長(chang)白(bai)(bai)(bai)松產于(yu)吉(ji)林(lin)(lin)(lin)長(chang)白(bai)(bai)(bai)山北(bei)坡海(hai)拔800-1600米(mi),在(zai)二道(dao)(dao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)河以上的(de)(de)林(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)組(zu)成(cheng)小片純林(lin)(lin)(lin);在(zai)海(hai)拔1600米(mi)的(de)(de)林(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)則(ze)與紅松、長(chang)白(bai)(bai)(bai)魚鱗(lin)云杉(shan)等混生。模式(shi)標本采自長(chang)白(bai)(bai)(bai)山。長(chang)白(bai)(bai)(bai)松天然分布(bu)區很狹窄,只見于(yu)吉(ji)林(lin)(lin)(lin)省安(an)圖縣長(chang)白(bai)(bai)(bai)山北(bei)坡,海(hai)拔700-1600米(mi)的(de)(de)二道(dao)(dao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)河與三道(dao)(dao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)河沿岸的(de)(de)狹長(chang)地段,尚存小片純林(lin)(lin)(lin)及散生林(lin)(lin)(lin)木(mu)。
長白松是(shi)喬(qiao)木(mu),高(gao)20-30米(mi),徑25-40厘(li)米(mi),稀達1米(mi);樹干通直平(ping)滑,基部稍粗糙,棕褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)帶黃,龜裂,下(xia)中部以上(shang)樹皮棕黃色(se)(se)(se)(se)至金黃色(se)(se)(se)(se),裂成鱗(lin)(lin)狀薄片(pian)剝落;冬芽(ya)卵圓形,芽(ya)鱗(lin)(lin)紅褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se),有樹脂;一(yi)年生枝淡褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)淡黃褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se),無白粉,二至三年生枝淡灰褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)灰褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。
針葉(xie)2枚一束(shu),長5-8厘米,較(jiao)粗硬,徑1-1.5毫米;橫切面扁半圓形,單層皮下層細胞(bao),維(wei)管束(shu)之(zhi)間的距離(li)較(jiao)寬(kuan),樹脂道(dao)4-8,邊生(sheng)(sheng),稀角部1-2個中生(sheng)(sheng)或背面1個中生(sheng)(sheng)。
一年生(sheng)小球果近(jin)球形(xing),具(ju)短梗(geng),彎曲下垂,種(zhong)(zhong)鱗具(ju)直伸的(de)短刺;成熟的(de)球果卵(luan)狀(zhuang)圓(yuan)錐(zhui)形(xing),種(zhong)(zhong)鱗張開后(hou)為橢圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)長卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing),長4-5厘米,徑(jing)3-4.5厘米,種(zhong)(zhong)鱗背部深紫褐色,鱗盾斜方形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)規則4-5角(jiao)形(xing),灰(hui)色或(huo)(huo)(huo)淡褐灰(hui)色,強(qiang)隆起(qi),很少微(wei)隆起(qi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)平,球果基(ji)部種(zhong)(zhong)鱗之鱗盾隆起(qi)部分向(xiang)下彎,橫(heng)脊(ji)明(ming)顯,縱脊(ji)不(bu)明(ming)顯或(huo)(huo)(huo)微(wei)明(ming)顯,鱗臍呈(cheng)瘤狀(zhuang)突起(qi),具(ju)易(yi)脫(tuo)落(luo)的(de)短刺。
種子(zi)長(chang)(chang)卵圓形或三角狀卵圓形,長(chang)(chang)約(yue)4毫米(mi),連翅(chi)長(chang)(chang)約(yue)2厘米(mi),種翅(chi)淡褐色,有(you)少數(shu)褐色條(tiao)紋(wen),寬(kuan)約(yue)7毫米(mi)。
該(gai)變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)針葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)短,較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)粗硬(ying),葉(xie)(xie)內(nei)(nei)(nei)兩維管(guan)(guan)束(shu)之(zhi)間(jian)距離較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)寬(kuan),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)的鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)斜方形(xing)或不規則多(duo)角形(xing),隆(long)起(qi),樹(shu)皮(pi)棕褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)帶黃,這些性(xing)狀(zhuang)顯(xian)屬(shu)歐洲(zhou)赤松(song)(song)(P. sylvestris Linn.)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群范圍。它(ta)與(yu)樟(zhang)子松(song)(song)(P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.)