長(chang)(chang)白(bai)松產于吉林(lin)長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山北(bei)坡海(hai)拔(ba)800-1600米(mi),在(zai)二道(dao)白(bai)河以(yi)上(shang)的(de)林(lin)中組成小片純林(lin);在(zai)海(hai)拔(ba)1600米(mi)的(de)林(lin)中則與(yu)紅松、長(chang)(chang)白(bai)魚鱗(lin)云杉等混生(sheng)。模式標(biao)本(ben)采(cai)自長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山。長(chang)(chang)白(bai)松天然分布區很狹窄,只見于吉林(lin)省安圖縣長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山北(bei)坡,海(hai)拔(ba)700-1600米(mi)的(de)二道(dao)白(bai)河與(yu)三(san)道(dao)白(bai)河沿岸(an)的(de)狹長(chang)(chang)地段,尚(shang)存小片純林(lin)及散生(sheng)林(lin)木。
長白(bai)(bai)松(song)是喬木,高(gao)20-30米,徑25-40厘米,稀達1米;樹干通直平(ping)滑,基部稍粗糙,棕(zong)褐(he)色(se)(se)帶黃,龜裂,下中部以上樹皮(pi)棕(zong)黃色(se)(se)至金黃色(se)(se),裂成鱗(lin)狀薄片剝(bo)落(luo);冬芽卵圓形,芽鱗(lin)紅褐(he)色(se)(se),有(you)樹脂(zhi);一年(nian)生枝淡(dan)褐(he)色(se)(se)或淡(dan)黃褐(he)色(se)(se),無白(bai)(bai)粉,二至三年(nian)生枝淡(dan)灰褐(he)色(se)(se)或灰褐(he)色(se)(se)。
針葉2枚一束(shu),長5-8厘米(mi),較粗硬(ying),徑1-1.5毫(hao)米(mi);橫切(qie)面扁半圓形,單層皮(pi)下層細胞(bao),維管(guan)束(shu)之(zhi)間的距(ju)離較寬(kuan),樹脂道4-8,邊(bian)生(sheng),稀角(jiao)部1-2個(ge)中(zhong)生(sheng)或背面1個(ge)中(zhong)生(sheng)。
一年生小球果(guo)(guo)(guo)近(jin)球形(xing),具短梗(geng),彎(wan)曲下垂,種鱗具直伸的短刺(ci)(ci);成熟的球果(guo)(guo)(guo)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)圓(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing),種鱗張開后為橢圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)或長卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),長4-5厘(li)米(mi),徑3-4.5厘(li)米(mi),種鱗背(bei)部深紫褐色,鱗盾斜方形(xing)或不(bu)規則4-5角形(xing),灰色或淡褐灰色,強隆起,很(hen)少微隆起或近(jin)平(ping),球果(guo)(guo)(guo)基(ji)部種鱗之鱗盾隆起部分向下彎(wan),橫(heng)脊明顯,縱(zong)脊不(bu)明顯或微明顯,鱗臍呈瘤狀(zhuang)突起,具易脫落的短刺(ci)(ci)。
種子長卵圓(yuan)形或三角狀卵圓(yuan)形,長約(yue)4毫米,連翅長約(yue)2厘米,種翅淡褐色,有少數(shu)褐色條紋(wen),寬(kuan)約(yue)7毫米。
該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)針(zhen)(zhen)葉較(jiao)(jiao)短(duan),較(jiao)(jiao)粗(cu)硬,葉內兩維(wei)管(guan)束(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)較(jiao)(jiao)寬(kuan),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)的(de)鱗(lin)(lin)盾斜(xie)方形或(huo)不(bu)規則多(duo)角形,隆起(qi)(qi),樹皮(pi)(pi)棕(zong)褐色(se)(se)帶黃,這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)性狀顯屬(shu)歐洲赤松(song)(song)(P. sylvestris Linn.)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群范(fan)圍。它與(yu)樟(zhang)(zhang)子松(song)(song)(P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.)