長(chang)(chang)白松(song)(song)產于吉林(lin)(lin)長(chang)(chang)白山北坡海(hai)拔800-1600米,在二道白河(he)以上的林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)組成小片純林(lin)(lin);在海(hai)拔1600米的林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)則與紅松(song)(song)、長(chang)(chang)白魚鱗云杉等混生。模式標本采自長(chang)(chang)白山。長(chang)(chang)白松(song)(song)天然(ran)分布區很狹(xia)窄,只(zhi)見于吉林(lin)(lin)省安圖縣長(chang)(chang)白山北坡,海(hai)拔700-1600米的二道白河(he)與三道白河(he)沿(yan)岸(an)的狹(xia)長(chang)(chang)地段,尚存小片純林(lin)(lin)及散生林(lin)(lin)木。
長白松(song)是喬木,高(gao)20-30米(mi),徑25-40厘米(mi),稀達1米(mi);樹干通直平(ping)滑,基(ji)部稍粗(cu)糙,棕(zong)褐(he)色(se)(se)帶黃(huang)(huang),龜裂,下(xia)中部以上樹皮棕(zong)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)至金黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),裂成鱗狀薄(bo)片剝落;冬芽卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing),芽鱗紅褐(he)色(se)(se),有樹脂;一年(nian)生枝淡褐(he)色(se)(se)或(huo)淡黃(huang)(huang)褐(he)色(se)(se),無白粉,二至三年(nian)生枝淡灰褐(he)色(se)(se)或(huo)灰褐(he)色(se)(se)。
針葉2枚一束,長5-8厘米(mi),較粗硬,徑1-1.5毫米(mi);橫切面(mian)扁半(ban)圓形(xing),單(dan)層皮下層細(xi)胞,維管束之間的距離(li)較寬,樹(shu)脂道4-8,邊生(sheng)(sheng),稀角部1-2個中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)或背面(mian)1個中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)。
一年生(sheng)小球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)近球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing),具短梗(geng),彎曲下(xia)垂,種(zhong)鱗(lin)具直(zhi)伸(shen)的短刺(ci);成熟的球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)圓錐形(xing),種(zhong)鱗(lin)張開(kai)后為橢圓狀(zhuang)卵(luan)圓形(xing)或長(chang)卵(luan)圓形(xing),長(chang)4-5厘(li)米(mi)(mi),徑(jing)3-4.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi),種(zhong)鱗(lin)背部(bu)深紫褐(he)色(se),鱗(lin)盾斜方形(xing)或不規(gui)則(ze)4-5角形(xing),灰色(se)或淡褐(he)灰色(se),強隆(long)起(qi)(qi),很少(shao)微(wei)隆(long)起(qi)(qi)或近平,球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)基部(bu)種(zhong)鱗(lin)之鱗(lin)盾隆(long)起(qi)(qi)部(bu)分(fen)向下(xia)彎,橫脊明顯(xian),縱脊不明顯(xian)或微(wei)明顯(xian),鱗(lin)臍呈(cheng)瘤狀(zhuang)突(tu)起(qi)(qi),具易脫落的短刺(ci)。
種子長卵圓(yuan)形或三角狀卵圓(yuan)形,長約4毫(hao)米(mi),連翅(chi)長約2厘米(mi),種翅(chi)淡褐(he)色,有少(shao)數褐(he)色條紋,寬(kuan)約7毫(hao)米(mi)。
該(gai)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)針葉較(jiao)短(duan),較(jiao)粗硬(ying),葉內兩維管束之(zhi)(zhi)間距離較(jiao)寬,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)的鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)斜方(fang)形(xing)或不(bu)規則多角形(xing),隆(long)起,樹皮(pi)棕褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)帶黃(huang),這些(xie)性狀(zhuang)顯屬歐洲赤松(song)(P. sylvestris Linn.)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群范圍(wei)。它與(yu)樟子(zi)松(song)(P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.)