中國(guo)是(shi)世界(jie)上出產鬼仙辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)最多的(de)國(guo)家之(zhi)一。主(zhu)要(yao)產地(di)是(shi)貴州東部(bu)(bu)(bu)和湖南西部(bu)(bu)(bu),以質(zhi)好量大而出名。產出的(de)礦砂(sha)(sha)多數運到(dao)湖南西部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)辰(chen)(chen)溪,再轉銷(xiao)全國(guo)各(ge)地(di),辰(chen)(chen)溪成(cheng)為當時(shi)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)集(ji)散地(di),“辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)”一名也(ye)由此而來(lai)。世界(jie)上最大的(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)晶體是(shi)“辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)王”,1980年在貴州東部(bu)(bu)(bu)萬山(shan)汞礦區發現(xian)(xian)。長10.8厘(li)米(mi),寬4.4厘(li)米(mi),高4.2厘(li)米(mi),凈(jing)重237克。現(xian)(xian)收藏于中國(guo)北京地(di)質(zhi)博物館(guan)。
大自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)化(hua)瑰(gui)麗(li)(li)而神奇。各種造(zao)型奇特、色(se)(se)彩美麗(li)(li)、產量稀少的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)單晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)、連晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)和晶(jing)(jing)簇,既是(shi)(shi)(shi)寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)原(yuan)料(liao),又是(shi)(shi)(shi)含(han)蓄(xu)質樸(pu),美麗(li)(li)天成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)賞石(shi),它(ta)們是(shi)(shi)(shi)大自然給人類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)慷慨的(de)(de)(de)(de)饋贈。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)又被稱作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“朱砂(sha)”,它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種棕紅色(se)(se),色(se)(se)彩鮮艷的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩石(shi)。新石(shi)器時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)先民就曾經應用辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)做顏料(liao)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要化(hua)學成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)硫化(hua)汞,在(zai)我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南、貴州、四(si)川等地都有出(chu)產。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)呈板(ban)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或菱面體(ti)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)集合體(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)粒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或塊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。純凈(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)具(ju)有金屬光(guang)澤(ze)。有時(shi)表面會因覆蓋氧化(hua)薄膜而呈鉛(qian)灰色(se)(se)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)密度(du)比(bi)較大,和銀相(xiang)仿,只(zhi)出(chu)產在(zai)低溫熱液的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦床中(zhong),常與輝銻礦共生。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)是(shi)(shi)(shi)提煉汞的(de)(de)(de)(de)最主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)原(yuan)料(liao)。中(zhong)醫利(li)用辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)安(an)神、定驚(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥物(wu);辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單晶(jing)(jing)可以作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)激光(guang)調制晶(jing)(jing)體(ti),是(shi)(shi)(shi)現代激光(guang)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵材料(liao)之一。
