羅伯(bo)特·班杜拉(la)(Albert Bandura,1925~)
教育家、社會心理(li)學家
出生在加拿大(da)艾伯(bo)特省的(de)蒙達。
1949年,他在加拿(na)大(da)不列顛哥倫比亞大(da)學(xue)(xue)獲學(xue)(xue)士學(xue)(xue)位,1951年在美國衣阿(a)華(hua)大(da)學(xue)(xue)獲心理學(xue)(xue)碩士學(xue)(xue)位,翌年獲哲學(xue)(xue)博士學(xue)(xue)位。他在衣阿(a)華(hua)攻(gong)讀期(qi)間,盡(jin)管接受的是(shi)臨(lin)床心理學(xue)(xue)方面教育,但由于受道賀爾(er)的學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)斯彭(peng)斯的影響,對實驗模式(shi)的有(you)效性印象頗深。
1953年(nian)(nian),他到維基(ji)臺(tai)的(de)堪(kan)薩斯(si)指(zhi)導(dao)中心,擔任(ren)(ren)博士(shi)后(hou)臨床(chuang)實習(xi)醫生,同年(nian)(nian)應聘在斯(si)坦福大(da)學心理(li)(li)學系執(zhi)教,1964年(nian)(nian)升任(ren)(ren)正教授。在這期間,受赫(he)爾派學習(xi)理(li)(li)論家米勒(N.Miller)、多拉德(J.Dollard)和西爾斯(si)(R.R.Sears)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang),把學習(xi)理(li)(li)論運用于社會行(xing)為的(de)研究中。此后(hou),除了1969年(nian)(nian)任(ren)(ren)行(xing)為科學高級(ji)研究中心研究員一年(nian)(nian)外,一直在該校任(ren)(ren)教。
其(qi)中(zhong),1976年(nian)至1977年(nian)間出任心(xin)理(li)學系系主任。
班杜拉一生著作(zuo)(zuo)頗(po)豐,主要代表作(zuo)(zuo)有:《青少年的攻擊(Adolescent Aggression)》(1959)、《社會(hui)學習與個性(xing)發展(Social Learning and Personality Development)》(1963)、《社會(hui)學習理(li)論(Aggression : Social learning Theory)》(1977)、《思想(xiang)與行為(wei)的社會(hui)基(ji)礎:一種社會(hui)的認知理(li)論(Social Foundations of Thought and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory)》(1986)。
ALBERT BANDURA(1925~ )
Education
B.A., 1949 University of British Columbia
M.A., 1951 University of Iowa
Ph.D.,1952 University of Iowa
Scientific Honors and Awards
Distinguished Scientist Award, Division 12, American Psychological Association, 1972.
Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, California Psychological Association, 1973.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1980.
Distinguished Contribution Award, International Society for Research on Aggression, 1980.
Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, American Psychological Association, 1980.
Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine.
William James Award, American Psychological Society, 1989
Member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1989.
Distinguished Lifetime Contributions Award, California Psychological Association, 1998.
Thorndike Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education, American Psychological Association, 1999.
Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 2001.
Editorial Boards of Journals and Serial Volumes
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1970-present.
Child Development, 1971-77.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973.
Aggression: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 1974-82.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977-79; 1982-present.
Journal of Mental Imagery, 1978-present.
Clinical Behavior Therapy Review, 1979-81.
Gestalt Therapy: An International M ultidisciplinary Journal, 1979-present.
Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979-85; 1999 - present
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1979-present.
Psychological Review, 1980-82; 1999-present
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1986-present.
Behaviour Change, 1985-present.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1986-91.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1987-present.
Annual Review of Psychology, 1987-91.
Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1988-present.
Psychological Inquiry, 1989-present.
Applied and Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 1991-present.
Medienpsychologie, 1990-2000.
Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1993-present.
Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 1992-present.
Media Psychology, 1998-present.
Book Publications
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Adolescent aggression. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.
Translation: Polish.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963. Translation: Spanish.
