X射(she)線儀，是一種用(yong)來產生X射(she)線的設備(bei)。
X射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)儀可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)分為(wei)工(gong)業用(yong)(yong)(yong)X射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)儀和醫用(yong)(yong)(yong)X射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)儀。工(gong)業用(yong)(yong)(yong)X射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)儀可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)按照產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)強(qiang)度分硬射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)和軟射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)于理(li)化(hua)檢測的(de)(de)衍射(she)(she)(she)(she)分析儀等(deng)屬(shu)于軟射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，而(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于大，厚材料的(de)(de)檢測的(de)(de)是硬射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。硬射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)高壓電的(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa)，如100Kv或300Kv的(de)(de)電壓加(jia)到x射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)管字上(shang)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)穿透5--50mm的(de)(de)鋼板(ban)。而(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電子加(jia)速器(qi)的(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)穿透100mm以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)鋼板(ban)的(de)(de)射(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。使用(yong)(yong)(yong)高壓電辦法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)機(ji)器(qi)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)，便攜式，和移動式（固定式）。
X射線(xian)(xian)(xian)儀原理、構造及發(fa)現(xian)：1895年德(de)國物(wu)理學家倫琴在(zai)(zai)研究陰極射線(xian)(xian)(xian)管中(zhong)氣(qi)體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)象時(shi)，用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)只(zhi)嵌有兩個(ge)金(jin)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)叫(jiao)做陽(yang)極，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)叫(jiao)做陰極)的(de)(de)密封(feng)玻璃(li)管，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極兩端加上幾萬伏的(de)(de)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)抽氣(qi)機從玻璃(li)管內(nei)抽出(chu)空氣(qi)。為了(le)(le)(le)(le)遮住高壓放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的(de)(de)光(guang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)弧光(guang))外泄，在(zai)(zai)玻璃(li)管外面套上一(yi)(yi)(yi)層黑色紙(zhi)板(ban)。他在(zai)(zai)暗室中(zhong)進行這(zhe)項實驗(yan)(yan)時(shi)，偶(ou)然發(fa)現(xian)距離玻璃(li)管兩米(mi)遠的(de)(de)地方，一(yi)(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)用(yong)鉑氰化鋇溶(rong)液浸(jin)洗過的(de)(de)紙(zhi)板(ban)發(fa)出(chu)明(ming)(ming)亮的(de)(de)熒(ying)光(guang)。再進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步試驗(yan)(yan)，用(yong)紙(zhi)板(ban)、木板(ban)、衣服及厚約兩千頁的(de)(de)書，都遮擋不住這(zhe)種(zhong)熒(ying)光(guang)。更令人(ren)(ren)驚奇的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)，當用(yong)手(shou)去拿這(zhe)塊(kuai)發(fa)熒(ying)光(guang)的(de)(de)紙(zhi)板(ban)時(shi)，競在(zai)(zai)紙(zhi)板(ban)上看(kan)(kan)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)手(shou)骨(gu)的(de)(de)影像。當時(shi)倫琴認定：這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)眼看(kan)(kan)不見、但能穿透物(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)射線(xian)(xian)(xian)。因無(wu)法解釋它的(de)(de)原理，不明(ming)(ming)它的(de)(de)性(xing)質，故借用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)數學中(zhong)代表未知數的(de)(de)“X”作為代號，稱(cheng)為“X”射線(xian)(xian)(xian)(或稱(cheng)X射線(xian)(xian)(xian)或簡稱(cheng)X線(xian)(xian)(xian))。這(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)X射線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)與名稱(cheng)的(de)(de)由來(lai)。工業射線(xian)(xian)(xian)機正是(shi)(shi)使(shi)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)種(zhong)特性(xing)，利用(yong)高壓變壓器加在(zai)(zai)兩個(ge)金(jin)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上的(de)(de)高壓產(chan)生射線(xian)(xian)(xian)。X射線(xian)(xian)(xian)儀用(yong)于航天(tian)，石油建設，天(tian)然氣(qi)管道，鍋爐，壓力容器等無(wu)損探傷中(zhong)不可(ke)缺(que)少的(de)(de)設備。
