中國(guo)是(shi)世界(jie)(jie)上(shang)出產鬼仙辰砂(sha)(sha)最多的(de)(de)國(guo)家之一。主要產地是(shi)貴州東部(bu)和(he)湖南(nan)西部(bu),以(yi)質好(hao)量大而(er)出名。產出的(de)(de)礦(kuang)砂(sha)(sha)多數運(yun)到湖南(nan)西部(bu)的(de)(de)辰溪,再轉銷全(quan)國(guo)各地,辰溪成為當時(shi)辰砂(sha)(sha)主要的(de)(de)集(ji)散地,“辰砂(sha)(sha)”一名也由此(ci)而(er)來。世界(jie)(jie)上(shang)最大的(de)(de)辰砂(sha)(sha)晶體是(shi)“辰砂(sha)(sha)王”,1980年(nian)在(zai)貴州東部(bu)萬山汞礦(kuang)區發現(xian)。長10.8厘米(mi),寬4.4厘米(mi),高4.2厘米(mi),凈重237克。現(xian)收藏于中國(guo)北京地質博(bo)物館。
大自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)化(hua)(hua)瑰麗(li)而神(shen)(shen)奇。各種(zhong)造(zao)型奇特、色彩(cai)美(mei)麗(li)、產量稀少的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)單晶體、連晶體和晶簇,既是(shi)寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)原料,又是(shi)含蓄質樸,美(mei)麗(li)天成的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞石(shi)(shi),它(ta)們(men)是(shi)大自然給人類的(de)(de)(de)(de)慷慨(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)饋贈。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)又被(bei)稱作(zuo)為(wei)“朱砂(sha)(sha)”,它(ta)是(shi)一種(zhong)棕紅色,色彩(cai)鮮艷的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)石(shi)(shi)。新石(shi)(shi)器時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)民就曾經應用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)做顏料。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要化(hua)(hua)學成分是(shi)硫化(hua)(hua)汞,在(zai)我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南、貴州、四川(chuan)等地都(dou)有出(chu)產。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶體呈板(ban)狀或菱面體狀,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)集合體成粒狀或塊狀。純凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)具有金(jin)屬光澤。有時(shi)表面會因覆蓋(gai)氧化(hua)(hua)薄膜(mo)而呈鉛(qian)灰(hui)色。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)度比(bi)較大,和銀(yin)相仿(fang),只出(chu)產在(zai)低溫熱(re)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)床中,常與(yu)輝銻礦(kuang)共生。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)是(shi)提煉汞的(de)(de)(de)(de)最主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)原料。中醫利(li)用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)安神(shen)(shen)、定(ding)驚的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥物(wu);辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單晶可以(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)激光調制晶體,是(shi)現代激光技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)材料之(zhi)一。
辰(chen)砂化學成(cheng)分為硫(liu)(liu)化汞,含(han)Hg86.2%,常含(han)有(you)粘土、氧(yang)(yang)化鐵、地瀝青(qing)等(deng)雜質。溶于(yu)(yu)鹽(yan)酸,并產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)帶(dai)(dai)臭雞蛋(dan)味的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)化氫。 [2] 三方晶(jing)系,晶(jing)體呈(cheng)板狀(zhuang)或(huo)菱(ling)面體狀(zhuang),集合體呈(cheng)不(bu)(bu)規則粒狀(zhuang)、致(zhi)密(mi)塊狀(zhuang)或(huo)土狀(zhuang),晶(jing)簇常呈(cheng)菱(ling)形雙晶(jing)體、大顆粒單晶(jing)體。半(ban)透明(ming)(ming)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)透明(ming)(ming),鮮紅(hong)、朱紅(hong)、淺紅(hong)、暗(an)紅(hong)色(se)(se)或(huo)條(tiao)(tiao)痕紅(hong)色(se)(se),有(you)時(shi)表(biao)面帶(dai)(dai)鉛灰色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)錆色(se)(se)。對(dui)光敏感,有(you)很高的(de)(de)(de)(de)折(zhe)射率(lv),金屬光澤(ze)(ze)、金剛光澤(ze)(ze)或(huo)玻(bo)璃光澤(ze)(ze),摩(mo)氏硬(ying)度(du)2~2.5,比重(zhong)8.2,性脆;僅產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)(yu)火山巖(yan)、熱(re)泉沉積物(wu)、低溫熱(re)液礦(kuang)(kuang)床、斷(duan)層角(jiao)礫(li)白云(yun)巖(yan)晶(jing)洞中,常與石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英、雄(xiong)黃(huang)、雌黃(huang)、方解石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、輝銻礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃(huang)鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)、白璽石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)共(gong)生(sheng)。外(wai)生(sheng)成(cheng)因(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)砂產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)(yu)氧(yang)(yang)化帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下部,由黑黝銅礦(kuang)(kuang)分解而(er)成(cheng)。