方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(即硫化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian))是一種(zhong)比較常(chang)見的(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu),它是提(ti)(ti)煉(lian)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)重要(yao)礦(kuang)(kuang)石礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu),是分布最廣(guang)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)。方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)是一種(zhong)灰(hui)色的(de)(de)硫化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),中(zhong)國早在(zai)商代前就從方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)提(ti)(ti)煉(lian)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)呈立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)體形(xing)狀,很(hen)多(duo)這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)體晶(jing)體聚在(zai)一起形(xing)成(cheng)粒(li)狀或塊狀。它們具有(you)金(jin)屬光(guang)澤。方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)常(chang)常(chang)還(huan)含(han)有(you)銀(yin),因(yin)此也(ye)被(bei)用來作為提(ti)(ti)煉(lian)銀(yin)的(de)(de)資源。方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)被(bei)風化(hua)(hua)后就變成(cheng)白鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)和鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礬。中(zhong)國云南、廣(guang)東、青海的(de)(de)幾個地方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅礦(kuang)(kuang)出產方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)總是跟閃鋅礦(kuang)(kuang)生(sheng)在(zai)一起),在(zai)一些煤礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)有(you)時(shi)也(ye)會發(fa)現它們。
方鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)含銀﹐中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)自古(gu)就(jiu)從含銀方鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)提煉銀。方鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)具有氯化(hua)鈉(na)型晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)結構。呈鉛(qian)(qian)灰色﹐強金(jin)屬光澤﹐摩(mo)斯(si)硬度2.5﹐比(bi)重達(da)7.5﹐具完全的(de)立(li)方體(ti)(ti)解(jie)理。晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)呈立(li)方體(ti)(ti)﹐有時為八(ba)面體(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)立(li)方體(ti)(ti)的(de)聚形﹔集合體(ti)(ti)常(chang)成(cheng)粒(li)狀(zhuang)和致密塊狀(zhuang)。主要是(shi)熱液成(cheng)因(yin)的(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)﹐幾乎(hu)總(zong)是(shi)與(yu)(yu)閃鋅(xin)礦(kuang)共生。方鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)在地表易風(feng)化(hua)成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)礬(fan)和白鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)的(de)產地以云南(nan)金(jin)頂﹑廣東凡口﹑青海錫鐵(tie)山(shan)等地最著(zhu)(zhu)名。最大產地是(shi)美國(guo)(guo)的(de)新密蘇里﹐僅鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)儲(chu)量(liang)就(jiu)達(da)3000萬噸。此外﹐英國(guo)(guo)的(de)康沃(wo)爾(er)(er)﹑德(de)國(guo)(guo)的(de)弗賴(lai)貝(bei)格﹑澳大利亞的(de)布羅肯(ken)希(xi)爾(er)(er)等也(ye)很著(zhu)(zhu)名。
方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦的化學成分為PbS,含鉛(qian)(qian)可(ke)達86.6%。晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)形(xing)態常呈(cheng)立方(fang)體(ti)(ti)(ti),集合(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)呈(cheng)柱狀(zhuang)或致密(mi)塊狀(zhuang)。鉛(qian)(qian)灰色,條痕(hen)灰黑色,金屬光澤,不透明(ming)。硬度(du)2―3,密(mi)度(du)7.4-7.6。三組解理完全。
方鉛(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)是提取(qu)鉛(qian)的主要(yao)礦(kuang)(kuang)物。