的區別(bie)在于后(hou)者樹皮(pi)為黃(huang)色(se)(se)至(zhi)褐(he)(he)黃(huang)色(se)(se)、內側金黃(huang)色(se)(se),針葉更(geng)為粗硬(ying),徑(jing)1.5-2毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),樹脂(zhi)道多達(da)6-11個,球(qiu)果(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)淡綠褐(he)(he)色(se)(se);而該(gai)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)除樹皮(pi)顏色(se)(se)與(yu)樟子(zi)松(song)不(bu)同外(wai),針葉比樟子(zi)松(song)略細,徑(jing)1-1.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),球(qiu)果(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)淡褐(he)(he)灰(hui)色(se)(se)。該(gai)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)赤松(song)(P. densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.)顯然不(bu)同,除針葉較(jiao)粗外(wai),該(gai)變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)針葉內2維管束之(zhi)(zhi)間的距離較(jiao)大,一(yi)年生小球(qiu)果(guo)下(xia)垂,具(ju)直伸(shen)(shen)的短(duan)刺(ci),成熟球(qiu)果(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)的鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)強隆(long)起;而赤松(song)雖然變(bian)異很大,但(dan)針葉內2維管束之(zhi)(zhi)間的距離較(jiao)小,一(yi)年生小球(qiu)果(guo)不(bu)下(xia)垂,鱗(lin)(lin)臍(qi)具(ju)斜上伸(shen)(shen)展之(zhi)(zhi)刺(ci),成熟球(qiu)果(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)僅微肥厚或部分種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)上部呈(cheng)角脊(ji)狀(zhuang)隆(long)起,這些(xie)穩(wen)定性狀(zhuang)易與(yu)長白(bai)松(song)區別(bie)。
長白(bai)(bai)松(song)為喜(xi)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)強、深根(gen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)樹種(zhong),能適應土(tu)(tu)壤水分較(jiao)少的山(shan)脊及向陽山(shan)坡(po),以(yi)及較(jiao)干旱的砂地(di)(di)(di)及石礫砂土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)區。分布區的氣候溫(wen)(wen)(wen)涼,濕度大(da)(da),積雪時(shi)間長。年平均溫(wen)(wen)(wen)4.4℃,1月(yue)份平均溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-15℃-18℃,7月(yue)份平均溫(wen)(wen)(wen)20-22℃以(yi)上,極端(duan)最高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)37.5℃,極端(duan)最低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-40℃左右;年降(jiang)水量600-1340毫米,相對濕度70%以(yi)上,無霜期90-100天。土(tu)(tu)壤為發育在火(huo)山(shan)灰土(tu)(tu)上的山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)暗棕色(se)森林(lin)土(tu)(tu)及山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)棕色(se)針葉(xie)森林(lin)土(tu)(tu),二氧化硅(Sio2)粉沫含(han)量大(da)(da),腐(fu)殖質含(han)量少,保水性(xing)(xing)(xing)能低而透水性(xing)(xing)(xing)能強,pH值4.7-6.2。長白(bai)(bai)松(song)為陽性(xing)(xing)(xing)樹種(zhong),根(gen)系深長,可耐一定干旱,在海拔較(jiao)低的地(di)(di)(di)帶常(chang)組成小塊(kuai)純林(lin),在海拔1300米以(yi)上常(chang)與(yu)紅松(song)、紅皮云杉、長白(bai)(bai)魚(yu)鱗(lin)云杉、臭冷杉、黃(huang)花落葉(xie)松(song)等樹種(zhong)組成混交林(lin)。
種(zhong)(zhong)子繁殖,長(chang)白松種(zhong)(zhong)子既(ji)可(ke)秋采春播,也可(ke)在低溫(wen)干燥條(tiao)件下長(chang)期保存。播種(zhong)(zhong)前要(yao)消(xiao)毒(du)、催芽(ya),條(tiao)播或(huo)散(san)播,播種(zhong)(zhong)后7天出土,出苗后要(yao)預防立枯病(bing)。在高生長(chang)速生期結(jie)束前,要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)灌溉(gai),2年即(ji)可(ke)出圃造林,避免(mian)營(ying)造純林。
長白松可(ke)供建筑、枕木(mu)、電桿、船舶、器具(ju)、家具(ju)及木(mu)纖維(wei)工業原料等用材。可(ke)作庭園(yuan)觀賞及綠化樹種。花粉(fen)可(ke)入藥,莖干木(mu)質部提取物也可(ke)入藥。