芒果视频下载

基本介紹

中(zhong)國是(shi)世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)出產鬼仙辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)最多的(de)國家之(zhi)一。主(zhu)要產地是(shi)貴州(zhou)東部和湖(hu)南西部，以(yi)質好量(liang)大而(er)出名。產出的(de)礦砂(sha)(sha)(sha)多數運到湖(hu)南西部的(de)辰(chen)溪，再轉銷(xiao)全國各(ge)地，辰(chen)溪成為當時辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)主(zhu)要的(de)集(ji)散地，“辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)”一名也(ye)由此而(er)來。世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)最大的(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)體是(shi)“辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)王”，1980年在貴州(zhou)東部萬山汞(gong)礦區發現。長10.8厘(li)米，寬(kuan)4.4厘(li)米，高4.2厘(li)米，凈重237克。現收藏于中(zhong)國北京地質博物(wu)館(guan)。

大(da)自然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造化瑰(gui)麗(li)而神奇。各種(zhong)造型(xing)奇特、色(se)彩(cai)美麗(li)、產(chan)量稀(xi)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物單晶體、連晶體和晶簇(cu)，既(ji)是(shi)寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物原(yuan)料(liao)，又是(shi)含蓄(xu)質樸，美麗(li)天成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)賞(shang)石(shi)(shi)，它們(men)是(shi)大(da)自然(ran)(ran)給人類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慷慨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)饋贈。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)又被稱作(zuo)為“朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)”，它是(shi)一種(zhong)棕紅色(se)，色(se)彩(cai)鮮艷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)石(shi)(shi)。新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先民就曾經應用辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)做顏料(liao)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)化學成分是(shi)硫化汞，在我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南、貴州、四川等地都有(you)出(chu)(chu)產(chan)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶體呈板狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或菱面(mian)體狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集合體成粒(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或塊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。純凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)具有(you)金屬光澤。有(you)時表面(mian)會(hui)因覆(fu)蓋氧(yang)化薄膜而呈鉛(qian)灰色(se)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密度比較大(da)，和銀(yin)相仿，只出(chu)(chu)產(chan)在低溫熱液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)床中(zhong)(zhong)，常(chang)與輝銻礦(kuang)共生。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)是(shi)提煉汞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物原(yuan)料(liao)。中(zhong)(zhong)醫利(li)用辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為安神、定驚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥物；辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單晶可以作(zuo)為激光調制(zhi)晶體，是(shi)現代(dai)激光技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵材料(liao)之一。

辰砂化學成(cheng)分為硫(liu)化汞(gong)，含(han)Hg86.2%，常(chang)含(han)有粘(zhan)土、氧化鐵、地瀝(li)青等(deng)雜(za)質。溶于鹽酸，并產(chan)生帶(dai)臭雞蛋(dan)味的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化氫。 [2]  三(san)方晶(jing)(jing)系，晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)呈板狀或(huo)菱(ling)面(mian)(mian)體(ti)(ti)狀，集合體(ti)(ti)呈不規則粒狀、致密塊(kuai)狀或(huo)土狀，晶(jing)(jing)簇常(chang)呈菱(ling)形雙(shuang)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)、大顆粒單晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)。半透(tou)明或(huo)不透(tou)明，鮮紅、朱紅、淺紅、暗紅色或(huo)條痕紅色，有時表(biao)面(mian)(mian)帶(dai)鉛灰色的(de)(de)(de)錆(qing)色。對光(guang)(guang)敏(min)感，有很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)折射率，金(jin)屬光(guang)(guang)澤、金(jin)剛(gang)光(guang)(guang)澤或(huo)玻璃(li)光(guang)(guang)澤，摩氏硬(ying)度(du)(du)2～2.5，比重8.2，性(xing)脆(cui)；僅產(chan)于火山巖、熱(re)泉沉積物(wu)(wu)、低溫(wen)熱(re)液礦(kuang)床、斷層角礫白(bai)云(yun)巖晶(jing)(jing)洞中，常(chang)與石(shi)英(ying)、雄黃(huang)、雌黃(huang)、方解石(shi)、輝銻(ti)礦(kuang)、黃(huang)鐵礦(kuang)、白(bai)璽石(shi)等(deng)共生。外生成(cheng)因的(de)(de)(de)辰砂產(chan)于氧化帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)部(bu)(bu)，由黑(hei)黝銅礦(kuang)分解而成(cheng)。辰砂是(shi)分布最廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)，產(chan)于我國的(de)(de)(de)湖南(nan)、貴州、云(yun)南(nan)以及美國西部(bu)(bu)、西班牙、墨西哥產(chan)等(deng)地。辰砂晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)有時呈現鉛灰的(de)(de)(de)錆(qing)色，晶(jing)(jing)面(mian)(mian)為金(jin)剛(gang)光(guang)(guang)澤，半透(tou)明至(zhi)不透(tou)明，性(xing)脆(cui)，摩斯硬(ying)度(du)(du)2至(zhi)2.5，相(xiang)對密度(du)(du)8至(zhi)8.2，不導電(dian)。含(han)有辰砂條帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)地開石(shi)，是(shi)中外馳(chi)名的(de)(de)(de)雞血石(shi)，為中國的(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)名印章(zhang)石(shi)之一。

