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基本介紹

中國是世(shi)界上(shang)出產(chan)鬼仙辰(chen)砂最多的國家之一。主要產(chan)地(di)是貴州東部和湖(hu)南西部，以(yi)質好(hao)量大(da)而出名(ming)。產(chan)出的礦砂多數運(yun)到湖(hu)南西部的辰(chen)溪，再(zai)轉銷全國各地(di)，辰(chen)溪成為當時辰(chen)砂主要的集(ji)散地(di)，“辰(chen)砂”一名(ming)也由此而來。世(shi)界上(shang)最大(da)的辰(chen)砂晶體(ti)是“辰(chen)砂王”，1980年在貴州東部萬山汞礦區(qu)發現。長(chang)10.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，寬4.4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，高4.2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，凈重(zhong)237克。現收藏于中國北京地(di)質博物館。

大自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)化(hua)瑰麗而神奇。各種造(zao)型奇特、色(se)彩美麗、產(chan)量稀少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)單(dan)晶(jing)體、連晶(jing)體和晶(jing)簇，既是寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)原(yuan)料(liao)，又是含(han)蓄質樸，美麗天成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)賞石(shi)(shi)，它們(men)是大自然給人類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慷慨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)饋贈。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂又被稱作為“朱(zhu)砂”，它是一種棕紅色(se)，色(se)彩鮮艷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩石(shi)(shi)。新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先民(min)就(jiu)曾經(jing)應用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂做顏料(liao)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要化(hua)學成分是硫化(hua)汞，在(zai)我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南、貴州、四(si)川等地都有(you)(you)出產(chan)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)體呈板狀或菱面(mian)體狀，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)合體成粒狀或塊狀。純(chun)凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂具有(you)(you)金屬(shu)光澤。有(you)(you)時表(biao)面(mian)會因覆蓋氧(yang)化(hua)薄膜(mo)而呈鉛(qian)灰色(se)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密度(du)比較大，和銀相仿，只出產(chan)在(zai)低溫熱液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)床(chuang)中，常與輝銻礦(kuang)共(gong)生。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂是提煉汞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)原(yuan)料(liao)。中醫利用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂作為安神、定驚(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥物(wu)；辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)晶(jing)可以(yi)作為激(ji)光調制晶(jing)體，是現代(dai)激(ji)光技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵材(cai)料(liao)之一。

辰(chen)砂化(hua)學成分為(wei)(wei)硫化(hua)汞，含(han)Hg86.2%，常(chang)含(han)有(you)粘(zhan)土(tu)(tu)、氧(yang)化(hua)鐵、地瀝青等雜質(zhi)。溶于鹽酸，并產生(sheng)帶(dai)臭雞蛋(dan)味的(de)(de)硫化(hua)氫。 [2]  三方晶(jing)(jing)(jing)系，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)呈(cheng)板狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)菱(ling)面(mian)體(ti)(ti)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，集合體(ti)(ti)呈(cheng)不(bu)規則粒(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、致密(mi)塊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)土(tu)(tu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)簇常(chang)呈(cheng)菱(ling)形(xing)雙晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)、大(da)顆粒(li)單晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)。半透明(ming)或(huo)不(bu)透明(ming)，鮮紅、朱紅、淺紅、暗紅色(se)或(huo)條痕(hen)紅色(se)，有(you)時表面(mian)帶(dai)鉛灰色(se)的(de)(de)錆(qing)色(se)。對光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏感，有(you)很(hen)高的(de)(de)折射率，金(jin)屬光(guang)(guang)(guang)澤(ze)、金(jin)剛(gang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)澤(ze)或(huo)玻璃光(guang)(guang)(guang)澤(ze)，摩氏硬(ying)度2～2.5，比重8.2，性脆(cui)；僅產于火山巖、熱泉沉積物(wu)(wu)、低溫(wen)熱液礦(kuang)床、斷層角礫(li)白云巖晶(jing)(jing)(jing)洞中，常(chang)與(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)英、雄黃、雌(ci)黃、方解石(shi)(shi)(shi)、輝銻礦(kuang)、黃鐵礦(kuang)、白璽石(shi)(shi)(shi)等共生(sheng)。外(wai)生(sheng)成因的(de)(de)辰(chen)砂產于氧(yang)化(hua)帶(dai)的(de)(de)下(xia)部，由黑(hei)黝(you)銅(tong)礦(kuang)分解而(er)成。辰(chen)砂是分布最廣的(de)(de)汞礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)，產于我國(guo)的(de)(de)湖南、貴州、云南以及美國(guo)西部、西班牙、墨西哥(ge)產等地。辰(chen)砂晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)表面(mian)有(you)時呈(cheng)現鉛灰的(de)(de)錆(qing)色(se)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)面(mian)為(wei)(wei)金(jin)剛(gang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)澤(ze)，半透明(ming)至不(bu)透明(ming)，性脆(cui)，摩斯(si)硬(ying)度2至2.5，相對密(mi)度8至8.2，不(bu)導(dao)電。含(han)有(you)辰(chen)砂條帶(dai)的(de)(de)地開石(shi)(shi)(shi)，是中外(wai)馳(chi)名(ming)的(de)(de)雞血石(shi)(shi)(shi)，為(wei)(wei)中國(guo)的(de)(de)著名(ming)印章石(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)一。