辰(chen)砂化學成分為(wei)硫化汞(gong),含(han)Hg86.2%,常含(han)有粘土、氧(yang)化鐵、地(di)瀝青等雜質(zhi)。溶(rong)于鹽酸,并產(chan)(chan)(chan)生帶(dai)(dai)臭(chou)雞蛋味的(de)(de)(de)硫化氫。 [2] 三方晶(jing)(jing)系,晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)呈(cheng)板狀或菱面體(ti)(ti)狀,集合體(ti)(ti)呈(cheng)不(bu)規則粒狀、致(zhi)密塊狀或土狀,晶(jing)(jing)簇(cu)常呈(cheng)菱形雙晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)、大顆粒單(dan)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)。半透(tou)明(ming)或不(bu)透(tou)明(ming),鮮紅(hong)、朱(zhu)紅(hong)、淺(qian)紅(hong)、暗紅(hong)色(se)(se)或條痕紅(hong)色(se)(se),有時表(biao)面帶(dai)(dai)鉛(qian)灰色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)錆(qing)色(se)(se)。對光(guang)敏感,有很高的(de)(de)(de)折射率,金(jin)屬光(guang)澤、金(jin)剛光(guang)澤或玻璃光(guang)澤,摩(mo)氏硬(ying)度(du)2~2.5,比重8.2,性(xing)脆;僅產(chan)(chan)(chan)于火山巖(yan)、熱泉沉積物(wu)、低溫熱液(ye)礦床、斷層(ceng)角(jiao)礫白云巖(yan)晶(jing)(jing)洞(dong)中(zhong),常與(yu)石(shi)(shi)英、雄黃、雌黃、方解石(shi)(shi)、輝銻礦、黃鐵礦、白璽石(shi)(shi)等共生。外生成因(yin)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)砂產(chan)(chan)(chan)于氧(yang)化帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)下部,由黑黝銅礦分解而成。辰(chen)砂是(shi)分布(bu)最廣的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)礦物(wu),產(chan)(chan)(chan)于我國的(de)(de)(de)湖南(nan)、貴(gui)州、云南(nan)以(yi)及美(mei)國西部、西班牙、墨西哥產(chan)(chan)(chan)等地(di)。辰(chen)砂晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)表(biao)面有時呈(cheng)現鉛(qian)灰的(de)(de)(de)錆(qing)色(se)(se),晶(jing)(jing)面為(wei)金(jin)剛光(guang)澤,半透(tou)明(ming)至不(bu)透(tou)明(ming),性(xing)脆,摩(mo)斯硬(ying)度(du)2至2.5,相對密度(du)8至8.2,不(bu)導電。含(han)有辰(chen)砂條帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)開石(shi)(shi),是(shi)中(zhong)外馳名的(de)(de)(de)雞血(xue)石(shi)(shi),為(wei)中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)著名印章石(shi)(shi)之一(yi)。
辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(Cinnabar)系礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),以古辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)州(zhou)產地命名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),且為全(quan)國科(ke)學(xue)技術(shu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)詞(ci)審定(ding)委員會公布(bu)的(de)定(ding)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。在(zai)中國歷史(shi)中還出現了不少以地方命名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)這種(zhong)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu),如錦砂(sha)(sha),是錦郡出產的(de),這是中國歷史(shi)上的(de)一個物(wu)(wu)品(pin)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)謂(wei)的(de)習慣。只(zhi)有(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)這一名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被礦(kuang)(kuang)界接受(shou),并被正式(shi)命名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),全(quan)國通(tong)用。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)又稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)朱砂(sha)(sha)、丹砂(sha)(sha),是人們根據其(qi)顏(yan)色(se)(se)特征而叫起來(lai)的(de),尤(you)其(qi)是國畫(hua)界,朱砂(sha)(sha)的(de)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)流傳(chuan)至今。中國和日本有(you)世界上最(zui)大的(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)(kuang)床。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)(kuang)是含汞的(de)主要礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu),大紅色(se)(se),金(jin)剛(gang)光澤(ze)至金(jin)屬(shu)光澤(ze)、呈致密的(de)塊狀(zhuang)和半(ban)透明的(de)板狀(zhuang)或(huo)犬牙狀(zhuang)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是硫化(hua)(hua)汞(分子式(shi)α—HgS或(huo)HgS)。畫(hua)界把合(he)成的(de)硫化(hua)(hua)汞稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為銀(yin)朱(Vermilion,分子式(shi)α—HgS),有(you)關煉丹術(shu)古籍中也稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)為靈砂(sha)(sha)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)屬(shu)六方晶(jing)系,色(se)(se)澤(ze)鮮艷。自(zi)然界中還有(you)另一種(zhong)黑(hei)色(se)(se)硫化(hua)(hua)汞礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為黑(hei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(Metacinnabar,分子式(shi)β—HgS),與(yu)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)互為同質異象(xiang),因(yin)時常(chang)混(hun)生(sheng),影響(xiang)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)品(pin)位。用升華的(de)方法提純(chun)混(hun)生(sheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu),升華后(hou)黑(hei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)重結晶(jing)時變(bian)為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),這樣黑(hei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)就不存在(zai)了,升華所得辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)色(se)(se)澤(ze)純(chun)正、鮮艷。
辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)最(zui)早出(chu)(chu)現(xian)在新石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)彩(cai)(cai)陶(tao)中(zhong),如(ru)距今(jin)(jin)7000年(nian)(nian)左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)甘肅(su)秦安(an)大(da)地灣就(jiu)有多處(chu)發現(xian)。馬清林等(deng)人分析(xi)研(yan)究之(zhi)后指出(chu)(chu),該遺(yi)址(zhi)四期(qi)(qi)二段(duan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)灰(hui)陶(tao)甕(weng)口(kou)(kou)部紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(樣(yang)號:Q.D.F902④:20)和紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)盆口(kou)(kou)沿(yan)部殘片紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(Q.D.T810③:37)均(jun)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。大(da)地灣九(jiu)掘區發現(xian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)、黑兩(liang)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)陶(tao)殘片,經分析(xi),紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),黑色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料為(wei)碳黑,膠質(zhi)為(wei)蠟質(zhi)。在距今(jin)(jin)6600±300年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)河姆渡村遺(yi)址(zhi)第三(san)文化層中(zhong)發現(xian)漆碗(wan),器(qi)壁外均(jun)有薄薄一(yi)層紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)涂料,色(se)澤(ze)鮮艷,微有光澤(ze)。專家推(tui)斷用了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),后經陳元(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)先生(sheng)鑒定確實是辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。這些(xie)都(dou)(dou)是我(wo)國至(zhi)今(jin)(jin)發現(xian)最(zui)早用辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)例(li)證。上述秦安(an)大(da)地灣和河姆渡南北(bei)兩(liang)地的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)使(shi)用事例(li),已充分證明我(wo)國先民(min)在距今(jin)(jin)7000年(nian)(nian)左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)新石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai),已在彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)、木器(qi)使(shi)用了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河南靈寶(bao)西坡(po)遺(yi)址(zhi)M27墓(mu)(mu)(mu)屬仰韶(shao)文化中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)晚段(duan)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)兩(liang)件大(da)口(kou)(kou)缸(gang)上腹部均(jun)有紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)帶,帶上有加黑點的(de)(de)(de)圖案。其中(zhong)一(yi)缸(gang)口(kou)(kou)唇部有朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)痕跡。缸(gang)內填土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)有涂抹朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)細麻布碎塊。考古(gu)(gu)者(zhe)(zhe)推(tui)斷“缸(gang)口(kou)(kou)原來用涂朱的(de)(de)(de)麻布覆蓋” 。湖北(bei)枝(zhi)城(cheng)市(shi)城(cheng)背溪遺(yi)址(zhi)(系公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)4400~3300年(nian)(nian))出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)一(yi)件盤形陶(tao)器(qi),系涂了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao);李士、秦廣雍在《現(xian)代(dai)實驗(yan)技術在考古(gu)(gu)學中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應用》例(li)舉了(le)(le)(le)X-射線衍射分析(xi),并指出(chu)(chu)該古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),粉紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)是辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)和方解石(shi)混(hun)合物。