歷史沿革

辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)（Cinnabar）系(xi)礦物(wu)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)，以古(gu)辰(chen)(chen)州(zhou)產(chan)地(di)命名(ming)(ming)，且(qie)為(wei)(wei)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)科(ke)學技術名(ming)(ming)詞審(shen)定委員會公布的(de)(de)(de)(de)定名(ming)(ming)。在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)史中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)出現了不少以地(di)方(fang)(fang)命名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)種礦物(wu)，如錦砂(sha)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)錦郡出產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個物(wu)品稱(cheng)(cheng)謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)習慣。只有辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)這(zhe)(zhe)一名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)被礦界接受，并(bing)被正式(shi)命名(ming)(ming)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)通用。辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)又稱(cheng)(cheng)朱砂(sha)、丹砂(sha)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)們(men)根據其(qi)顏色(se)特征而叫起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)畫界，朱砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)流傳至今。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)和(he)日本有世界上(shang)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)礦床。辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)礦是(shi)(shi)(shi)含(han)汞的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要礦物(wu)，大紅色(se)，金(jin)(jin)剛光(guang)澤(ze)至金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)光(guang)澤(ze)、呈致(zhi)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)塊(kuai)狀(zhuang)和(he)半透明的(de)(de)(de)(de)板狀(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)犬牙狀(zhuang)。辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)硫(liu)化(hua)汞（分子式(shi)α—HgS或(huo)(huo)HgS）。畫界把合成的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)汞稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)銀朱（Vermilion，分子式(shi)α—HgS），有關煉丹術古(gu)籍中(zhong)(zhong)也稱(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)為(wei)(wei)靈砂(sha)。辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)屬(shu)六方(fang)(fang)晶(jing)(jing)系(xi)，色(se)澤(ze)鮮艷(yan)。自然界中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)有另一種黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)硫(liu)化(hua)汞礦物(wu)，稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)（Metacinnabar，分子式(shi)β—HgS），與辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)互為(wei)(wei)同質異(yi)象，因時(shi)常混生(sheng)，影(ying)響辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)品位。用升(sheng)(sheng)華(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)提(ti)純(chun)混生(sheng)礦物(wu)，升(sheng)(sheng)華(hua)后黑(hei)(hei)(hei)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)重結晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)變為(wei)(wei)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣黑(hei)(hei)(hei)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)就不存在了，升(sheng)(sheng)華(hua)所(suo)得辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)色(se)澤(ze)純(chun)正、鮮艷(yan)。

辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)最早(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如距(ju)今7000年(nian)(nian)左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甘(gan)肅秦安(an)大(da)(da)地灣(wan)就(jiu)有(you)(you)多(duo)處發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。馬清(qing)(qing)林(lin)等人分析研(yan)究(jiu)之(zhi)后指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)，該(gai)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址四(si)期二段(duan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)灰陶甕口(kou)部(bu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)（樣號(hao)：Q.D.F902④:20）和紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶盆口(kou)沿部(bu)殘(can)片紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)（Q.D.T810③:37）均為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。大(da)(da)地灣(wan)九掘區發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)、黑兩色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶殘(can)片，經分析，紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，黑色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為碳黑，膠質為蠟質。在距(ju)今6600±300年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河姆渡村遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址第三(san)文化(hua)層(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)漆碗(wan)，器(qi)(qi)壁外(wai)均有(you)(you)薄(bo)薄(bo)一(yi)層(ceng)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，色(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)艷(yan)，微有(you)(you)光(guang)澤(ze)。專家(jia)推斷用(yong)(yong)了辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，后經陳元(yuan)生先生鑒定確(que)實(shi)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。這些(xie)都(dou)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)至今發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)最早(zao)用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)例證(zheng)。上述秦安(an)大(da)(da)地灣(wan)和河姆渡南北(bei)兩地的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)使用(yong)(yong)事(shi)例，已充(chong)分證(zheng)明我(wo)國(guo)先民在距(ju)今7000年(nian)(nian)左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)，已在彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶、木(mu)器(qi)(qi)使用(yong)(yong)了辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河南靈寶西坡遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址M27墓(mu)屬(shu)仰韶文化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期晚(wan)段(duan)。墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)兩件大(da)(da)口(kou)缸(gang)(gang)上腹部(bu)均有(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)帶(dai)(dai)，帶(dai)(dai)上有(you)(you)加(jia)黑點的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖案。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)缸(gang)(gang)口(kou)唇部(bu)有(you)(you)朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)痕(hen)跡(ji)。缸(gang)(gang)內(nei)填(tian)土(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)涂(tu)抹朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細麻布(bu)碎(sui)塊。考(kao)古者(zhe)推斷“缸(gang)(gang)口(kou)原來用(yong)(yong)涂(tu)朱的(de)(de)(de)(de)麻布(bu)覆蓋(gai)” 。湖(hu)北(bei)枝城(cheng)(cheng)市城(cheng)(cheng)背溪遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址（系(xi)公元(yuan)前(qian)4400～3300年(nian)(nian)）出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)一(yi)件盤(pan)形陶器(qi)(qi)，系(xi)涂(tu)了辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶；李士、秦廣(guang)雍在《現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)實(shi)驗(yan)技術在考(kao)古學中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)》例舉了X-射(she)線(xian)(xian)衍(yan)射(she)分析，并指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)該(gai)古陶彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，粉(fen)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)和方解石(shi)(shi)混合(he)物(wu)。青海樂都(dou)柳灣(wan)原始社會(hui)（新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)期，約(yue)公元(yuan)前(qian)3000—公元(yuan)前(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)）墓(mu)地發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)某尸(shi)骨之(zhi)下撒有(you)(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)；廣(guang)西花山巖畫(hua)距(ju)今三(san)千(qian)余(yu)年(nian)(nian)，工作者(zhe)在畫(hua)面中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取(qu)了四(si)個樣品，均有(you)(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha) ；良渚遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)；玉門火燒溝出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)商末夏初紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)（甘(gan)肅省博物(wu)館給出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)樣品編號(hao)：紅(hong)(hong)(hong)YH M 84）筆者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)X-射(she)線(xian)(xian)衍(yan)射(she)譜分析,結果是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)（HgS）和石(shi)(shi)英（α-SiO2）混合(he)物(wu)。距(ju)今4000余(yu)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河南偃師(shi)二里頭宮殿遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)繪(hui)制花紋(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶片，玉器(qi)(qi)、銅器(qi)(qi)都(dou)裹在辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)里，還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貯藏(zang)大(da)(da)量辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)于三(san)個坑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，同時出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍紋(wen)陶器(qi)(qi)內(nei)壁涂(tu)了辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)，其(qi)量之(zhi)大(da)(da)證(zheng)明公元(yuan)前(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)時那里使用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)之(zhi)盛況。殷墟(xu)五號(hao)墓(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)研(yan)磨(mo)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)工具及用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)涂(tu)了的(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)骨文刻(ke)字。山東長清(qing)(qing)仙(xian)人臺(tai)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)六座周(zhou)朝邿國(guo)貴旅墓(mu)均在棺底鋪撒約(yue)2cm厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河北(bei)藁(gao)城(cheng)(cheng)縣臺(tai)西村商代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)期遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)朱紅(hong)(hong)(hong)地漆器(qi)(qi)，顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。山東臨沂(yi)鳳(feng)凰嶺東周(zhou)墓(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)陶片，彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)均為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。

中國儲量

我(wo)國汞(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)資源豐(feng)富，累(lei)計探(tan)明儲量(liang)居世(shi)(shi)界第3位。古(gu)時辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)因(yin)地名(ming)(ming)還叫(jiao)過巴砂(sha)(sha)(sha)、宜砂(sha)(sha)(sha)、階砂(sha)(sha)(sha)等，宋代后，主(zhu)要產(chan)銷市(shi)場(chang)在(zai)湖南(nan)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)州(zhou)，又因(yin)顏色(se)而叫(jiao)朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)、丹砂(sha)(sha)(sha)、真朱、赤丹、丹粟等。20世(shi)(shi)紀80年(nian)(nian)代，在(zai)我(wo)國貴(gui)州(zhou)萬山汞(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)巖屋坪礦(kuang)(kuang)區(qu)采到1顆矛頭狀穿插雙晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)，質純色(se)艷，形態完(wan)整(zheng)，被命名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)“辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)王(wang)(wang)”，是(shi)我(wo)國1982年(nian)(nian)發(fa)行的(de)(de)(de)第一套礦(kuang)(kuang)物郵票中辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)原型。我(wo)國產(chan)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)形體(ti)(ti)完(wan)整(zheng)，色(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)艷，在(zai)國際(ji)市(shi)場(chang)上，5毫米至10毫米的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整(zheng)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)售價(jia)(jia)達200美(mei)(mei)元(yuan)，而讓世(shi)(shi)界礦(kuang)(kuang)物愛好(hao)者、收藏家動心的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)我(wo)國貴(gui)州(zhou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)于(yu)1英寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)王(wang)(wang)族成員。20世(shi)(shi)紀90年(nian)(nian)代美(mei)(mei)國卡希爾礦(kuang)(kuang)出(chu)產(chan)過1顆長1英寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)，估計重30克(ke)左右，售價(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)1500美(mei)(mei)元(yuan)，是(shi)西方(fang)世(shi)(shi)界之(zhi)冠，此售價(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)在(zai)國際(ji)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格奠(dian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了基礎。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)王(wang)(wang)族，就是(shi)以(yi)美(mei)(mei)國卡希爾礦(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)，即長25毫米、重30克(ke)為(wei)(wei)下限的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)。決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)價(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件較多(duo)，但(dan)一般用晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)大(da)小(xiao)進行標定(ding)(ding)(ding)，其他用作價(jia)(jia)格天平上的(de)(de)(de)砝碼。晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)形完(wan)整(zheng)、棱角(jiao)清晰(xi)、色(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)紅、透(tou)明度好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)給予加倍計算。

