《反經》由唐人(ren)趙蕤著,具文學、史料、鏡鑒三重價值(zhi)。
原名《長短經(jing)》,有是非、得失(shi)、長短、優劣的意(yi)思。
紀(ji)曉嵐編(bian)撰的(de)《四庫全(quan)書·〈長短經〉提(ti)要》說:“此(ci)書辨析事(shi)勢,其言蓋出于縱橫家,故以‘長短’為名。”
《反(fan)經》是一(yi)千多年前唐朝人(ren)趙蕤所著。《反(fan)經》“不(bu)以成敗(bai)論英雄(xiong)”,擺脫了(le)以忠奸評價歷(li)(li)史(shi)人(ren)物(wu)的傳統(tong)定式,以發展的辯證唯物(wu)的觀點(dian)對(dui)唐之前歷(li)(li)代智謀(mou)權(quan)術做了(le)一(yi)次全面(mian)的闡述和(he)總(zong)結(jie),真實生(sheng)動(dong)地再現(xian)歷(li)(li)史(shi)事件(jian),提醒人(ren)們對(dui)任(ren)(ren)何(he)人(ren)和(he)事物(wu),要“既知(zhi)(zhi)其一(yi),又知(zhi)(zhi)其二”,不(bu)能(neng)“只(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)其正,不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)其反(fan)”,真正做到識(shi)人(ren)量才、知(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)善任(ren)(ren)。
史有《資(zi)治通鑒》,人所共知。但(dan)許多人不知道,唐(tang)宋(song)以來,有兩本書歷來作為(wei)領導者政治教(jiao)育必修的參考(kao)書:一本是被歷代君臣推崇的從正面講(jiang)謀略的《資(zi)治通鑒》;而另一本即不為(wei)人熟知的《反(fan)經》。
《反(fan)經(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)整體框(kuang)架以謀(mou)(mou)略為(wei)經(jing)(jing),歷史(shi)為(wei)緯,交錯(cuo)縱橫,蔚(yu)然成章,加(jia)上譯(yi)注者深(shen)厚的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)今漢語功底,使《反(fan)經(jing)(jing)》行文(wen)有如流(liu)水(shui)、通俗易懂(dong)。書中(zhong)所引的(de)(de)(de)前代(dai)著(zhu)述經(jing)(jing)史(shi)子集幾乎無(wu)所不包,所引書目中(zhong)更有今已散佚的(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)述,如《玉鈐經(jing)(jing)》、吳人張微的(de)(de)(de)《墨記(ji)》等。《反(fan)經(jing)(jing)》集政治(zhi)學(xue)、謀(mou)(mou)略學(xue)、人才學(xue)、社(she)會學(xue)為(wei)一體,以振聾發(fa)聵的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)論和令人警策的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)教訓,為(wei)現實生活中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)思想家(jia)(jia)、政治(zhi)家(jia)(jia)、軍事家(jia)(jia)和實業家(jia)(jia)提供了(le)卓有成效的(de)(de)(de)謀(mou)(mou)略武(wu)器并(bing)展現了(le)無(wu)限生機(ji)。書中(zhong)充滿了(le)富于洞(dong)察力且實用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)建議(yi),深(shen)入淺出(chu)、言簡意(yi)賅(gai)、發(fa)人深(shen)省。《反(fan)經(jing)(jing)》這(zhe)本(ben)書兼(jian)具了(le)文(wen)學(xue)、史(shi)料、鏡鑒三重價值。
讀《反經》,以古為鏡,慎(shen)察既(ji)往(wang),以戒今失。春(chun)風得意時不會得意忘形,樂(le)極(ji)生悲。窮途末路處也許正是柳暗花(hua)明時,得失之間,坦然淡定。
趙蕤(ruí),字太賓,梓(zi)州鹽(yan)(yan)亭(ting)(ting)人(今四(si)川省(sheng)鹽(yan)(yan)亭(ting)(ting)縣兩河(he)鎮趙家(jia)壩人),約(yue)生于唐(tang)高宗顯慶(qing)四(si)年(公元(yuan)659年),卒于唐(tang)玄宗天寶元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)742年)。唐(tang)代(dai)杰出的道(dao)家(jia)與(yu)縱橫家(jia)。趙蕤和李白是唐(tang)代(dai)的“蜀(shu)中二杰”,以(yi)“趙蕤術數,李白文章”并稱。
唐(tang)趙(zhao)蕤撰。孫光(guang)憲(xian)(xian)《北(bei)夢瑣言》載(zai):“蕤,梓(zi)州鹽亭(ting)人(ren)。博學韜鈐,長于經世。夫婦俱(ju)有隱(yin)操,不應(ying)辟(pi)召(zhao)。”《唐(tang)書(shu)(shu)·藝文志(zhi)(zhi)》亦載(zai):“蕤,字太賓,梓(zi)州人(ren)。開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)中召(zhao)之(zhi)不赴。”與光(guang)憲(xian)(xian)所紀略同。惟(wei)書(shu)(shu)名作(zuo)《長短要術》為(wei)(wei)少異。蓋一書(shu)(shu)二名也。是(shi)書(shu)(shu)皆談王伯經權之(zhi)要,成(cheng)于開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)四(si)年。自(zi)序稱(cheng)凡六十三(san)篇,合(he)為(wei)(wei)十卷(juan)。《唐(tang)志(zhi)(zhi)》與晁公武《讀(du)書(shu)(shu)志(zhi)(zhi)》卷(juan)數(shu)并同。今久無刊本。
