羅伯特·班杜拉(Albert Bandura,1925~)
教育家(jia)、社會(hui)心理學家(jia)
出(chu)生(sheng)在加拿大艾伯(bo)特省的(de)蒙達。
1949年,他(ta)在加拿(na)大不列顛(dian)哥倫比(bi)亞大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)獲(huo)(huo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)士學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)位(wei),1951年在美國衣(yi)阿(a)(a)華大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)獲(huo)(huo)心(xin)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)碩(shuo)士學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)位(wei),翌年獲(huo)(huo)哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)博士學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)位(wei)。他(ta)在衣(yi)阿(a)(a)華攻讀期間,盡(jin)管接受的(de)(de)是臨床心(xin)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方面教育,但由于(yu)受道賀爾的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生斯彭斯的(de)(de)影響,對實(shi)驗模式的(de)(de)有效(xiao)性印(yin)象頗深。
1953年,他到維(wei)基(ji)臺的(de)堪薩斯(si)(si)(si)指導(dao)中(zhong)心(xin),擔任(ren)(ren)博士后(hou)臨床實(shi)習醫(yi)生,同(tong)年應聘在(zai)斯(si)(si)(si)坦(tan)福(fu)大學(xue)心(xin)理學(xue)系(xi)執教,1964年升任(ren)(ren)正教授。在(zai)這期(qi)間(jian),受赫爾派學(xue)習理論家米勒(N.Miller)、多拉德(J.Dollard)和西爾斯(si)(si)(si)(R.R.Sears)的(de)影響,把(ba)學(xue)習理論運用于社會行(xing)為(wei)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)。此(ci)后(hou),除(chu)了(le)1969年任(ren)(ren)行(xing)為(wei)科學(xue)高(gao)級(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)心(xin)研(yan)究(jiu)員一(yi)年外(wai),一(yi)直(zhi)在(zai)該校任(ren)(ren)教。
其中,1976年至(zhi)1977年間出任心理學系(xi)系(xi)主任。
班杜(du)拉一生著作(zuo)(zuo)頗豐,主(zhu)要代表作(zuo)(zuo)有(you):《青少年的攻擊(ji)(Adolescent Aggression)》(1959)、《社會(hui)(hui)學習與(yu)(yu)個性發展(Social Learning and Personality Development)》(1963)、《社會(hui)(hui)學習理論(Aggression : Social learning Theory)》(1977)、《思想(xiang)與(yu)(yu)行(xing)為的社會(hui)(hui)基礎:一種社會(hui)(hui)的認知理論(Social Foundations of Thought and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory)》(1986)。
ALBERT BANDURA(1925~ )
Education
B.A., 1949 University of British Columbia
M.A., 1951 University of Iowa
Ph.D.,1952 University of Iowa
Scientific Honors and Awards
Distinguished Scientist Award, Division 12, American Psychological Association, 1972.
Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, California Psychological Association, 1973.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1980.
Distinguished Contribution Award, International Society for Research on Aggression, 1980.
Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, American Psychological Association, 1980.
Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine.
William James Award, American Psychological Society, 1989
Member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1989.
Distinguished Lifetime Contributions Award, California Psychological Association, 1998.
Thorndike Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education, American Psychological Association, 1999.
Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 2001.
Editorial Boards of Journals and Serial Volumes
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1970-present.
Child Development, 1971-77.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973.
Aggression: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 1974-82.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977-79; 1982-present.
Journal of Mental Imagery, 1978-present.
Clinical Behavior Therapy Review, 1979-81.
Gestalt Therapy: An International M ultidisciplinary Journal, 1979-present.
Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979-85; 1999 - present
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1979-present.
Psychological Review, 1980-82; 1999-present
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1986-present.
Behaviour Change, 1985-present.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1986-91.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1987-present.
Annual Review of Psychology, 1987-91.
Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1988-present.
Psychological Inquiry, 1989-present.
Applied and Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 1991-present.
Medienpsychologie, 1990-2000.
Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1993-present.
Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 1992-present.
Media Psychology, 1998-present.
Book Publications
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Adolescent aggression. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.
Translation: Polish.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963. Translation: Spanish.
Bandura, A. Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
Translations: Portuguese, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.). Psychological modeling:Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton Press, 1971. Translations: German, Japanese.
