X射線(xian)(xian)儀，是一(yi)種用來產(chan)生X射線(xian)(xian)的設(she)備(bei)。
X射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)儀(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)分為工(gong)業用(yong)X射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)儀(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)醫用(yong)X射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)儀(yi)(yi)。工(gong)業用(yong)X射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)儀(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)按照產生(sheng)(sheng)射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)強度(du)分硬射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)和(he)(he)軟射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)。用(yong)于(yu)(yu)理化檢(jian)測的(de)(de)衍射(she)(she)分析儀(yi)(yi)等屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)軟射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，而用(yong)于(yu)(yu)大(da)，厚材料的(de)(de)檢(jian)測的(de)(de)是(shi)硬射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。硬射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)高壓(ya)電(dian)的(de)(de)辦(ban)法，如100Kv或300Kv的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)加到x射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管字上(shang)，產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)穿(chuan)透5--50mm的(de)(de)鋼板(ban)。而用(yong)電(dian)子加速器的(de)(de)辦(ban)法可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)產生(sheng)(sheng)穿(chuan)透100mm以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)鋼板(ban)的(de)(de)射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。使用(yong)高壓(ya)電(dian)辦(ban)法的(de)(de)機(ji)器可(ke)(ke)(ke)分為，便(bian)攜式(shi)(shi)，和(he)(he)移動式(shi)(shi)（固定式(shi)(shi)）。
X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)儀原理(li)、構造(zao)及發(fa)現(xian)(xian)：1895年德國物(wu)理(li)學家(jia)倫(lun)琴(qin)在(zai)研(yan)究(jiu)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)中氣(qi)(qi)體放電(dian)現(xian)(xian)象時，用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)只嵌(qian)有兩個金(jin)屬電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(一(yi)(yi)(yi)個叫(jiao)做陽極(ji)(ji)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個叫(jiao)做陰(yin)極(ji)(ji))的(de)(de)密封玻璃(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)，在(zai)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)兩端加上幾萬伏的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)抽(chou)(chou)氣(qi)(qi)機(ji)從(cong)玻璃(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)內抽(chou)(chou)出(chu)空氣(qi)(qi)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了遮住(zhu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)放電(dian)時的(de)(de)光線(xian)(xian)(xian)(一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)弧光)外(wai)泄，在(zai)玻璃(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)外(wai)面套上一(yi)(yi)(yi)層黑色紙(zhi)(zhi)板(ban)(ban)。他在(zai)暗室中進行(xing)這(zhe)(zhe)項實(shi)驗(yan)時，偶(ou)然(ran)(ran)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)距離(li)玻璃(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)兩米遠的(de)(de)地方，一(yi)(yi)(yi)塊用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉑氰化鋇溶液浸洗(xi)過的(de)(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)板(ban)(ban)發(fa)出(chu)明(ming)亮的(de)(de)熒光。再進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步試驗(yan)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)紙(zhi)(zhi)板(ban)(ban)、木板(ban)(ban)、衣服(fu)及厚約兩千頁的(de)(de)書，都遮擋不住(zhu)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)熒光。更令人驚(jing)奇的(de)(de)是(shi)，當用(yong)(yong)(yong)手去拿這(zhe)(zhe)塊發(fa)熒光的(de)(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)板(ban)(ban)時，競在(zai)紙(zhi)(zhi)板(ban)(ban)上看(kan)到(dao)了手骨的(de)(de)影(ying)像(xiang)。當時倫(lun)琴(qin)認定(ding)：這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)人眼看(kan)不見、但(dan)能穿透物(wu)體的(de)(de)射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。因無(wu)法解釋(shi)它的(de)(de)原理(li)，不明(ming)它的(de)(de)性質，故借用(yong)(yong)(yong)了數學中代表未知數的(de)(de)“X”作為(wei)(wei)(wei)代號，稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“X”射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(或稱X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)或簡稱X線(xian)(xian)(xian))。這(zhe)(zhe)就是(shi)X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)與名(ming)稱的(de)(de)由(you)來。工(gong)業射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)正是(shi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)了這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)特(te)性，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)變壓(ya)器加在(zai)兩個金(jin)屬電(dian)極(ji)(ji)上的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)產生射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)儀用(yong)(yong)(yong)于航天(tian)，石油建(jian)設，天(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)道，鍋(guo)爐，壓(ya)力容器等無(wu)損(sun)探傷中不可(ke)缺少的(de)(de)設備。
