de)植株(zhu)。然而,雌(ci)(ci)性的(de)豬(zhu)籠草(cao)數量較(jiao)少,因(yin)此少量種(zhong)植的(de)栽培者不易使豬(zhu)籠草(cao)結出(chu)種(zhong)子。
豬籠(long)(long)草(cao)的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)因為(wei)非常(chang)細(xi)小(xiao),因此播種(zhong)(zhong)時最好使(shi)(shi)用泥(ni)炭等顆粒比較(jiao)細(xi)的栽培(pei)基(ji)質(zhi),以免種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)掉入(ru)細(xi)縫中。在播種(zhong)(zhong)時為(wei)了使(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)能夠(gou)均勻地散布在基(ji)質(zhi)上,可(ke)將種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)與少(shao)量(liang)沙混勻,再(zai)灑(sa)到基(ji)質(zhi)上。栽培(pei)基(ji)質(zhi)必(bi)須保持(chi)濕潤。同(tong)時也需要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)的空氣濕度(du),可(ke)以將盆口用保鮮(xian)膜封(feng)住并戳(chuo)幾個(ge)洞。豬籠(long)(long)草(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的萌(meng)發需要(yao)光照,因此放在明亮的地方(fang)有助(zhu)于發芽;但(dan)不(bu)可(ke)讓陽光直接照射(she),否則強(qiang)光導致(zhi)的高(gao)熱會殺死幼苗。由(you)于豬籠(long)(long)草(cao)有高(gao)地豬籠(long)(long)草(cao)和低地豬籠(long)(long)草(cao)之分(fen),在播種(zhong)(zhong)上也應要(yao)視品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)而提(ti)供適當(dang)的溫(wen)度(du)。
豬籠草需要較(jiao)長的時間(jian)才(cai)會發芽,約為一個月。發芽后(hou)可(ke)逐漸降低空(kong)氣濕(shi)度,將保鮮膜上的洞逐漸擴大即可(ke)。約半年到一年后(hou),就可(ke)以將小(xiao)苗(miao)進(jin)行移殖,以免過于(yu)擁擠。
藥用價值
中藥材中的雷公壺原(yuan)植物為豬(zhu)籠草屬中的奇(qi)異豬(zhu)籠草(N.mirabilis)。
藥材形(xing)態(tai):干燥的(de)(de)莖葉(xie)(xie),以葉(xie)(xie)先(xian)端(duan)之囊狀體(ti)為主。葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)紙質,多破碎(sui);長圓(yuan)形(xing)或披針形(xing);上面(mian)灰褐色(se)(se)而染有紫(zi)潤,葉(xie)(xie)脈清晰,下面(mian)暗棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se):主脈凸出延長成(cheng)卷須(xu)(xu),約與葉(xie)(xie)等長,卷須(xu)(xu)先(xian)端(duan)連一囊狀休(xiu)。囊狀體(ti)多已(yi)壓(ya)扁,頂端(duan)連一囊蓋;外表棕(zong)(zong)褐色(se)(se)至(zhi)棕(zong)(zong)黃(huang)色(se)(se),較皺縮(suo),內表面(mian)紅棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)至(zhi)黃(huang)棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se),平滑,密布腺點;囊的(de)(de)底(di)部常(chang)殘存昆蟲尸體(ti)碎(sui)片(pian)。
采(cai)集:秋季(ji)采(cai)收,切段曬干。
產(chan)地(di):多生于向陽(yang)的潮濕地(di)帶。分(fen)布廣東(dong)、廣西和(he)海(hai)南。
化學(xue)成分:全草(cao)含黃酮甙、酚(fen)類(lei)、氨基酸、糖類(lei)、蒽醌甙。
性味:甘,涼。
《陸川本草》:“性寒,味(wei)澀。”
《廣東中藥》Ⅱ:“淡,平。”
廣州部隊(dui)《常用中(zhong)草藥手冊(ce)》:“甘淡,涼。”
功用主治:清肺潤燥(zao),行水,解毒。治肺燥(zao)咳嗽,百日咳,黃疸,胃痛,痢疾,水腫,癰腫,蟲咬(yao)傷。
《陸川本草(cao)》:“消炎,解毒,行水。治水腫(zhong),痢疾,瘡癰(yong)潰(kui)瘍(yang)紅腫(zhong),蟲咬(yao)傷(shang),并治跌(die)打。”
《廣(guang)東(dong)中藥》Ⅱ:“清肺部(bu)燥(zao)火,治咳血。”
廣州(zhou)部(bu)隊(dui)《常用中草(cao)藥手冊》:“清熱利濕,化痰止咳。治黃疸型肝炎(yan),胃(wei)及十二指(zhi)腸(chang)潰瘍(yang)疼痛(tong),尿(niao)路結(jie)石(shi),高(gao)血壓(ya),感冒咳嗽,百(bai)日(ri)咳。”
用法用量(liang):內服(fu):煎湯,0.5~1兩(liang)(鮮者1~2兩(liang))。外(wai)用:搗爛(lan)敷(fu)。