Bandura, A. Aggression: social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973. Translations: German, Russian.
Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Translations: Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Translations: Chinese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.).Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Translations: Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Korean.
Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman, 1997. Translations: Chinese, Italian, Korean. In progress: French, Portuguese.
由(you)于(yu)班(ban)杜(du)拉(la)的奠基性研究,導致了社(she)會(hui)學習理(li)論(lun)的誕(dan)生(sheng),從而也使他在(zai)(zai)西方心(xin)(xin)理(li)學界獲得了較高的聲望。他在(zai)(zai)1972年獲美國(guo)心(xin)(xin)理(li)學會(hui)授予的杰出科學貢獻獎(jiang);1973年獲加(jia)利福(fu)尼亞(ya)心(xin)(xin)理(li)學會(hui)杰出科學成就(jiu)獎(jiang);1974年當(dang)選為美國(guo)心(xin)(xin)理(li)學會(hui)主席。
班杜拉的社(she)會學習(xi)理(li)論對(dui)心理(li)和教育領域有(you)重要貢獻。
首先,班杜拉明確區分(fen)了人(ren)類學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)的(de)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)基本過(guo)程,即直接經驗(yan)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)和間接經驗(yan)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)。班杜拉提出的(de)觀察學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)等都是屬于間接經驗(yan)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)。這兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)不(bu)同性(xing)質的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)過(guo)程的(de)區分(fen)有著重(zhong)要的(de)實踐指導意(yi)義。它能使廣大教師有選(xuan)擇地運用學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)規律和教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)規律,而不(bu)至于把(ba)直接經驗(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)研究中(zhong)得(de)出的(de)規律生搬硬套地用于課(ke)堂教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。也(ye)不(bu)能用直接經驗(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)的(de)理論解釋學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)間接經驗(yan)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)。
其次,班杜(du)拉提(ti)出(chu)的(de)觀(guan)察(cha)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)是人類間接(jie)經驗學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)的(de)一種重要形式(shi)(shi),它普(pu)遍地存(cun)在于不同年齡階段和不同文化背景(jing)的(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)者(zhe)中(zhong)。班杜(du)拉的(de)社會學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)理論最(zui)有(you)說服力(li)地解釋了學(xue)(xue)生的(de)行為模式(shi)(shi)的(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)。所以(yi),班杜(du)拉的(de)觀(guan)察(cha)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)模式(shi)(shi)在學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)理論中(zhong)具有(you)不可(ke)替代的(de)獨特(te)作用。
第(di)三,班杜(du)拉的(de)社(she)會學習理(li)論進一步(bu)發展(zhan)了傳統(tong)的(de)強(qiang)(qiang)化理(li)論。在(zai)傳統(tong)的(de)強(qiang)(qiang)化理(li)論中,赫(he)爾和斯金納(na)等人都強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)強(qiang)(qiang)化在(zai)條件作(zuo)用中的(de)即時效果(guo)。班杜(du)拉認(ren)真探討了人類學習中獎和懲的(de)作(zuo)用機制。他(ta)認(ren)為強(qiang)(qiang)化的(de)作(zuo)用在(zai)于(yu)人對其行為結果(guo)的(de)預期,在(zai)于(yu)人對各種(zhong)強(qiang)(qiang)化的(de)認(ren)知調(diao)節(jie)。
第四(si),托爾(er)曼在(zai)他(ta)的認(ren)知期(qi)(qi)待學習理(li)論中提(ti)出了對行為(wei)結果的預期(qi)(qi)。班杜拉卻提(ti)出了另一種(zhong)(zhong)沒(mei)有被(bei)托爾(er)曼所說(shuo)的預期(qi)(qi),這就是人(ren)確信自己(ji)能夠(gou)成(cheng)功地(di)完成(cheng)某種(zhong)(zhong)任務(wu)的預期(qi)(qi),他(ta)將這種(zhong)(zhong)預期(qi)(qi)稱作"功效(xiao)預期(qi)(qi)"。
第五(wu),班杜拉(la)的(de)(de)社會(hui)學習(xi)理論(lun)有著重要的(de)(de)教育實踐意義,被廣泛地應(ying)用于行為和行為規(gui)范的(de)(de)教學中(zhong)。