化學式為(wei)PbS,其中也(ye)可以包(bao)含至1%的(de)銀(yin)。理論組成(cheng)(wB%):Pb86.60,S13.40。混入物(wu)以Ag為(wei)最常見,其次(ci)為(wei)Cu、Zn,有(you)時有(you)Fe、As、Sb、Bi、Cd、Tl、In、Se等。Se代(dai)替S,可形(xing)成(cheng)方鉛礦-硒鉛礦的(de)完(wan)全(quan)類質同像(xiang)系列。
等軸晶(jing)系,a0=0.594nm;Z=4。NaCl型結構(gou)。面心立方(fang)格(ge)子(zi)。化學鍵為離子(zi)鍵與金屬(shu)鍵的過渡類型。
六八面(mian)體(ti)晶(jing)(jing)類,Oh-m3m(3L44L36L29PC);晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)常呈(cheng)立(li)方體(ti)、八面(mian)體(ti)狀(zhuang)。主要單形:立(li)方體(ti)a,菱(ling)形十二(er)面(mian)體(ti)d,八面(mian)體(ti)o,三角三八面(mian)體(ti)p及其聚(ju)形。含Ag高時晶(jing)(jing)面(mian)往往彎(wan)曲。常依(yi)(111)呈(cheng)接觸雙晶(jing)(jing),依(yi)(441)呈(cheng)聚(ju)片雙晶(jing)(jing)。集合體(ti)呈(cheng)粒狀(zhuang)或致密塊狀(zhuang)。
常呈鉛(qian)灰色。條痕黑色。金屬光澤(ze)。有平行三組(zu)完全解理。成分(fen)中含Bi時常有平行的(de)裂開。硬度2~3。相對密度7.4~7.6。具弱導電性(xing)和良檢波性(xing)。
晶格參數等相(xiang)應的(de)描述:
屬等軸晶(jing)系,NaCl型結構,立(li)(li)方面(mian)心格子。六(liu)八(ba)(ba)面(mian)體(ti)(ti)晶(jing)類,晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)常呈(cheng)立(li)(li)方體(ti)(ti)、八(ba)(ba)面(mian)體(ti)(ti)狀(zhuang)。主要單形:立(li)(li)方體(ti)(ti)a{100},菱形十二面(mian)體(ti)(ti)d{110},八(ba)(ba)面(mian)體(ti)(ti)o{111},三角三八(ba)(ba)面(mian)體(ti)(ti)p{212}及其聚(ju)形。含Ag高時晶(jing)面(mian)往往彎曲。常依(111)呈(cheng)接(jie)觸(chu)雙(shuang)(shuang)晶(jing),依(441)呈(cheng)聚(ju)片(pian)雙(shuang)(shuang)晶(jing)。集合體(ti)(ti)呈(cheng)粒(li)狀(zhuang)或致密(mi)塊(kuai)狀(zhuang)。
每(mei)個單胞包含4個PbS分(fen)子,每(mei)個硫(liu)(liu)原(yuan)子分(fen)別(bie)與(yu)6個相鄰(lin)的(de)鉛(qian)原(yuan)子配(pei)位(wei)(wei),而(er)每(mei)個鉛(qian)原(yuan)子也分(fen)別(bie)與(yu)6個相鄰(lin)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)原(yuan)子配(pei)位(wei)(wei),形成八面(mian)體構造(zao)。常見(jian)的(de)解(jie)理面(mian)為沿鉛(qian)-硫(liu)(liu)鍵斷裂的(de)面(mian),表(biao)面(mian)上的(de)硫(liu)(liu)原(yuan)子分(fen)別(bie)與(yu)5個鉛(qian)原(yuan)子配(pei)位(wei)(wei),鉛(qian)原(yuan)子分(fen)別(bie)與(yu)5個硫(liu)(liu)原(yuan)子配(pei)位(wei)(wei)。
有平(ping)行{100}三組完全(quan)解理。成分中含Bi時(shi)常有平(ping)行{111}的(de)裂開(kai)。硬(ying)度2~3。相對密度7.4~7.6。具弱導電性和良檢波性。
主要為巖漿作用后期的產物(wu)。在接觸交代礦(kuang)(kuang)床中,常與磁(ci)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)、磁(ci)黃鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃銅礦(kuang)(kuang)、閃鋅礦(kuang)(kuang)等共(gong)(gong)生。在中、低溫熱液礦(kuang)(kuang)床中,與閃鋅礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃銅礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)、石(shi)英、方解石(shi)、重晶石(shi)等共(gong)(gong)生。在氧化帶不穩定,易轉變為鉛(qian)礬、白鉛(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)等礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)。
方(fang)鉛(qian)礦(kuang)主(zhu)要(yao)成為(wei)為(wei)硫化鉛(qian),屬易浮(fu)類硫化礦(kuang),方(fang)鉛(qian)礦(kuang)的選礦(kuang)方(fang)法以浮(fu)選法和重選法為(wei)主(zhu),重選法適用于(yu)粗粒嵌布方(fang)鉛(qian)礦(kuang)的選礦(kuang),而浮(fu)選法則(ze)用于(yu)細粒浸染方(fang)鉛(qian)礦(kuang)的選礦(kuang)。
重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)法(fa)(fa)僅對(dui)粗,中粒(li)嵌布(bu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)具有(you)很(hen)好(hao)的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果,對(dui)于(yu)微細(xi)粒(li)浸染(ran)的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)效(xiao)(xiao)率不佳。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)法(fa)(fa)主要是(shi)(shi)依據(ju)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)與廢石(shi)(shi)的(de)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)差(cha)進行的(de)分選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan),方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)11.34,而廢石(shi)(shi)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2.3-3,兩者有(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)差(cha),因(yin)此利用(yong)(yong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)法(fa)(fa)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)粗,中粒(li)嵌布(bu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)可取得非常理(li)(li)想的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)效(xiao)(xiao)果。