羅伯(bo)特(te)·班杜拉(Albert Bandura,1925~)
教(jiao)育家(jia)、社會心理學家(jia)
出生在加拿(na)大艾(ai)伯特省的蒙達(da)。
1949年(nian),他在(zai)加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞(ya)大學(xue)(xue)獲(huo)學(xue)(xue)士(shi)學(xue)(xue)位(wei),1951年(nian)在(zai)美(mei)國衣阿(a)華大學(xue)(xue)獲(huo)心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)碩(shuo)士(shi)學(xue)(xue)位(wei),翌年(nian)獲(huo)哲學(xue)(xue)博(bo)士(shi)學(xue)(xue)位(wei)。他在(zai)衣阿(a)華攻讀期間,盡管接受(shou)(shou)的是臨床心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)面教育,但由于(yu)受(shou)(shou)道賀爾的學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)斯(si)彭斯(si)的影響,對實驗模(mo)式的有(you)效性(xing)印象頗深。
1953年(nian),他(ta)到維基臺的(de)(de)堪薩斯(si)指導中(zhong)心(xin),擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)博士后臨床(chuang)實習醫生,同年(nian)應聘在(zai)斯(si)坦福大學(xue)(xue)心(xin)理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)系執(zhi)教(jiao),1964年(nian)升任(ren)(ren)正教(jiao)授。在(zai)這(zhe)期間,受(shou)赫爾派學(xue)(xue)習理(li)(li)論家米勒(N.Miller)、多拉德(J.Dollard)和西爾斯(si)(R.R.Sears)的(de)(de)影響,把學(xue)(xue)習理(li)(li)論運用于社(she)會行(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)研究中(zhong)。此后,除了1969年(nian)任(ren)(ren)行(xing)為(wei)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)高級研究中(zhong)心(xin)研究員一年(nian)外,一直在(zai)該校任(ren)(ren)教(jiao)。
其中,1976年至1977年間(jian)出任心理學系(xi)系(xi)主任。
班(ban)杜拉一生(sheng)著作(zuo)頗豐(feng),主要代表作(zuo)有:《青少年的攻(gong)擊(Adolescent Aggression)》(1959)、《社(she)會(hui)學(xue)習與個性發展(Social Learning and Personality Development)》(1963)、《社(she)會(hui)學(xue)習理論(lun)(Aggression : Social learning Theory)》(1977)、《思想與行為的社(she)會(hui)基礎:一種社(she)會(hui)的認知理論(lun)(Social Foundations of Thought and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory)》(1986)。
ALBERT BANDURA(1925~ )
Education
B.A., 1949 University of British Columbia
M.A., 1951 University of Iowa
Ph.D.,1952 University of Iowa
Scientific Honors and Awards
Distinguished Scientist Award, Division 12, American Psychological Association, 1972.
Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, California Psychological Association, 1973.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1980.
Distinguished Contribution Award, International Society for Research on Aggression, 1980.
Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, American Psychological Association, 1980.
Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine.
William James Award, American Psychological Society, 1989
Member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1989.
Distinguished Lifetime Contributions Award, California Psychological Association, 1998.
Thorndike Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education, American Psychological Association, 1999.
Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 2001.
Editorial Boards of Journals and Serial Volumes
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1970-present.
Child Development, 1971-77.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973.
Aggression: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 1974-82.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977-79; 1982-present.
Journal of Mental Imagery, 1978-present.
Clinical Behavior Therapy Review, 1979-81.
Gestalt Therapy: An International M ultidisciplinary Journal, 1979-present.
Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979-85; 1999 - present
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1979-present.
Psychological Review, 1980-82; 1999-present
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1986-present.
Behaviour Change, 1985-present.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1986-91.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1987-present.
Annual Review of Psychology, 1987-91.
Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1988-present.
Psychological Inquiry, 1989-present.
Applied and Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 1991-present.
Medienpsychologie, 1990-2000.
Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1993-present.
Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 1992-present.
Media Psychology, 1998-present.
Book Publications
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Adolescent aggression. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.
Translation: Polish.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963. Translation: Spanish.
Bandura, A. Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
Translations: Portuguese, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.). Psychological modeling:Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton Press, 1971. Translations: German, Japanese.
Bandura, A. Aggression: social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973. Translations: German, Russian.
Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Translations: Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Translations: Chinese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.).Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Translations: Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Korean.
Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman, 1997. Translations: Chinese, Italian, Korean. In progress: French, Portuguese.
由于(yu)班杜拉的(de)(de)(de)奠(dian)基性(xing)研究,導致了社會學(xue)習理論的(de)(de)(de)誕生,從而也(ye)使他(ta)在西方心(xin)理學(xue)界(jie)獲(huo)(huo)得(de)了較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)聲望。他(ta)在1972年(nian)獲(huo)(huo)美(mei)國(guo)心(xin)理學(xue)會授予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)杰出(chu)科學(xue)貢獻(xian)獎;1973年(nian)獲(huo)(huo)加利福尼亞心(xin)理學(xue)會杰出(chu)科學(xue)成就獎;1974年(nian)當(dang)選為美(mei)國(guo)心(xin)理學(xue)會主(zhu)席。
班杜拉(la)的社會學習理論(lun)對心理和教(jiao)育(yu)領域有重要貢獻。
首(shou)先,班杜拉明確(que)區(qu)分了(le)人類學(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩種(zhong)基本過程,即直(zhi)(zhi)接經(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習和間(jian)接經(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習。班杜拉提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀察學(xue)(xue)習等都是屬(shu)于間(jian)接經(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習。這兩種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同性質的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)分有(you)著(zhu)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐指導意義。它能(neng)使廣大(da)教(jiao)師有(you)選擇地(di)運用學(xue)(xue)習規律和教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)規律,而不(bu)(bu)至于把直(zhi)(zhi)接經(jing)(jing)驗學(xue)(xue)習研究中得出的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律生(sheng)搬硬套地(di)用于課堂教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)。也不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用直(zhi)(zhi)接經(jing)(jing)驗學(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論解釋學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)接經(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習。
其次(ci),班杜拉(la)提出的觀察學(xue)(xue)習(xi)是人類間(jian)接(jie)經驗學(xue)(xue)習(xi)的一(yi)種重要形式(shi),它普遍地存在(zai)于不同(tong)(tong)年齡(ling)階段和不同(tong)(tong)文化背景(jing)的學(xue)(xue)習(xi)者中。班杜拉(la)的社(she)會(hui)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)理(li)論(lun)最有說服力(li)地解釋(shi)了學(xue)(xue)生的行為(wei)模式(shi)的學(xue)(xue)習(xi)。所以(yi),班杜拉(la)的觀察學(xue)(xue)習(xi)模式(shi)在(zai)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)理(li)論(lun)中具有不可(ke)替代的獨特作用。
第三(san),班杜拉(la)的(de)社(she)會學(xue)習(xi)理(li)論進一步(bu)發(fa)展(zhan)了傳(chuan)統的(de)強化(hua)理(li)論。在(zai)傳(chuan)統的(de)強化(hua)理(li)論中(zhong),赫爾和(he)斯金納(na)等(deng)人都強調(diao)強化(hua)在(zai)條(tiao)件作(zuo)用中(zhong)的(de)即時效果。班杜拉(la)認(ren)(ren)真探(tan)討了人類(lei)學(xue)習(xi)中(zhong)獎和(he)懲(cheng)的(de)作(zuo)用機制(zhi)。他(ta)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)強化(hua)的(de)作(zuo)用在(zai)于(yu)人對(dui)其行為(wei)結果的(de)預期,在(zai)于(yu)人對(dui)各種(zhong)強化(hua)的(de)認(ren)(ren)知(zhi)調(diao)節(jie)。
第(di)四,托爾(er)曼在(zai)他的認知期(qi)待學習(xi)理(li)論中提(ti)出(chu)了(le)對行為結果的預(yu)期(qi)。班杜拉(la)卻提(ti)出(chu)了(le)另一種(zhong)沒有被托爾(er)曼所說的預(yu)期(qi),這(zhe)就是人確信自己能夠成(cheng)功地(di)完成(cheng)某種(zhong)任務(wu)的預(yu)期(qi),他將這(zhe)種(zhong)預(yu)期(qi)稱作"功效預(yu)期(qi)"。
第(di)五(wu),班杜拉的社會學習理(li)論(lun)有著重要的教育實踐意義,被廣泛地(di)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)行(xing)為和行(xing)為規(gui)范的教學中。