青(qing)海樂都(dou)(dou)柳(liu)灣原始社會(新石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)中(zhong)晚期(qi)(qi),約公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)3000—公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)2000年(nian)(nian))墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地發現(xian)某(mou)尸骨之(zhi)下撒(sa)有辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha);廣西花山巖畫(hua)距今(jin)(jin)三(san)千余(yu)(yu)年(nian)(nian),工作者(zhe)(zhe)在畫(hua)面中(zhong)取了(le)(le)(le)四個(ge)樣(yang)品,均(jun)有辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha) ;良渚(zhu)遺(yi)址(zhi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)木器(qi)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)涂料中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料是辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha);玉門火燒溝出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)商末夏初紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(甘肅(su)省博物館給(gei)出(chu)(chu)樣(yang)品編號:紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)YH M 84)筆者(zhe)(zhe)用X-射線衍射譜分析(xi),結果是辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(HgS)和石(shi)英(α-SiO2)混(hun)合物。距今(jin)(jin)4000余(yu)(yu)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)河南偃(yan)師(shi)二里(li)頭宮(gong)殿遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)有用辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)繪(hui)(hui)制花紋的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)片,玉器(qi)、銅(tong)器(qi)都(dou)(dou)裹在辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)里(li),還發現(xian)貯藏大(da)量(liang)(liang)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)于三(san)個(ge)坑(keng)中(zhong),同時(shi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)龍紋陶(tao)器(qi)內壁涂了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),其量(liang)(liang)之(zhi)大(da)證明公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)時(shi)那里(li)使(shi)用辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)之(zhi)盛況(kuang)。殷墟五號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)研(yan)磨辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)工具及用辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)涂了(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)骨文刻字(zi)。山東(dong)(dong)(dong)長清仙人臺(tai)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong),有六座周朝邿(shi)國貴旅墓(mu)(mu)(mu)均(jun)在棺底鋪(pu)撒(sa)約2cm厚的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河北(bei)藁城(cheng)縣臺(tai)西村商代(dai)中(zhong)晚期(qi)(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)朱紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)地漆器(qi),顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料是辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。山東(dong)(dong)(dong)臨沂鳳凰嶺東(dong)(dong)(dong)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)陶(tao)片,彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)均(jun)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。
