羅伯特(te)·班杜拉(Albert Bandura,1925~)
教育家、社會(hui)心理學家
出生在加(jia)拿大(da)艾(ai)伯特省的蒙達。
1949年,他在(zai)加(jia)拿大不(bu)列顛哥(ge)倫比亞(ya)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)獲(huo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)士(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)位,1951年在(zai)美(mei)國衣阿華大學(xue)(xue)(xue)獲(huo)心理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)碩士(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)位,翌年獲(huo)哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)博(bo)士(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)位。他在(zai)衣阿華攻讀期間,盡(jin)管接受(shou)的(de)是(shi)臨床心理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)方面教育,但由于受(shou)道賀爾(er)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生斯(si)彭斯(si)的(de)影響,對實驗模式的(de)有效性印象頗深。
1953年(nian),他到維基臺的堪薩斯(si)指導中心,擔任(ren)(ren)博士后臨床實習(xi)醫生(sheng),同年(nian)應(ying)聘在斯(si)坦福大學(xue)心理(li)學(xue)系執教(jiao),1964年(nian)升任(ren)(ren)正教(jiao)授。在這(zhe)期間,受赫爾(er)派學(xue)習(xi)理(li)論家(jia)米勒(N.Miller)、多拉德(J.Dollard)和西爾(er)斯(si)(R.R.Sears)的影響(xiang),把(ba)學(xue)習(xi)理(li)論運用(yong)于社會行(xing)(xing)為的研(yan)究(jiu)中。此(ci)后,除了1969年(nian)任(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)為科學(xue)高(gao)級(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)中心研(yan)究(jiu)員一(yi)年(nian)外,一(yi)直在該校任(ren)(ren)教(jiao)。
其中,1976年至1977年間(jian)出(chu)任心理(li)學(xue)系系主任。
班杜拉一生著作頗豐,主要代表作有:《青(qing)少年的攻擊(ji)(Adolescent Aggression)》(1959)、《社(she)會學(xue)(xue)習與個(ge)性(xing)發展(Social Learning and Personality Development)》(1963)、《社(she)會學(xue)(xue)習理(li)論(lun)(Aggression : Social learning Theory)》(1977)、《思想與行為的社(she)會基礎:一種社(she)會的認知(zhi)理(li)論(lun)(Social Foundations of Thought and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory)》(1986)。
ALBERT BANDURA(1925~ )
Education
B.A., 1949 University of British Columbia
M.A., 1951 University of Iowa
Ph.D.,1952 University of Iowa
Scientific Honors and Awards
Distinguished Scientist Award, Division 12, American Psychological Association, 1972.
Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, California Psychological Association, 1973.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1980.
Distinguished Contribution Award, International Society for Research on Aggression, 1980.
Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, American Psychological Association, 1980.
Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine.
William James Award, American Psychological Society, 1989
Member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1989.
Distinguished Lifetime Contributions Award, California Psychological Association, 1998.
Thorndike Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education, American Psychological Association, 1999.
Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 2001.
Editorial Boards of Journals and Serial Volumes
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1970-present.
Child Development, 1971-77.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973.
Aggression: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 1974-82.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977-79; 1982-present.
Journal of Mental Imagery, 1978-present.
Clinical Behavior Therapy Review, 1979-81.
Gestalt Therapy: An International M ultidisciplinary Journal, 1979-present.
Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979-85; 1999 - present
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1979-present.
Psychological Review, 1980-82; 1999-present
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1986-present.
Behaviour Change, 1985-present.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1986-91.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1987-present.
Annual Review of Psychology, 1987-91.
Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1988-present.
Psychological Inquiry, 1989-present.
Applied and Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 1991-present.
Medienpsychologie, 1990-2000.
Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1993-present.
Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 1992-present.
Media Psychology, 1998-present.
Book Publications
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Adolescent aggression. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.
Translation: Polish.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963. Translation: Spanish.
Bandura, A. Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
Translations: Portuguese, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.). Psychological modeling:Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton Press, 1971. Translations: German, Japanese.