歷史沿革

辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)（Cinnabar）系(xi)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)，以(yi)古辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)州產地命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，且為(wei)(wei)全國(guo)(guo)科學技術名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)詞(ci)審定(ding)委員會公布的(de)(de)定(ding)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。在(zai)中國(guo)(guo)歷(li)史中還出現了不(bu)少以(yi)地方(fang)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)這種(zhong)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)，如錦(jin)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，是錦(jin)郡出產的(de)(de)，這是中國(guo)(guo)歷(li)史上(shang)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個物(wu)(wu)品(pin)稱(cheng)(cheng)謂(wei)的(de)(de)習慣。只有(you)(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)這一(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)被礦(kuang)(kuang)界接受(shou)，并(bing)被正(zheng)式(shi)(shi)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，全國(guo)(guo)通用。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)又稱(cheng)(cheng)朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、丹(dan)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，是人們根據(ju)其顏(yan)色(se)特征(zheng)而叫起(qi)來的(de)(de)，尤其是國(guo)(guo)畫界，朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)流(liu)傳至(zhi)今。中國(guo)(guo)和(he)日(ri)本(ben)有(you)(you)世界上(shang)最(zui)大的(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)(kuang)床。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)(kuang)是含(han)汞(gong)的(de)(de)主要礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)，大紅色(se)，金(jin)剛光澤至(zhi)金(jin)屬光澤、呈致密的(de)(de)塊狀和(he)半透明的(de)(de)板狀或犬(quan)牙狀。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)化學名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)是硫化汞(gong)（分子(zi)式(shi)(shi)α—HgS或HgS）。畫界把合成的(de)(de)硫化汞(gong)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)銀朱(zhu)（Vermilion，分子(zi)式(shi)(shi)α—HgS），有(you)(you)關煉丹(dan)術古籍中也稱(cheng)(cheng)其為(wei)(wei)靈砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)屬六方(fang)晶(jing)(jing)系(xi)，色(se)澤鮮(xian)艷。自(zi)然界中還有(you)(you)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)黑色(se)硫化汞(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)，稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)黑辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)（Metacinnabar，分子(zi)式(shi)(shi)β—HgS），與辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)互為(wei)(wei)同質(zhi)異象，因(yin)時常混生(sheng)，影(ying)響(xiang)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)品(pin)位。用升華的(de)(de)方(fang)法提純(chun)(chun)混生(sheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)，升華后(hou)黑辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)重結晶(jing)(jing)時變為(wei)(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，這樣黑辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)就不(bu)存在(zai)了，升華所得辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)色(se)澤純(chun)(chun)正(zheng)、鮮(xian)艷。

辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)最(zui)早出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)在(zai)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如距今(jin)7000年(nian)(nian)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)甘(gan)肅秦安(an)大(da)地(di)(di)灣(wan)就有(you)(you)(you)(you)多處發(fa)現(xian)。馬(ma)清林等人分(fen)析(xi)研(yan)究之(zhi)后指出(chu)(chu)(chu)，該遺址四期(qi)二(er)段紅(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)繪(hui)(hui)灰陶(tao)(tao)甕口(kou)(kou)部(bu)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)（樣號：Q.D.F902④:20）和(he)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao)盆口(kou)(kou)沿部(bu)殘片紅(hong)(hong)色(se)顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)（Q.D.T810③:37）均(jun)為辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。大(da)地(di)(di)灣(wan)九掘區發(fa)現(xian)紅(hong)(hong)、黑兩色(se)彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)殘片，經(jing)分(fen)析(xi)，紅(hong)(hong)色(se)顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)為辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，黑色(se)顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)為碳黑，膠質為蠟質。在(zai)距今(jin)6600±300年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)姆渡村遺址第(di)三文(wen)化層(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)漆(qi)碗，器(qi)(qi)壁(bi)外均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)薄(bo)薄(bo)一層(ceng)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，色(se)澤鮮艷，微(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)光澤。專家推(tui)(tui)斷用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，后經(jing)陳元生先(xian)生鑒(jian)定確(que)實是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。這些都是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)至今(jin)發(fa)現(xian)最(zui)早用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)例(li)(li)證。上(shang)(shang)述秦安(an)大(da)地(di)(di)灣(wan)和(he)河(he)(he)姆渡南北(bei)兩地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)使(shi)用(yong)事例(li)(li)，已充分(fen)證明(ming)我國(guo)(guo)先(xian)民在(zai)距今(jin)7000年(nian)(nian)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)，已在(zai)彩(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao)、木器(qi)(qi)使(shi)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河(he)(he)南靈寶西坡(po)遺址M27墓(mu)(mu)屬仰(yang)韶(shao)文(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)晚段。墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)兩件大(da)口(kou)(kou)缸上(shang)(shang)腹部(bu)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)帶，帶上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)加黑點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)案。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一缸口(kou)(kou)唇部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)朱(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)痕跡。缸內填土(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)涂(tu)(tu)抹朱(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)麻布碎塊。考古(gu)者(zhe)推(tui)(tui)斷“缸口(kou)(kou)原來用(yong)涂(tu)(tu)朱(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)麻布覆蓋(gai)” 。湖(hu)北(bei)枝城(cheng)市城(cheng)背溪遺址（系公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)4400～3300年(nian)(nian)）出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)一件盤(pan)形陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)，系涂(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao)；李士、秦廣雍在(zai)《現(xian)代(dai)(dai)實驗技術在(zai)考古(gu)學中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)》例(li)(li)舉了(le)(le)(le)X-射(she)線(xian)衍射(she)分(fen)析(xi)，并指出(chu)(chu)(chu)該古(gu)陶(tao)(tao)彩(cai)繪(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)為辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，粉紅(hong)(hong)色(se)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)和(he)方(fang)解石(shi)混合物。青海樂都柳灣(wan)原始社會（新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚期(qi)，約(yue)公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)3000—公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)）墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)發(fa)現(xian)某尸骨之(zhi)下撒有(you)(you)(you)(you)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)；廣西花山(shan)巖(yan)畫距今(jin)三千余年(nian)(nian)，工作者(zhe)在(zai)畫面中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取了(le)(le)(le)四個樣品，均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha) ；良渚(zhu)遺址出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)木器(qi)(qi)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)；玉(yu)門火燒溝出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)商末(mo)夏初紅(hong)(hong)色(se)顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)（甘(gan)肅省博物館給(gei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)樣品編號：紅(hong)(hong)YH M 84）筆(bi)者(zhe)用(yong)X-射(she)線(xian)衍射(she)譜(pu)分(fen)析(xi),結(jie)果是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)（HgS）和(he)石(shi)英(ying)（α-SiO2）混合物。距今(jin)4000余年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)南偃師(shi)二(er)里(li)頭宮(gong)殿遺址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)繪(hui)(hui)制花紋(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao)片，玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)、銅器(qi)(qi)都裹在(zai)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)里(li)，還發(fa)現(xian)貯(zhu)藏(zang)大(da)量辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)于(yu)三個坑(keng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，同時出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍紋(wen)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)內壁(bi)涂(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，其量之(zhi)大(da)證明(ming)公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)時那里(li)使(shi)用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)之(zhi)盛況。殷墟五(wu)號墓(mu)(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)研(yan)磨辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)工具及用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)涂(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甲骨文(wen)刻字。山(shan)東長清仙(xian)人臺(tai)遺址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)六座周朝邿國(guo)(guo)貴旅墓(mu)(mu)均(jun)在(zai)棺底鋪撒約(yue)2cm厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河(he)(he)北(bei)藁城(cheng)縣臺(tai)西村商代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚期(qi)遺址出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)朱(zhu)(zhu)紅(hong)(hong)地(di)(di)漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)，顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。山(shan)東臨沂鳳凰嶺東周墓(mu)(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)陶(tao)(tao)片，彩(cai)繪(hui)(hui)顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)均(jun)為辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。

