X射線儀,是一(yi)種用來產生X射線的設備(bei)。
X射(she)線(xian)(xian)儀(yi)(yi)可以(yi)分為工業用(yong)(yong)X射(she)線(xian)(xian)儀(yi)(yi)和(he)醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)X射(she)線(xian)(xian)儀(yi)(yi)。工業用(yong)(yong)X射(she)線(xian)(xian)儀(yi)(yi)可以(yi)按(an)照產(chan)生射(she)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度分硬(ying)(ying)射(she)線(xian)(xian)機和(he)軟射(she)線(xian)(xian)機。用(yong)(yong)于(yu)理化檢(jian)測的(de)(de)(de)衍射(she)分析儀(yi)(yi)等屬(shu)于(yu)軟射(she)線(xian)(xian),而用(yong)(yong)于(yu)大,厚(hou)材料的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測的(de)(de)(de)是硬(ying)(ying)射(she)線(xian)(xian)。硬(ying)(ying)射(she)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)高(gao)壓電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa),如100Kv或300Kv的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓加到x射(she)線(xian)(xian)管字上(shang),產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)射(she)線(xian)(xian)可以(yi)穿(chuan)透5--50mm的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)板。而用(yong)(yong)電(dian)子加速器的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)可以(yi)產(chan)生穿(chuan)透100mm以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)板的(de)(de)(de)射(she)線(xian)(xian)。使用(yong)(yong)高(gao)壓電(dian)辦法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)機器可分為,便攜式,和(he)移(yi)動(dong)式(固定(ding)式)。
X射(she)線(xian)儀原(yuan)理(li)、構造(zao)及(ji)發現(xian):1895年(nian)德國物(wu)(wu)理(li)學(xue)家倫琴在(zai)(zai)研究陰極(ji)(ji)射(she)線(xian)管(guan)(guan)中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體放電(dian)現(xian)象時(shi)(shi),用(yong)一(yi)只嵌(qian)有兩個金屬(shu)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(一(yi)個叫(jiao)做陽極(ji)(ji),一(yi)個叫(jiao)做陰極(ji)(ji))的(de)(de)密封玻(bo)璃(li)管(guan)(guan),在(zai)(zai)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)兩端加上幾萬伏的(de)(de)高(gao)壓電(dian),用(yong)抽氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機從玻(bo)璃(li)管(guan)(guan)內抽出(chu)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。為了(le)遮住(zhu)高(gao)壓放電(dian)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)(一(yi)種(zhong)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang))外(wai)泄(xie),在(zai)(zai)玻(bo)璃(li)管(guan)(guan)外(wai)面套上一(yi)層(ceng)黑色紙(zhi)板(ban)。他(ta)在(zai)(zai)暗室(shi)中進(jin)行這項實驗(yan)時(shi)(shi),偶然發現(xian)距離玻(bo)璃(li)管(guan)(guan)兩米遠的(de)(de)地方,一(yi)塊用(yong)鉑氰化鋇溶液浸洗過的(de)(de)紙(zhi)板(ban)發出(chu)明亮的(de)(de)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)。再進(jin)一(yi)步試驗(yan),用(yong)紙(zhi)板(ban)、木板(ban)、衣服及(ji)厚(hou)約兩千頁的(de)(de)書(shu),都遮擋(dang)不住(zhu)這種(zhong)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)。更令人(ren)(ren)驚奇(qi)的(de)(de)是(shi),當(dang)用(yong)手去拿這塊發熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)紙(zhi)板(ban)時(shi)(shi),競在(zai)(zai)紙(zhi)板(ban)上看(kan)到了(le)手骨的(de)(de)影像。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)倫琴認定(ding):這是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)眼看(kan)不見、但(dan)能(neng)穿透物(wu)(wu)體的(de)(de)射(she)線(xian)。因無(wu)法解釋(shi)它的(de)(de)原(yuan)理(li),不明它的(de)(de)性質,故借(jie)用(yong)了(le)數(shu)(shu)學(xue)中代表(biao)未(wei)知(zhi)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)“X”作為代號,稱(cheng)為“X”射(she)線(xian)(或稱(cheng)X射(she)線(xian)或簡稱(cheng)X線(xian))。這就是(shi)X射(she)線(xian)的(de)(de)發現(xian)與(yu)名(ming)稱(cheng)的(de)(de)由來(lai)。工業射(she)線(xian)機正是(shi)使用(yong)了(le)這種(zhong)特(te)性,利用(yong)高(gao)壓變壓器加在(zai)(zai)兩個金屬(shu)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)上的(de)(de)高(gao)壓產(chan)生射(she)線(xian)。X射(she)線(xian)儀用(yong)于航天,石油(you)建(jian)設,天然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)道,鍋爐(lu),壓力容(rong)器等無(wu)損(sun)探傷(shang)中不可(ke)缺少的(de)(de)設備。