王(wang)土禎《居(ju)易錄》記徐乾學嘗得宋槧于(yu)臨清。此(ci)(ci)本(ben)前有(you)(you)“傅是樓(lou)”一(yi)(yi)印(yin)(yin),又有(you)(you)“健庵(an)收藏圖書”一(yi)(yi)印(yin)(yin),后有(you)(you)“乾學”一(yi)(yi)印(yin)(yin)。每卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未皆題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)“杭州凈戒院新(xin)印(yin)(yin)”七(qi)字(zi)(zi)。猶(you)南宋舊刻,蓋即士禎所言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)。然僅存九卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。未有(you)(you)洪武西已沈(shen)新(xin)民《跋》稱其(qi)(qi)“第(di)(di)(di)(di)十(shi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)載陰(yin)謀家本(ben)闕,今存者(zhe)六(liu)十(shi)四(si)(si)篇(pian)”云云。(案此(ci)(ci)《跋》全(quan)剿用晁公武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,疑書賈(jia)偽托。)是佚其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)而(er)反多一(yi)(yi)篇(pian),與蕤《序(xu)(xu)》六(liu)十(shi)三(san)篇(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數不(bu)(bu)合(he)。然勘驗所存,實(shi)為篇(pian)六(liu)十(shi)有(you)(you)四(si)(si)。疑蕤《序(xu)(xu)》或(huo)(huo)傳寫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)誤(wu)也。第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)八(ba)篇(pian),題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)曰(yue)“文上”;第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)四(si)(si)篇(pian),題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)曰(yue)“文下”;第(di)(di)(di)(di)二卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)四(si)(si)篇(pian),則(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)子(zi)目而(er)無(wu)總(zong)(zong)題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。以例推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),當脫(tuo)“文中”二字(zi)(zi)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)一(yi)(yi)篇(pian),題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)曰(yue)“霸紀上”;第(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)一(yi)(yi)篇(pian),論七(qi)雄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)曰(yue)“霸紀中”;第(di)(di)(di)(di)六(liu)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)一(yi)(yi)篇(pian),論三(san)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),亦(yi)無(wu)總(zong)(zong)題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。以例推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),當脫(tuo)“霸紀下”三(san)字(zi)(zi);第(di)(di)(di)(di)七(qi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)二篇(pian),題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)曰(yue)“權議”;第(di)(di)(di)(di)八(ba)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)十(shi)九篇(pian),題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)曰(yue)“雜說(shuo)”;第(di)(di)(di)(di)九卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)二十(shi)四(si)(si)篇(pian),題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)曰(yue)“兵權”。其(qi)(qi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)十(shi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)所謂“陰(yin)謀”者(zhe),則(ze)(ze)今不(bu)(bu)可考。篇(pian)中注文頗詳,多引古書。蓋即蕤所自作。注首或(huo)(huo)標以“議曰(yue)”二字(zi)(zi),或(huo)(huo)亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)標。體(ti)例不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi),亦(yi)未詳其(qi)(qi)故也。劉(liu)向序(xu)(xu)《戰國(guo)策》,稱或(huo)(huo)題(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)曰(yue)“長短”。此(ci)(ci)書辨析事(shi)(shi)勢,其(qi)(qi)言蓋出于(yu)縱橫(heng)家,故以“長短”為名。雖因時(shi)制(zhi)變,不(bu)(bu)免(mian)為事(shi)(shi)功之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學。而(er)大旨主于(yu)實(shi)用,非(fei)策士詭譎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀,其(qi)(qi)言固(gu)不(bu)(bu)悖(bei)于(yu)儒者(zhe)。其(qi)(qi)文格亦(yi)頗近(jin)荀悅《申鑒》、劉(liu)邵《人物志(zhi)》,猶(you)有(you)(you)魏晉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺。唐人著述,世遠漸稀(xi)。雖佚十(shi)分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),固(gu)當全(quan)璧視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。