中國儲量

我國(guo)汞礦(kuang)資源豐富，累計(ji)探明(ming)(ming)儲(chu)量居世(shi)(shi)界第(di)3位。古時辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)因(yin)地名還(huan)叫過巴砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、宜砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、階砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)等(deng)，宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)后，主要產銷市場在(zai)湖南(nan)辰(chen)(chen)州(zhou)，又因(yin)顏色(se)(se)而(er)叫朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、丹砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、真(zhen)朱(zhu)、赤丹、丹粟等(deng)。20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)80年代(dai)(dai)(dai)，在(zai)我國(guo)貴州(zhou)萬山汞礦(kuang)巖屋坪礦(kuang)區采到1顆(ke)矛頭狀穿插雙(shuang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，質純色(se)(se)艷，形態完(wan)整，被(bei)命名為(wei)“辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王”，是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)1982年發行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一套礦(kuang)物郵票中辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)原型(xing)。我國(guo)產出的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)形體(ti)(ti)(ti)完(wan)整，色(se)(se)澤鮮艷，在(zai)國(guo)際市場上(shang)，5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米至10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)售(shou)價(jia)達200美元(yuan)，而(er)讓世(shi)(shi)界礦(kuang)物愛好者、收藏家(jia)動心的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)貴州(zhou)產的(de)(de)(de)大于1英寸的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王族成員(yuan)。20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)90年代(dai)(dai)(dai)美國(guo)卡希爾(er)(er)礦(kuang)出產過1顆(ke)長1英寸的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，估(gu)計(ji)重(zhong)30克(ke)左右，售(shou)價(jia)為(wei)1500美元(yuan)，是(shi)(shi)西方世(shi)(shi)界之(zhi)冠，此售(shou)價(jia)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)國(guo)際市場的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)奠定(ding)(ding)(ding)了基(ji)礎。辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王族，就是(shi)(shi)以美國(guo)卡希爾(er)(er)礦(kuang)產的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，即長25毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米、重(zhong)30克(ke)為(wei)下限的(de)(de)(de)標準辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。決定(ding)(ding)(ding)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件較(jiao)多，但一般用晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)大小進行(xing)標定(ding)(ding)(ding)，其(qi)他用作價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)天(tian)平上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)砝碼(ma)。晶(jing)(jing)(jing)形完(wan)整、棱角清晰、色(se)(se)澤鮮紅、透明(ming)(ming)度好的(de)(de)(de)給予加倍計(ji)算(suan)。