辰(chen)砂是(shi)分布最廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)汞礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)(yu)我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南、貴(gui)州、云(yun)南以及美國西(xi)部、西(xi)班(ban)牙、墨西(xi)哥產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)等(deng)地。辰(chen)砂晶(jing)體表(biao)面有(you)時(shi)呈(cheng)現鉛灰的(de)(de)(de)(de)錆色(se)(se),晶(jing)面為金剛光澤(ze)(ze),半(ban)透明(ming)(ming)至不(bu)(bu)透明(ming)(ming),性脆,摩(mo)斯硬(ying)度(du)2至2.5,相(xiang)對(dui)密(mi)度(du)8至8.2,不(bu)(bu)導電。含(han)有(you)辰(chen)砂條(tiao)(tiao)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地開石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),是(shi)中外(wai)馳名的(de)(de)(de)(de)雞血石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),為中國的(de)(de)(de)(de)著名印章石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之一。
辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(Cinnabar)系礦(kuang)物名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng),以(yi)古辰(chen)州(zhou)產(chan)地命名(ming),且(qie)為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)科學技術名(ming)詞審定(ding)委員會公布的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)名(ming)。在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)(li)史(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還出現(xian)了(le)不少以(yi)地方命名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種礦(kuang)物,如(ru)錦(jin)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),是(shi)錦(jin)郡出產(chan)的(de)(de)(de),這(zhe)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)(li)史(shi)上的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個物品(pin)稱(cheng)(cheng)謂的(de)(de)(de)習慣。只有辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)這(zhe)一(yi)名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)被(bei)(bei)礦(kuang)界接受,并(bing)被(bei)(bei)正式命名(ming),全(quan)國(guo)通用(yong)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)又稱(cheng)(cheng)朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、丹砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),是(shi)人(ren)們(men)根(gen)據其(qi)顏色(se)(se)特(te)征(zheng)而叫(jiao)起來的(de)(de)(de),尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)國(guo)畫界,朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)流傳至(zhi)今。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)和日本有世界上最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)床。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)是(shi)含汞(gong)的(de)(de)(de)主要礦(kuang)物,大紅色(se)(se),金剛光澤(ze)至(zhi)金屬光澤(ze)、呈致密的(de)(de)(de)塊(kuai)狀(zhuang)和半透明的(de)(de)(de)板狀(zhuang)或犬牙(ya)狀(zhuang)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)硫化(hua)汞(gong)(分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)式α—HgS或HgS)。畫界把合成的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)汞(gong)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)銀朱(zhu)(Vermilion,分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)式α—HgS),有關(guan)煉丹術古籍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也稱(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)為(wei)靈砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)屬六方晶系,色(se)(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)艷(yan)。自然界中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還有另一(yi)種黑(hei)色(se)(se)硫化(hua)汞(gong)礦(kuang)物,稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)黑(hei)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(Metacinnabar,分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)式β—HgS),與辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)互為(wei)同質異象,因時常(chang)混生,影響(xiang)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)品(pin)位(wei)。用(yong)升華的(de)(de)(de)方法提純混生礦(kuang)物,升華后黑(hei)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)重(zhong)結晶時變為(wei)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),這(zhe)樣黑(hei)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)就不存在了(le),升華所得(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)色(se)(se)澤(ze)純正、鮮(xian)艷(yan)。
辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)最早(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代彩(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如距今(jin)7000年(nian)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甘肅(su)秦(qin)安(an)大(da)地灣(wan)(wan)就有(you)(you)(you)多處發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。馬清林等人分(fen)析研究之后指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),該遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)期(qi)二(er)段紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)甕口(kou)部(bu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(樣(yang)號:Q.D.F902④:20)和紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)盆口(kou)沿部(bu)殘(can)片(pian)(pian)(pian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(Q.D.T810③:37)均(jun)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。大(da)地灣(wan)(wan)九(jiu)掘區(qu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)、黑兩(liang)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)殘(can)片(pian)(pian)(pian),經分(fen)析,紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),黑色(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)為(wei)碳黑,膠質(zhi)為(wei)蠟質(zhi)。在(zai)距今(jin)6600±300年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)姆渡村遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)第三文化層(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)漆碗,器(qi)(qi)壁(bi)外均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)薄薄一(yi)層(ceng)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao),色(se)(se)澤(ze)鮮艷,微有(you)(you)(you)光澤(ze)。專家推斷(duan)用(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),后經陳(chen)元(yuan)生(sheng)先生(sheng)鑒定確實(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。這(zhe)些都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)至今(jin)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)最早(zao)用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例證。上(shang)(shang)(shang)述秦(qin)安(an)大(da)地灣(wan)(wan)和河(he)(he)姆渡南(nan)北(bei)兩(liang)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)事例,已(yi)充分(fen)證明我國(guo)(guo)先民在(zai)距今(jin)7000年(nian)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代,已(yi)在(zai)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)、木器(qi)(qi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。河(he)(he)南(nan)靈(ling)寶(bao)西(xi)坡遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)M27墓(mu)屬仰韶文化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)晚(wan)(wan)段。墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)兩(liang)件大(da)口(kou)缸(gang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)腹部(bu)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)帶,帶上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)加黑點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)案(an)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)缸(gang)口(kou)唇部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)痕(hen)跡(ji)。缸(gang)內(nei)填土(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)涂(tu)(tu)抹朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)麻布(bu)碎塊。考(kao)古(gu)(gu)者推斷(duan)“缸(gang)口(kou)原來用(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)朱(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)麻布(bu)覆(fu)蓋” 。湖北(bei)枝(zhi)城市城背溪遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(系(xi)公(gong)元(yuan)前4400~3300年(nian))出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)一(yi)件盤形陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi),系(xi)涂(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao);李士、秦(qin)廣(guang)雍在(zai)《現(xian)(xian)(xian)代實(shi)(shi)驗技術在(zai)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)學(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)》例舉了(le)(le)X-射(she)(she)線(xian)衍射(she)(she)分(fen)析,并指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)該古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),粉紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)是(shi)(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)和方解石(shi)(shi)混合(he)物。