方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)設備主要是(shi)(shi)跳(tiao)汰(tai)機(ji),有(you)時也(ye)用(yong)(yong)到(dao)搖床(chuang),但(dan)由于(yu)搖床(chuang)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)量小,占地面積大(da),選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)效(xiao)(xiao)果也(ye)不如跳(tiao)汰(tai)機(ji)理(li)(li)想,在(zai)(zai)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)領域(yu)中已很(hen)少(shao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),基本已被(bei)跳(tiao)汰(tai)機(ji)所代替,尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)細(xi)粒(li)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)的(de)鋸(ju)齒波跳(tiao)汰(tai)機(ji)的(de)研發成(cheng)功(gong),使(shi)(shi)搖床(chuang)徹底退出(chu)了(le)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)領域(yu)。跳(tiao)汰(tai)機(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)具有(you)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)量大(da),回收(shou)(shou)(shou)率高(gao),節能,環保等(deng)優勢,對(dui)于(yu)大(da),中型(xing)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)廠,跳(tiao)汰(tai)機(ji)的(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)可大(da)幅度降(jiang)低選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)成(cheng)本,提高(gao)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)效(xiao)(xiao)率。方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)是(shi)(shi)很(hen)易用(yong)(yong)硫代化合(he)物(wu)類捕(bu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)的(de)硫化礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu),但(dan)由于(yu)雜質(zhi)的(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)形式及數(shu)量,可浮(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)較(jiao)大(da)差(cha)異(yi)。例如,方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)中如果含(han)(han)有(you)銀(yin)或(huo)銅可浮(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)增加(jia),含(han)(han)有(you)鋅、錳或(huo)銻等(deng)可浮(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)下降(jiang)。方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)在(zai)(zai)很(hen)寬的(de)PH值范圍能與大(da)多數(shu)的(de)硫代化合(he)物(wu)類捕(bu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),黃(huang)藥(yao)、黑藥(yao)、硫氮(dan)及白藥(yao)是(shi)(shi)它的(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)捕(bu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)。柴油(you)(you)等(deng)中型(xing)油(you)(you)對(dui)細(xi)粒(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)捕(bu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。黃(huang)藥(yao)的(de)捕(bu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)(bi)黑藥(yao)弱(ruo),但(dan)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao),對(dui)于(yu)含(han)(han)銀(yin)的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)特別適(shi)用(yong)(yong)。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)PH調整劑(ji)是(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)和碳酸(suan)鈉,許多金(jin)屬(shu)陽(yang)離子(zi)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)有(you)抑制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。