的區別(bie)在于后者樹(shu)皮(pi)為(wei)(wei)黃色(se)(se)(se)(se)至褐黃色(se)(se)(se)(se)、內(nei)(nei)(nei)側金黃色(se)(se)(se)(se),針葉(xie)(xie)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)粗硬(ying),徑(jing)1.5-2毫(hao)米,樹(shu)脂道多(duo)達6-11個(ge),球果(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)淡綠褐色(se)(se)(se)(se);而該(gai)變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)除(chu)樹(shu)皮(pi)顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)與(yu)樟(zhang)子松(song)(song)不同外,針葉(xie)(xie)比樟(zhang)子松(song)(song)略細(xi),徑(jing)1-1.5毫(hao)米,球果(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)淡褐灰色(se)(se)(se)(se)。該(gai)變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)赤松(song)(song)(P. densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.)顯(xian)然不同,除(chu)針葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)粗外,該(gai)變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)針葉(xie)(xie)內(nei)(nei)(nei)2維管(guan)(guan)束(shu)之(zhi)間(jian)的距離較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大,一年(nian)生小(xiao)(xiao)球果(guo)(guo)下垂,具(ju)直伸的短刺(ci)(ci),成熟球果(guo)(guo)之(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)的鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)強(qiang)隆(long)起(qi);而赤松(song)(song)雖(sui)然變異很大,但(dan)針葉(xie)(xie)內(nei)(nei)(nei)2維管(guan)(guan)束(shu)之(zhi)間(jian)的距離較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao),一年(nian)生小(xiao)(xiao)球果(guo)(guo)不下垂,鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)臍具(ju)斜上伸展之(zhi)刺(ci)(ci),成熟球果(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)僅(jin)微肥厚或部分種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)上部呈(cheng)角脊狀(zhuang)隆(long)起(qi),這些穩定性(xing)狀(zhuang)易與(yu)長白松(song)(song)區別(bie)。
長白(bai)松(song)為(wei)喜(xi)光性強、深(shen)根性樹(shu)種(zhong),能適應(ying)土壤(rang)水(shui)(shui)分較(jiao)少的山(shan)(shan)脊及(ji)向陽山(shan)(shan)坡(po),以及(ji)較(jiao)干旱的砂(sha)地(di)及(ji)石礫砂(sha)土地(di)區(qu)。分布區(qu)的氣候溫(wen)(wen)(wen)涼(liang),濕(shi)度(du)大(da),積雪時間(jian)長。年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)4.4℃,1月份平均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-15℃-18℃,7月份平均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)20-22℃以上,極端最高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)37.5℃,極端最低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-40℃左(zuo)右;年(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)600-1340毫(hao)米(mi),相對濕(shi)度(du)70%以上,無霜期90-100天。土壤(rang)為(wei)發育在(zai)火山(shan)(shan)灰土上的山(shan)(shan)地(di)暗(an)棕(zong)色森林(lin)(lin)土及(ji)山(shan)(shan)地(di)棕(zong)色針葉(xie)森林(lin)(lin)土,二氧化硅(Sio2)粉沫(mo)含量(liang)大(da),腐殖質(zhi)含量(liang)少,保水(shui)(shui)性能低(di)(di)(di)而透(tou)水(shui)(shui)性能強,pH值4.7-6.2。長白(bai)松(song)為(wei)陽性樹(shu)種(zhong),根系深(shen)長,可耐一(yi)定干旱,在(zai)海拔(ba)(ba)較(jiao)低(di)(di)(di)的地(di)帶常組成(cheng)小塊純林(lin)(lin),在(zai)海拔(ba)(ba)1300米(mi)以上常與(yu)紅松(song)、紅皮云杉、長白(bai)魚鱗(lin)云杉、臭(chou)冷(leng)杉、黃花落(luo)葉(xie)松(song)等樹(shu)種(zhong)組成(cheng)混交(jiao)林(lin)(lin)。
種(zhong)(zhong)子繁殖(zhi),長(chang)白松種(zhong)(zhong)子既可(ke)(ke)秋采春播(bo)(bo),也可(ke)(ke)在(zai)低溫干燥條(tiao)件下長(chang)期(qi)保存(cun)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前要(yao)(yao)消毒、催芽,條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)或散播(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)7天(tian)出(chu)土,出(chu)苗后(hou)要(yao)(yao)預防立枯病(bing)。在(zai)高生長(chang)速(su)生期(qi)結束前,要(yao)(yao)注意灌(guan)溉,2年即可(ke)(ke)出(chu)圃造林,避免營造純林。
長白松可供建筑、枕木、電桿、船舶、器具、家具及木纖(xian)維(wei)工業原料等用材(cai)。可作庭(ting)園(yuan)觀賞及綠化樹種。花(hua)粉可入(ru)藥(yao),莖干木質部提取物也可入(ru)藥(yao)。