Bandura, A. Aggression: social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973. Translations: German, Russian.
Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Translations: Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Translations: Chinese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.).Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Translations: Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Korean.
Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman, 1997. Translations: Chinese, Italian, Korean. In progress: French, Portuguese.
由于班杜拉的(de)(de)奠基性(xing)研(yan)究,導致(zhi)了(le)社會學(xue)習理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)誕生,從而也使他(ta)(ta)在(zai)西(xi)方(fang)心理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)界(jie)獲(huo)得(de)了(le)較高(gao)的(de)(de)聲(sheng)望。他(ta)(ta)在(zai)1972年(nian)(nian)獲(huo)美國心理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)會授予(yu)的(de)(de)杰(jie)出科(ke)(ke)學(xue)貢獻獎;1973年(nian)(nian)獲(huo)加利福尼亞(ya)心理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)會杰(jie)出科(ke)(ke)學(xue)成(cheng)就獎;1974年(nian)(nian)當選為(wei)美國心理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)會主席。
班杜拉的社(she)會學(xue)習理論對心理和(he)教育(yu)領(ling)域有重要貢(gong)獻。
首先,班杜(du)拉(la)明確區(qu)分了人類學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)種(zhong)基(ji)本(ben)過(guo)程,即直接經(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)和間(jian)(jian)接經(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)。班杜(du)拉(la)提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀察(cha)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)等都(dou)是屬于(yu)間(jian)(jian)接經(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)。這兩(liang)種(zhong)不同性質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)分有著重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐指導(dao)意義。它能使(shi)廣大(da)教師有選擇地運用(yong)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)規律(lv)和教學(xue)(xue)規律(lv),而不至于(yu)把直接經(jing)(jing)驗學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)研究中得出的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)生搬硬套地用(yong)于(yu)課(ke)堂教學(xue)(xue)。也(ye)不能用(yong)直接經(jing)(jing)驗學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論解釋學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)接經(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)。
其次,班(ban)杜拉提出(chu)的(de)(de)觀察(cha)(cha)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習是人類間(jian)接(jie)經驗學(xue)(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)一種重(zhong)要(yao)形式(shi),它普遍地(di)存在于不(bu)同年齡(ling)階段和(he)不(bu)同文化背景的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習者(zhe)中。班(ban)杜拉的(de)(de)社會學(xue)(xue)(xue)習理(li)論最(zui)有說(shuo)服力地(di)解釋(shi)了學(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)行為模式(shi)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習。所以,班(ban)杜拉的(de)(de)觀察(cha)(cha)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習模式(shi)在學(xue)(xue)(xue)習理(li)論中具有不(bu)可替(ti)代的(de)(de)獨特作用(yong)。
第三,班(ban)杜拉的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會學習理(li)論進一(yi)步發展(zhan)了(le)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)化理(li)論。在傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)化理(li)論中(zhong),赫爾和斯金納等人都強(qiang)調(diao)強(qiang)化在條件作用中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)即時效果(guo)。班(ban)杜拉認真(zhen)探討(tao)了(le)人類(lei)學習中(zhong)獎和懲(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用機制。他(ta)認為強(qiang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用在于(yu)人對其行(xing)為結果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預期,在于(yu)人對各種強(qiang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)認知調(diao)節。
第(di)四(si),托(tuo)爾曼在他(ta)(ta)的認知(zhi)期待學習理論中提(ti)出了對行為結(jie)果的預期。班杜(du)拉卻提(ti)出了另(ling)一(yi)種沒有被(bei)托(tuo)爾曼所說的預期,這(zhe)就是人確信自己能(neng)夠(gou)成功(gong)地完(wan)成某種任務的預期,他(ta)(ta)將這(zhe)種預期稱作"功(gong)效預期"。
第(di)五(wu),班杜拉的社會學習理論(lun)有著(zhu)重要(yao)的教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)實踐(jian)意義,被廣泛地應用于行為和行為規范(fan)的教(jiao)(jiao)學中(zhong)。