例如Cr2+與Al3+對(dui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)有(you)強烈(lie)的(de)抑制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鉻酸(suan)鹽是(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)的(de)最(zui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要抑制(zhi)劑(ji),被(bei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鉻酸(suan)鹽抑制(zhi)的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang),用(yong)(yong)FeSO4、鹽酸(suan)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li),或(huo)在(zai)(zai)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中用(yong)(yong)NaCl處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li),可使(shi)(shi)它部(bu)分的(de)活化。
鉛(qian)灰(hui)色、黑(hei)色條痕,強金屬光澤、立方體完全(quan)解理,硬度(du)小,密(mi)度(du)大。
主要形成(cheng)于中(zhong)溫熱液礦床中(zhong),常與閃鋅礦一起形成(cheng)鉛鋅硫化(hua)物(wu)礦床。方鉛礦也可(ke)形成(cheng)于接觸交代礦床中(zhong)。
藥用鉛(qian)即由方鉛(qian)礦(kuang)煉出,別(bie)名黑(hei)錫(xi)、黑(hei)鉛(qian)。功效(xiao):鎮逆,墜痰,殺蟲,解(jie)毒(du)。成藥制劑(ji):黑(hei)錫(xi)丸。
方(fang)鉛礦可能是人(ren)類最早開采(cai)的(de)礦石之一。古埃及古王國(guo)時(shi)期人(ren)們就(jiu)使用方(fang)鉛礦作為(wei)化(hua)妝品。巴比(bi)倫人(ren)就(jiu)已經(jing)開始冶煉(lian)它了。在(zai)古羅馬方(fang)鉛礦也非常重要。方(fang)鉛礦的(de)學術名稱(cheng)Galena就(jiu)是羅馬人(ren)留下來的(de)。無線電技術早期人(ren)們使用方(fang)鉛礦作為(wei)整流器,人(ren)們使用二極(ji)管來整流。
方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)含銀(yin),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)自(zi)古(gu)(gu)就從(cong)含銀(yin)方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)提煉(lian)銀(yin)。方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)是(shi)提煉(lian)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)重要礦(kuang)(kuang)物,是(shi)最早被人類利用(yong)(yong)的(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)物之一(yi)(yi)(yi),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)早在(zai)商(shang)代(dai)(dai)前(qian)就從(cong)方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)提煉(lian)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),從(cong)含銀(yin)方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)提煉(lian)銀(yin)。中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)族的(de)祖先對鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅礦(kuang)(kuang)的(de)開(kai)采(cai)、冶煉(lian)和利用(yong)(yong)曾(ceng)做出(chu)過重要貢獻(xian)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)“鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”寫作“钅(jin)公”。商(shang)代(dai)(dai)(公元前(qian)16~前(qian)11世紀)中(zhong)(zhong)期在(zai)青銅器鑄造中(zhong)(zhong)已(yi)用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),西周(公元前(qian)11世紀~前(qian)771年)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)戈(ge)含鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)達99.75%。在(zai)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai),鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)往(wang)往(wang)被加入(ru)銅中(zhong)(zhong)成為合金(jin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)金(jin)屬(shu),還用(yong)(yong)來制作鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)白(bai)、鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)丹(dan)等。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)煉(lian)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)原料有(you)兩類,一(yi)(yi)(yi)類是(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),以白(bai)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)為主(zhu),另一(yi)(yi)(yi)類是(shi)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)礦(kuang)(kuang),以方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)為主(zhu)。