真偽鑒別

天然(ran)鬼(gui)仙朱砂為粒(li)狀(zhuang)或塊(kuai)狀(zhuang)集合體，呈大小不(bu)一的塊(kuai)或細小穎(ying)粒(li)。塊(kuai)較大者表面(mian)(mian)暗(an)紅色，細小的片狀(zhuang)或粒(li)狀(zhuang)者表面(mian)(mian)鮮紅色，不(bu)規則(ze)薄片色紅鮮艷，光亮(liang)如鏡(jing)，觸之不(bu)染手，具金剛光澤，半(ban)透明(ming)。質脆，硬度2-2.5，比重8.09-8.20，條(tiao)痕朱紅色至褐(he)紅色。

合成朱砂呈紫紅色(se)(se)不規(gui)則塊狀或朱紅色(se)(se)粒狀及粉末。不溶于強酸，能溶于硫(liu)化鈉(na)和王水。

正品朱砂的理化鑒別(bie)：①于閉(bi)口(kou)試管中加(jia)熱，變(bian)為黑色(se)硫化泵；加(jia)碳酸(suan)鈉共(gong)熱，則變(bian)為金屬(shu)汞(gong)球。②在開口(kou)管中燒之產(chan)生二氧化硫氣體(ti)及(ji)金屬(shu)汞(gong)球。③細末用鹽酸(suan)浸濕后，里光潔的銅(tong)(tong)片(pian)上擦之，銅(tong)(tong)片(pian)表(biao)面顯(xian)銀(yin)白色(se)。

偽品

偽品(pin)一：褚石(shi)為氧化物類(lei)礦(kuang)石(shi)赤(chi)鐵礦(kuang)。多粉(fen)碎成不(bu)(bu)規則小塊(kuai)或粉(fen)末，呈暗(an)紅棕色(se)至棕紅色(se)，金(jin)屬光澤不(bu)(bu)明顯(xian)(xian)，質硬，硬度5.5^-6，比重較正品(pin)小，為5^-5.3，條痕櫻紅色(se)。摘石(shi)主要含(han)三氧化二鐵（Fe2O3），能(neng)溶于(yu)強酸(suan)，其粉(fen)末加(jia)鹽酸(suan)溶解后的溶液(ye)加(jia)硫氰酸(suan)錢試液(ye)顯(xian)(xian)血紅色(se)，再(zai)加(jia)亞鐵氰化鉀試液(ye)生成藍色(se)沉淀，再(zai)加(jia)2500氫(qing)氧化鈉(na)試液(ye)沉淀變成棕色(se)（Fe，十的鑒別反應(ying)）。

偽品二：礦渣、砂粒(li)經(jing)染色(se)而成其與正(zheng)品朱(zhu)砂的主要區別為呈(cheng)暗(an)紅色(se)，質(zhi)輕(qing)，水洗可使水染色(se)，而礦渣、砂粒(li)的紅色(se)變淺或(huo)褪去，無金屬光(guang)澤。理(li)化鑒別呈(cheng)陰性。

偽品三：一種暗(an)紅色礦石（品種待定）呈不規(gui)則塊狀(zhuang)，暗(an)紅色，略(lve)有光澤，比重較正(zheng)品小，斷(duan)面略(lve)呈纖維狀(zhuang)，較正(zheng)品易碎(sui)，不溶于(yu)水，部分能溶于(yu)強酸。理化鑒別(bie)呈陰性。

摻(chan)(chan)偽品(pin)：朱砂的(de)摻(chan)(chan)偽品(pin)主要有兩(liang)類。一類是(shi)摻(chan)(chan)有儲(chu)石、紅土(tu)或染(ran)色(se)礦渣，一般色(se)澤不均(jun)勻，水洗(xi)去色(se)，顆粒間比重差(cha)異大(da)。另(ling)一類中摻(chan)(chan)有鐵(tie)等金屬異物粉粒，可用磁鐵(tie)吸附(fu)，加稀酸有氣體產生。