的(de)區別在于后(hou)者樹皮(pi)(pi)為黃色(se)(se)至褐黃色(se)(se)、內側金黃色(se)(se),針(zhen)(zhen)葉更為粗(cu)硬,徑1.5-2毫米,樹脂(zhi)道多(duo)達6-11個,球果(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)盾淡綠褐色(se)(se);而該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)除樹皮(pi)(pi)顏色(se)(se)與(yu)樟(zhang)(zhang)子松(song)(song)不(bu)同外,針(zhen)(zhen)葉比樟(zhang)(zhang)子松(song)(song)略細,徑1-1.5毫米,球果(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)盾淡褐灰色(se)(se)。該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)赤松(song)(song)(P. densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.)顯然不(bu)同,除針(zhen)(zhen)葉較(jiao)(jiao)粗(cu)外,該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)針(zhen)(zhen)葉內2維(wei)管(guan)束(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da),一年生小(xiao)球果(guo)(guo)下垂,具(ju)直伸(shen)的(de)短(duan)刺(ci),成熟球果(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)的(de)鱗(lin)(lin)盾強隆起(qi)(qi);而赤松(song)(song)雖然變(bian)異很大(da),但針(zhen)(zhen)葉內2維(wei)管(guan)束(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao),一年生小(xiao)球果(guo)(guo)不(bu)下垂,鱗(lin)(lin)臍具(ju)斜(xie)上伸(shen)展之(zhi)(zhi)刺(ci),成熟球果(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)盾僅(jin)微肥(fei)厚或(huo)部分種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)上部呈角脊狀隆起(qi)(qi),這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)穩定性狀易與(yu)長白松(song)(song)區別。
長(chang)白松(song)(song)為喜(xi)光性強、深根(gen)性樹(shu)種,能適應土(tu)壤水分(fen)較少的山脊及向陽山坡,以(yi)(yi)及較干旱(han)的砂(sha)地(di)(di)及石礫砂(sha)土(tu)地(di)(di)區。分(fen)布(bu)區的氣候溫(wen)涼,濕度(du)大,積雪時間長(chang)。年平(ping)均溫(wen)4.4℃,1月(yue)份(fen)平(ping)均溫(wen)-15℃-18℃,7月(yue)份(fen)平(ping)均溫(wen)20-22℃以(yi)(yi)上(shang),極(ji)端(duan)最高溫(wen)37.5℃,極(ji)端(duan)最低溫(wen)-40℃左右;年降(jiang)水量(liang)600-1340毫米,相對濕度(du)70%以(yi)(yi)上(shang),無霜(shuang)期90-100天。土(tu)壤為發育在(zai)(zai)火山灰土(tu)上(shang)的山地(di)(di)暗棕(zong)色森林(lin)土(tu)及山地(di)(di)棕(zong)色針葉森林(lin)土(tu),二氧化硅(Sio2)粉沫含量(liang)大,腐殖質含量(liang)少,保水性能低而透水性能強,pH值4.7-6.2。長(chang)白松(song)(song)為陽性樹(shu)種,根(gen)系(xi)深長(chang),可耐一(yi)定干旱(han),在(zai)(zai)海拔(ba)較低的地(di)(di)帶常組成小塊純林(lin),在(zai)(zai)海拔(ba)1300米以(yi)(yi)上(shang)常與紅松(song)(song)、紅皮云(yun)(yun)杉、長(chang)白魚鱗(lin)云(yun)(yun)杉、臭冷杉、黃(huang)花落(luo)葉松(song)(song)等樹(shu)種組成混交林(lin)。
種(zhong)子繁(fan)殖,長白松種(zhong)子既可(ke)(ke)(ke)秋采春播(bo),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)低溫干燥(zao)條件(jian)下長期保存。播(bo)種(zhong)前要消毒、催芽,條播(bo)或(huo)散播(bo),播(bo)種(zhong)后(hou)7天出土(tu),出苗后(hou)要預防(fang)立枯病。在(zai)高(gao)生(sheng)長速生(sheng)期結束前,要注意灌(guan)溉,2年即可(ke)(ke)(ke)出圃造林,避免營(ying)造純林。
長白松可(ke)(ke)(ke)供(gong)建(jian)筑、枕木、電(dian)桿、船(chuan)舶、器具、家具及木纖維工業原料等用(yong)材(cai)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)作庭園觀賞及綠化樹(shu)種。花粉(fen)可(ke)(ke)(ke)入藥,莖干木質部提取物也可(ke)(ke)(ke)入藥。