明代(dai)(dai)陸容在(zai)《菽園雜記(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)敘(xu)述含銀(yin)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)的(de)冶煉(lian)方(fang)法。宋應星(xing)在(zai)《天工開(kai)物》中(zhong)(zhong)提到當時開(kai)采(cai)的(de)三種鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅礦(kuang)(kuang)物,一(yi)(yi)(yi)種是(shi)“銀(yin)礦(kuang)(kuang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”,系指(zhi)(zhi)與輝銀(yin)礦(kuang)(kuang)等共(gong)生的(de)方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang);另一(yi)(yi)(yi)種是(shi)“銅山鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”,系指(zhi)(zhi)含方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)、閃鋅礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃銅礦(kuang)(kuang)等的(de)多金(jin)屬(shu)礦(kuang)(kuang);還一(yi)(yi)(yi)種是(shi)“草節鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”,可能是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)結晶粗(cu)大(da)的(de)方(fang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)。由于鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)多含有(you)銀(yin),古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)為了提取白(bai)銀(yin),因此大(da)量(liang)開(kai)采(cai)并冶煉(lian)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。
方鉛(qian)(qian)礦是提取鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要礦物。鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)用途既古老又(you)廣泛,鉛(qian)(qian)字(zi)印刷、鉛(qian)(qian)皮包電(dian)纜、鋼板鍍(du)鉛(qian)(qian)錫合金、國防、科技、鉛(qian)(qian)筆(bi)芯等。古希臘的(de)(de)航(hang)海家用鉛(qian)(qian)漆清(qing)除(chu)附生(sheng)在(zai)船(chuan)底(di)(di)的(de)(de)藤壺等生(sheng)物。原(yuan)來,鉛(qian)(qian)具(ju)有很(hen)好的(de)(de)耐(nai)腐蝕特性(xing),涂了鉛(qian)(qian)漆,船(chuan)就像穿了一層鎧(kai)甲,神奇地排(pai)除(chu)了藻類的(de)(de)蠶食,保(bao)護著船(chuan)底(di)(di)破浪前進(jin)。鉛(qian)(qian)是制作(zuo)兵器材料(liao)必不可少的(de)(de)原(yuan)料(liao)。鉛(qian)(qian)可以(yi)做屏(ping)蔽(bi)放射性(xing)核輻射的(de)(de)材料(liao),在(zai)動力機械方面鉛(qian)(qian)可以(yi)做蓄電(dian)池、電(dian)極板等。
由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)方鉛(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)87%的(de)(de)重(zhong)量是鉛(qian),因(yin)此(ci)它(ta)是最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)鉛(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)石。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)它(ta)還可以含有(you)至1%的(de)(de)銀,因(yin)此(ci)過去它(ta)也被用(yong)來提(ti)取銀。鉛(qian)已廣(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)冶金工業(ye)、國防、科技、電子工業(ye)等(deng)。同時,鉛(qian)是一(yi)(yi)種毒性很強(qiang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)金屬(shu)元(yuan)素,對環(huan)境和人類(lei)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活生(sheng)產有(you)其不(bu)利的(de)(de)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)面。方鉛(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)分布較廣(guang)泛(fan),多(duo)產出(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)接觸(chu)交(jiao)代礦(kuang)(kuang)床和在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)、低溫(wen)熱(re)液(ye)礦(kuang)(kuang)床中(zhong)(zhong),經常與閃鋅礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃銅礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)、等(deng)共生(sheng)。在(zai)氧化帶不(bu)穩定,易轉(zhuan)變為鉛(qian)礬、白鉛(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)礦(kuang)(kuang)物。中(zhong)(zhong)藥里的(de)(de)藥用(yong)鉛(qian),別名黑(hei)錫、黑(hei)鉛(qian),即由(you)方鉛(qian)礦(kuang)(kuang)煉(lian)出(chu)。具有(you)鎮逆、墜(zhui)痰、殺蟲、解毒等(deng)功效。
最主要(yao)的鉛礦石(shi)礦物。富含(han)銀時可提取銀。