我國(guo)汞礦(kuang)(kuang)資源豐富,累計探(tan)明(ming)儲量居世(shi)界(jie)第(di)3位。古時(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)因地(di)名還叫(jiao)(jiao)過巴砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、宜(yi)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、階砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)等,宋代后(hou),主要產(chan)(chan)銷市場(chang)在(zai)湖南辰(chen)(chen)(chen)州(zhou)(zhou),又因顏色(se)而叫(jiao)(jiao)朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、丹砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、真朱、赤丹、丹粟(su)等。20世(shi)紀(ji)80年代,在(zai)我國(guo)貴州(zhou)(zhou)萬山汞礦(kuang)(kuang)巖屋坪(ping)礦(kuang)(kuang)區采到1顆(ke)矛(mao)頭狀穿插雙晶(jing)(jing)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),質純色(se)艷(yan),形(xing)態完整,被命名為“辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王(wang)”,是我國(guo)1982年發行的(de)(de)第(di)一套礦(kuang)(kuang)物郵(you)票中(zhong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)原型。我國(guo)產(chan)(chan)出的(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)體(ti)(ti)完整,色(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)艷(yan),在(zai)國(guo)際(ji)市場(chang)上(shang),5毫米至10毫米的(de)(de)完整晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)售價(jia)達200美(mei)元(yuan),而讓(rang)世(shi)界(jie)礦(kuang)(kuang)物愛好者、收藏家(jia)動心的(de)(de)是我國(guo)貴州(zhou)(zhou)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)大(da)于(yu)1英寸的(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王(wang)族(zu)成員。20世(shi)紀(ji)90年代美(mei)國(guo)卡希(xi)爾(er)礦(kuang)(kuang)出產(chan)(chan)過1顆(ke)長1英寸的(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti),估計重(zhong)30克(ke)左右,售價(jia)為1500美(mei)元(yuan),是西方世(shi)界(jie)之冠(guan),此售價(jia)為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)在(zai)國(guo)際(ji)市場(chang)的(de)(de)價(jia)格(ge)奠(dian)定(ding)了基礎。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王(wang)族(zu),就是以美(mei)國(guo)卡希(xi)爾(er)礦(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti),即長25毫米、重(zhong)30克(ke)為下限的(de)(de)標準辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)。決定(ding)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)價(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)條件較多,但一般用(yong)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)大(da)小進行標定(ding),其他用(yong)作價(jia)格(ge)天平上(shang)的(de)(de)砝碼。晶(jing)(jing)形(xing)完整、棱角清晰、色(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)紅、透(tou)明(ming)度好的(de)(de)給(gei)予加倍計算(suan)。
天然鬼仙(xian)朱(zhu)砂為粒狀(zhuang)或塊(kuai)(kuai)狀(zhuang)集(ji)合體,呈大小(xiao)不一的塊(kuai)(kuai)或細(xi)小(xiao)穎粒。塊(kuai)(kuai)較大者表面暗紅(hong)色(se),細(xi)小(xiao)的片狀(zhuang)或粒狀(zhuang)者表面鮮紅(hong)色(se),不規則薄片色(se)紅(hong)鮮艷,光亮如鏡,觸之不染手,具金剛(gang)光澤(ze),半透明(ming)。質脆,硬度2-2.5,比重(zhong)8.09-8.20,條(tiao)痕朱(zhu)紅(hong)色(se)至褐紅(hong)色(se)。
合成朱砂呈(cheng)紫紅色不規則(ze)塊狀或朱紅色粒狀及(ji)粉末。不溶于強酸(suan),能溶于硫化鈉和王水。
正品朱砂的理(li)化鑒別:①于閉口(kou)試管(guan)中加熱,變為黑色硫化泵;加碳酸鈉共熱,則變為金屬汞(gong)球。②在開口(kou)管(guan)中燒之產生二氧(yang)化硫氣體(ti)及(ji)金屬汞(gong)球。③細末用(yong)鹽酸浸(jin)濕(shi)后,里光潔的銅片上擦(ca)之,銅片表面顯(xian)銀白色。
偽品(pin)一:褚石(shi)為氧化(hua)物類(lei)礦石(shi)赤鐵礦。多粉碎成(cheng)不規則小塊或(huo)粉末,呈暗紅(hong)棕(zong)色(se)至棕(zong)紅(hong)色(se),金(jin)屬(shu)光(guang)澤不明顯(xian),質硬(ying),硬(ying)度5.5^-6,比重較(jiao)正品(pin)小,為5^-5.3,條痕櫻紅(hong)色(se)。摘石(shi)主要含三(san)氧化(hua)二鐵(Fe2O3),能溶(rong)于強酸,其粉末加鹽酸溶(rong)解后的溶(rong)液加硫氰(qing)酸錢試液顯(xian)血紅(hong)色(se),再(zai)加亞鐵氰(qing)化(hua)鉀試液生成(cheng)藍(lan)色(se)沉淀,再(zai)加2500氫氧化(hua)鈉(na)試液沉淀變(bian)成(cheng)棕(zong)色(se)(Fe,十的鑒別反應(ying))。
偽(wei)品(pin)二:礦(kuang)渣、砂粒經(jing)染色(se)而成其與正品(pin)朱砂的主要區別(bie)為呈(cheng)暗(an)紅(hong)色(se),質輕(qing),水洗可使水染色(se),而礦(kuang)渣、砂粒的紅(hong)色(se)變(bian)淺或褪去,無金屬光澤。理化鑒別(bie)呈(cheng)陰性。
偽品(pin)(pin)三:一種暗(an)紅色(se)礦石(品(pin)(pin)種待定)呈(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)規則塊狀,暗(an)紅色(se),略(lve)有光澤(ze),比重較(jiao)正品(pin)(pin)小,斷面略(lve)呈(cheng)(cheng)纖維狀,較(jiao)正品(pin)(pin)易碎,不(bu)溶(rong)于水,部(bu)分能溶(rong)于強酸(suan)。理化(hua)鑒別(bie)呈(cheng)(cheng)陰性。
摻(chan)(chan)偽品:朱砂的摻(chan)(chan)偽品主要有(you)兩類。一(yi)類是(shi)摻(chan)(chan)有(you)儲(chu)石、紅土(tu)或染(ran)色礦渣,一(yi)般(ban)色澤(ze)不均勻,水洗去色,顆粒(li)間比(bi)重差異大。另一(yi)類中摻(chan)(chan)有(you)鐵等金屬異物粉粒(li),可用磁鐵吸(xi)附,加稀酸有(you)氣體產生(sheng)。