青海(hai)樂(le)都(dou)柳灣(wan)(wan)原始社會(新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi),約公(gong)元(yuan)前3000—公(gong)元(yuan)前2000年(nian))墓(mu)地發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)某尸骨(gu)之下撒有(you)(you)(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha);廣(guang)西(xi)花山巖畫距今(jin)三千余年(nian),工(gong)作者在(zai)畫面(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取了(le)(le)四(si)個樣(yang)品(pin),均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha) ;良渚(zhu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)木器(qi)(qi)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha);玉門火(huo)燒溝出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)商(shang)末(mo)夏初(chu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(甘肅(su)省博物館給出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)樣(yang)品(pin)編號:紅(hong)(hong)(hong)YH M 84)筆者用(yong)(yong)X-射(she)(she)線(xian)衍射(she)(she)譜分(fen)析,結果是(shi)(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(HgS)和石(shi)(shi)英(α-SiO2)混合(he)物。距今(jin)4000余年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)南(nan)偃(yan)師(shi)二(er)里(li)頭宮殿(dian)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)繪(hui)制花紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian)(pian),玉器(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)都(dou)裹(guo)在(zai)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)里(li),還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)貯(zhu)藏大(da)量(liang)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)于三個坑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),同時出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)紋陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)壁(bi)涂(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),其(qi)量(liang)之大(da)證明公(gong)元(yuan)前2000年(nian)時那里(li)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)之盛況。殷墟(xu)五號墓(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)研磨辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)工(gong)具(ju)及用(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)涂(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲骨(gu)文刻字。山東長清仙人臺(tai)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)六座周(zhou)朝邿國(guo)(guo)貴旅墓(mu)均(jun)在(zai)棺底鋪撒約2cm厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。河(he)(he)北(bei)藁城縣臺(tai)西(xi)村商(shang)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)朱(zhu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)地漆器(qi)(qi),顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。山東臨沂(yi)鳳凰嶺(ling)東周(zhou)墓(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian)(pian),彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)均(jun)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。
我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)汞礦(kuang)(kuang)資(zi)源(yuan)豐(feng)富,累計(ji)探明(ming)儲量居世界(jie)第(di)(di)3位。古時辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)因地名還叫(jiao)過巴砂(sha)(sha)、宜(yi)砂(sha)(sha)、階(jie)砂(sha)(sha)等,宋代后(hou),主要(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)銷市(shi)場在湖南(nan)辰(chen)州,又因顏色而叫(jiao)朱(zhu)(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)、丹砂(sha)(sha)、真朱(zhu)(zhu)、赤丹、丹粟等。20世紀80年(nian)代,在我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)貴(gui)州萬(wan)山(shan)汞礦(kuang)(kuang)巖(yan)屋坪礦(kuang)(kuang)區采(cai)到1顆(ke)矛頭狀穿插雙晶(jing)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha),質純色艷(yan),形態完整,被命名為“辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)王(wang)(wang)(wang)”,是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)1982年(nian)發行的(de)(de)第(di)(di)一(yi)套礦(kuang)(kuang)物郵(you)票中辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)原型。