真偽鑒別

天然鬼(gui)仙朱砂(sha)為粒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)塊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)集合體(ti)，呈大小不(bu)一的(de)塊或(huo)細小穎粒。塊較大者表面(mian)暗紅(hong)色(se)(se)，細小的(de)片狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)粒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)者表面(mian)鮮紅(hong)色(se)(se)，不(bu)規則薄片色(se)(se)紅(hong)鮮艷(yan)，光亮如鏡，觸之不(bu)染手，具金剛(gang)光澤，半(ban)透明。質脆，硬度(du)2-2.5，比重(zhong)8.09-8.20，條痕(hen)朱紅(hong)色(se)(se)至褐紅(hong)色(se)(se)。

合成朱砂呈紫紅(hong)(hong)色不規則塊(kuai)狀或朱紅(hong)(hong)色粒狀及粉末。不溶于強(qiang)酸，能溶于硫(liu)化鈉和王水。

正(zheng)品朱(zhu)砂的理化(hua)鑒別：①于閉口試(shi)管(guan)中加(jia)熱(re)，變為黑色硫化(hua)泵；加(jia)碳酸(suan)鈉(na)共熱(re)，則(ze)變為金屬(shu)汞球(qiu)。②在開口管(guan)中燒之產生二氧化(hua)硫氣體及金屬(shu)汞球(qiu)。③細末用鹽酸(suan)浸濕后，里光潔的銅片(pian)上擦之，銅片(pian)表(biao)面顯銀白色。

偽品

偽(wei)品一：褚石(shi)為(wei)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物類礦石(shi)赤鐵(tie)礦。多(duo)粉碎成(cheng)不(bu)規則(ze)小塊或粉末(mo)，呈(cheng)暗紅(hong)(hong)棕色(se)(se)(se)至(zhi)棕紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)，金屬光澤不(bu)明顯，質硬，硬度5.5^-6，比重較正品小，為(wei)5^-5.3，條痕(hen)櫻紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)。摘(zhai)石(shi)主(zhu)要含三氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)二(er)鐵(tie)（Fe2O3），能溶于強酸(suan)(suan)，其粉末(mo)加(jia)(jia)鹽酸(suan)(suan)溶解后的(de)溶液加(jia)(jia)硫氰酸(suan)(suan)錢(qian)試(shi)(shi)液顯血紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)，再(zai)加(jia)(jia)亞鐵(tie)氰化(hua)(hua)鉀試(shi)(shi)液生(sheng)成(cheng)藍色(se)(se)(se)沉(chen)淀，再(zai)加(jia)(jia)2500氫氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉試(shi)(shi)液沉(chen)淀變成(cheng)棕色(se)(se)(se)（Fe，十(shi)的(de)鑒(jian)別反應）。

偽品(pin)二：礦渣、砂(sha)粒經染色(se)(se)而成其(qi)與正品(pin)朱(zhu)砂(sha)的主要(yao)區別(bie)為呈暗紅色(se)(se)，質輕，水洗(xi)可使(shi)水染色(se)(se)，而礦渣、砂(sha)粒的紅色(se)(se)變淺(qian)或(huo)褪去，無(wu)金屬光(guang)澤。理(li)化鑒別(bie)呈陰性(xing)。

偽品(pin)三(san)：一種暗(an)紅色(se)礦(kuang)石（品(pin)種待定）呈(cheng)不規則塊狀，暗(an)紅色(se)，略有光澤，比重較正品(pin)小，斷面(mian)略呈(cheng)纖維狀，較正品(pin)易碎，不溶于(yu)水，部分能溶于(yu)強酸。理化鑒別(bie)呈(cheng)陰性。

摻(chan)偽品(pin)：朱砂的摻(chan)偽品(pin)主要有兩(liang)類(lei)。一(yi)(yi)類(lei)是(shi)摻(chan)有儲(chu)石、紅(hong)土或染色礦渣，一(yi)(yi)般色澤(ze)不(bu)均勻，水洗去色，顆粒(li)間比重(zhong)差(cha)異大(da)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)類(lei)中摻(chan)有鐵等金屬異物粉粒(li)，可用(yong)磁鐵吸附，加稀(xi)酸(suan)有氣體(ti)產生。