Bandura, A. Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
Translations: Portuguese, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.). Psychological modeling:Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton Press, 1971. Translations: German, Japanese.
Bandura, A. Aggression: social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973. Translations: German, Russian.
Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Translations: Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Translations: Chinese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.).Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Translations: Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Korean.
Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman, 1997. Translations: Chinese, Italian, Korean. In progress: French, Portuguese.
由于(yu)班杜拉的奠(dian)基性研究,導致(zhi)了社(she)會(hui)學(xue)習理論的誕(dan)生,從而(er)也(ye)使他在西方心(xin)理學(xue)界(jie)獲得了較高的聲望。他在1972年(nian)獲美國心(xin)理學(xue)會(hui)授予的杰出科學(xue)貢獻獎;1973年(nian)獲加利福尼亞心(xin)理學(xue)會(hui)杰出科學(xue)成就獎;1974年(nian)當(dang)選(xuan)為美國心(xin)理學(xue)會(hui)主席。
班杜(du)拉的社會(hui)學習理論(lun)對心理和(he)教育領域有重要貢(gong)獻。
首先,班(ban)(ban)杜(du)(du)拉明確區分了人類(lei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩種基本過程,即直接(jie)經驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習和間接(jie)經驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習。班(ban)(ban)杜(du)(du)拉提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)察(cha)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習等都是屬于(yu)間接(jie)經驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習。這(zhe)兩種不(bu)同(tong)性質的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)區分有著重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐指導意義。它能使廣大(da)教師(shi)有選擇地運(yun)用學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習規(gui)律和教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)規(gui)律,而(er)不(bu)至于(yu)把直接(jie)經驗(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習研究中得(de)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律生(sheng)搬硬(ying)套地用于(yu)課堂(tang)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。也不(bu)能用直接(jie)經驗(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論解釋學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間接(jie)經驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習。
其(qi)次,班(ban)杜拉(la)提出的(de)觀察(cha)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)是人類間接經(jing)驗學(xue)(xue)習(xi)的(de)一(yi)種重要形式,它普(pu)遍地存在于不同(tong)年齡階段和不同(tong)文化(hua)背(bei)景的(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)者中。班(ban)杜拉(la)的(de)社會學(xue)(xue)習(xi)理(li)(li)論最有說服力地解釋了學(xue)(xue)生的(de)行為模式的(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)。所以,班(ban)杜拉(la)的(de)觀察(cha)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)模式在學(xue)(xue)習(xi)理(li)(li)論中具有不可替(ti)代的(de)獨(du)特作用(yong)。
第三,班(ban)杜(du)拉的社會學(xue)(xue)習理(li)論(lun)進一步發展了傳統的強化(hua)理(li)論(lun)。在(zai)(zai)傳統的強化(hua)理(li)論(lun)中,赫(he)爾和斯金納(na)等(deng)人(ren)都強調(diao)強化(hua)在(zai)(zai)條件作(zuo)用(yong)中的即時效果。班(ban)杜(du)拉認真探討了人(ren)類(lei)學(xue)(xue)習中獎(jiang)和懲的作(zuo)用(yong)機制。他認為(wei)強化(hua)的作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)于人(ren)對其行為(wei)結果的預期(qi),在(zai)(zai)于人(ren)對各種強化(hua)的認知調(diao)節(jie)。
第四,托(tuo)爾曼(man)在(zai)他的(de)(de)認知期待學習理(li)論中(zhong)提出(chu)了對行(xing)為結果的(de)(de)預期。班杜拉卻提出(chu)了另一種沒有被(bei)托(tuo)爾曼(man)所說的(de)(de)預期,這就是人(ren)確信自己能夠(gou)成功地完(wan)成某種任務(wu)的(de)(de)預期,他將這種預期稱作"功效預期"。
第五,班杜拉(la)的(de)社(she)會學習理論有著重要的(de)教育(yu)實踐意(yi)義,被廣泛地(di)應用于行為和行為規范的(de)教學中。