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出的(de)(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)晶(jing)體形體完整,色澤鮮艷(yan),在國(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場上,5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)至10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)的(de)(de)完整晶(jing)體售(shou)價(jia)達(da)200美元,而讓世界(jie)礦(kuang)(kuang)物愛好者、收藏家(jia)動心的(de)(de)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)貴(gui)州產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)大于1英寸(cun)的(de)(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)王(wang)(wang)(wang)族成員。20世紀90年(nian)代美國(guo)(guo)卡(ka)希爾(er)(er)礦(kuang)(kuang)出產(chan)(chan)(chan)過1顆(ke)長1英寸(cun)的(de)(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)晶(jing)體,估計(ji)重30克(ke)左右,售(shou)價(jia)為1500美元,是(shi)西(xi)方世界(jie)之冠,此售(shou)價(jia)為辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)晶(jing)體在國(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場的(de)(de)價(jia)格奠定(ding)了基礎。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)王(wang)(wang)(wang)族,就是(shi)以美國(guo)(guo)卡(ka)希爾(er)(er)礦(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)晶(jing)體,即(ji)長25毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)、重30克(ke)為下限(xian)的(de)(de)標(biao)準辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)晶(jing)體。決(jue)定(ding)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)晶(jing)體價(jia)格的(de)(de)條件較(jiao)多(duo),但一(yi)般用晶(jing)體大小進(jin)行標(biao)定(ding),其他用作價(jia)格天平上的(de)(de)砝碼。晶(jing)形完整、棱角清(qing)晰、色澤鮮紅(hong)、透明(ming)度好的(de)(de)給予(yu)加倍計(ji)算。
天然鬼仙朱(zhu)砂為粒狀(zhuang)或(huo)塊狀(zhuang)集合體,呈大小(xiao)不(bu)一的(de)(de)塊或(huo)細小(xiao)穎粒。塊較大者(zhe)表面暗紅(hong)色(se)(se),細小(xiao)的(de)(de)片狀(zhuang)或(huo)粒狀(zhuang)者(zhe)表面鮮紅(hong)色(se)(se),不(bu)規則薄片色(se)(se)紅(hong)鮮艷,光(guang)亮如(ru)鏡,觸之不(bu)染手(shou),具(ju)金剛光(guang)澤,半透明。質脆,硬(ying)度2-2.5,比(bi)重8.09-8.20,條(tiao)痕朱(zhu)紅(hong)色(se)(se)至(zhi)褐紅(hong)色(se)(se)。
合成(cheng)朱砂呈紫紅色(se)(se)不(bu)規則塊(kuai)狀(zhuang)或朱紅色(se)(se)粒狀(zhuang)及粉末。不(bu)溶于(yu)強(qiang)酸,能溶于(yu)硫化鈉(na)和王水。
正品朱砂的(de)理化(hua)鑒(jian)別:①于閉口試管中加(jia)熱(re),變為(wei)黑(hei)色硫(liu)化(hua)泵;加(jia)碳酸(suan)鈉(na)共熱(re),則(ze)變為(wei)金屬汞球(qiu)。②在開口管中燒之(zhi)產(chan)生二氧化(hua)硫(liu)氣體及金屬汞球(qiu)。③細末用鹽酸(suan)浸濕后,里光潔的(de)銅片上擦之(zhi),銅片表面顯銀(yin)白色。
偽(wei)品(pin)一:褚石為(wei)(wei)氧化(hua)物類礦石赤鐵礦。多粉碎成不規則(ze)小塊(kuai)或粉末,呈暗紅(hong)棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(se)至(zhi)棕(zong)(zong)紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se),金(jin)屬光澤不明(ming)顯,質(zhi)硬,硬度5.5^-6,比重較(jiao)正品(pin)小,為(wei)(wei)5^-5.3,條痕(hen)櫻紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)。摘石主要(yao)含三氧化(hua)二(er)鐵(Fe2O3),能溶(rong)于強酸,其粉末加鹽酸溶(rong)解后的溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)加硫(liu)氰(qing)酸錢試液(ye)(ye)顯血紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se),再加亞鐵氰(qing)化(hua)鉀試液(ye)(ye)生成藍色(se)(se)(se)沉(chen)淀,再加2500氫(qing)氧化(hua)鈉試液(ye)(ye)沉(chen)淀變(bian)成棕(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(se)(Fe,十的鑒(jian)別反應)。
偽品(pin)二:礦渣(zha)、砂(sha)粒(li)經染色(se)而成(cheng)其與正品(pin)朱砂(sha)的主要區別為呈暗紅色(se),質輕,水(shui)洗可使水(shui)染色(se),而礦渣(zha)、砂(sha)粒(li)的紅色(se)變(bian)淺或褪去,無(wu)金屬光澤(ze)。理化鑒別呈陰性(xing)。
偽品(pin)三(san):一種暗紅(hong)色礦石(shi)(品(pin)種待(dai)定)呈(cheng)不(bu)規則塊狀(zhuang),暗紅(hong)色,略(lve)有光澤,比重較(jiao)正品(pin)小,斷面(mian)略(lve)呈(cheng)纖維狀(zhuang),較(jiao)正品(pin)易碎,不(bu)溶于水,部分(fen)能溶于強酸。理化鑒別呈(cheng)陰性。
摻(chan)(chan)偽品(pin):朱砂的摻(chan)(chan)偽品(pin)主要有(you)兩(liang)類(lei)(lei)。一(yi)類(lei)(lei)是摻(chan)(chan)有(you)儲石、紅土或染(ran)色(se)(se)礦(kuang)渣(zha),一(yi)般色(se)(se)澤(ze)不均勻,水洗(xi)去色(se)(se),顆粒(li)間(jian)比重差異大(da)。另一(yi)類(lei)(lei)中摻(chan)(chan)有(you)鐵等金屬異物粉粒(li),可用磁鐵吸附,加稀(xi)酸有(you)氣(qi)體產生。