生平及著(zhu)述：唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)原名大(da)陶(tao)，字鑄萬(wan)；後(hou)(hou)更名甄(zhen)(zhen)，號圃亭，四(si)川達州(zhou)人(ren)，生於明崇禎三年，卒於清(qing)康熙四(si)十(shi)三年，得年七十(shi)五歲。生平事跡頗隱晦，《四(si)庫(ku)總目》至將《衡書》著(zhu)者「唐(tang)(tang)大(da)陶(tao)」及《潛書》著(zhu)者唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)別為二人(ren)。幼年隨父宦游(you)，歷(li)吳江、北京、南(nan)京。順治(zhi)二年南(nan)京城破，父子避難浙江紹興。順治(zhi)十(shi)四(si)年丁(ding)酉（1657）舉人(ren)，曾任(ren)山西(xi)長(chang)子縣知縣十(shi)月，遍(bian)游(you)河(he)北、河(he)南(nan)、湖北、浙江、江蘇等地二十(shi)馀年，後(hou)(hou)困於江蘇，仍志在(zai)天下，冀為王(wang)者師，著(zhu)述不(bu)輟。1962年北京中華書局出(chu)版《潛書》，後(hou)(hou)附(fu)編(bian)者李之勤(qin)〈唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)事跡叢考〉一文，最稱詳實(shi)。
這表現(xian).在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，第(di)一，封(feng)建君主(zhu)(zhu)沒有(you)(you)推行富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)，而(er)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是忘民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)、虐(nve)發、害(hai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)，因(yin)而(er)“四(si)(si)海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)，日益(yi)困(kun)窮(qiong)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)空(kong)(kong)、工空(kong)(kong)、市空(kong)(kong)、仕空(kong)(kong)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·存(cun)(cun)言》）。第(di)二，封(feng)建官(guan)吏橫(heng)行掠(lve)奪民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)產，他(ta)們坐視民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)苦(ku)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)救，貪婪謀取一己私利。第(di)三，沉重繁(fan)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賦(fu)稅(shui)，加重了(le)(le)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)苦(ku)。第(di)四(si)(si)，財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)源枯竭，貸(dai)幣(bi)量少，導致(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)貸(dai)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)法流(liu)通(tong)(tong)，“當今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世，無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)窮(qiong)，非窮(qiong)于(yu)(yu)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，窮(qiong)于(yu)(yu)銀(yin)也(ye)(ye)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·更幣(bi)》）。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)探討了(le)(le)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)窮(qiong)困(kun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，提出(chu)了(le)(le)致(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)改措(cuo)施(shi)。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)指(zhi)出(chu)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國家(jia)(jia)邦本(ben)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)首在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)。“國無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，豈有(you)(you)四(si)(si)政(zheng)(zheng)！封(feng)建，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)固之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；府庫(ku)(ku)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)充(chong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；朝廷，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)尊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；官(guan)職，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·明鑒》）只有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)豐(feng)衣足(zu)食(shi)，國家(jia)(jia)才(cai)能興旺發達；如(ru)果(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)貧窮(qiong)困(kun)苦(ku)，必將導致(zhi)(zhi)國家(jia)(jia)滅亡。他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：立國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)他(ta)，惟在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。自古未有(you)(you)國貧而(er)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國者(zhe)(zhe)。夫(fu)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)編戶，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)府庫(ku)(ku)。若編戶空(kong)(kong)虛(xu)，雖(sui)府庫(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)積如(ru)丘(qiu)山(shan)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貧國，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國矣(yi)。（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·存(cun)(cun)言》）因(yin)此，立國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國庫(ku)(ku)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)盈(ying)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)裕(yu)。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)強調，“治(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)貴(gui)致(zhi)(zhi)其實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·權實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》），實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)致(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)。他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)者(zhe)(zhe)，國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)也(ye)(ye)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)也(ye)(ye)，寶(bao)(bao)(bao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)竊，命(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)攘。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》）財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)是生(sheng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)、國家(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)，因(yin)此立國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)惟在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)具體提出(chu)了(le)(le)致(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)了(le)(le)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種措(cuo)施(shi)。首先，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)當以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)功(gong)，力(li)除(chu)棄民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)虐(nve)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)。他(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，國家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)因(yin)此，立國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國庫(ku)(ku)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)充(chong)盈(ying)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)裕(yu)。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)強調，“治(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)貴(gui)致(zhi)(zhi)其實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·權實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》），實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)致(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)。他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)者(zhe)(zhe)，國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)也(ye)(ye)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)也(ye)(ye)，寶(bao)(bao)(bao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)竊，命(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)攘。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》）財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)是生(sheng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)、國家(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)，因(yin)此立國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)惟在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)具體提出(chu)了(le)(le)致(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)了(le)(le)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種措(cuo)施(shi)。首先，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)當以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)功(gong)，力(li)除(chu)棄民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)虐(nve)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)。他(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，國家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)方針(zhen)當以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong)旨，“其舉(ju)(ju)事任職雖(sui)多(duo)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過使不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)困(kun)窮(qiong)而(er)已”，“雖(sui)官(guan)有(you)(you)百(bai)職，職有(you)(you)百(bai)務，要(yao)(yao)歸于(yu)(yu)養民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·考功(gong)》）故唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)特別強調致(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)治(zhi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)，指(zhi)出(chu)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)圖治(zhi)，論功(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舉(ju)(ju)賢，善(shan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)論功(gong)，足(zu)食(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)養民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”，“養民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，必以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)省官(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)先務”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·省官(guan)》），卻除(chu)暴虐(nve)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)官(guan)，重用(yong)(yong)養民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廉能賢才(cai)，“廉者(zhe)(zhe)必使民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)儉(jian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)豐(feng)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，才(cai)者(zhe)(zhe)必使民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)勤以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厚利。舉(ju)(ju)廉舉(ju)(ju)才(cai)，必以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)豐(feng)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)厚利為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)征(zheng)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·考功(gong)》）只有(you)(you)君主(zhu)(zhu)官(guan)吏皆去推行實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)治(zhi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)才(cai)能富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)裕(yu)。其次(ci)，唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)提出(chu)了(le)(le)因(yin)其自然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利，發展多(duo)種生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)張。他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“海(hai)內(nei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)土不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)生(sheng)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)生(sheng)”，只要(yao)(yao)“因(yin)其自然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利而(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)擾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)才(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)勝用(yong)(yong)矣(yi)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)》）唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)否定(ding)了(le)(le)“農(nong)(nong)(nong)本(ben)商(shang)(shang)末”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong)觀(guan)念，提出(chu)了(le)(le)要(yao)(yao)使四(si)(si)海(hai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)真正(zheng)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)裕(yu)，就要(yao)(yao)發展農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、手工業(ye)(ye)(ye)和商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)等多(duo)種生(sheng)產。他(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，養民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)首要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)大力(li)發民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，還要(yao)(yao)全(quan)面發展商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和手工業(ye)(ye)(ye)，“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，必先田、市”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·普施(shi)》）。他(ta)指(zhi)出(chu)，“山(shan)林多(duo)材(cai)，池沼多(duo)魚，園多(duo)果(guo)蔬，欄(lan)多(duo)羊豕”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·達政(zheng)(zheng)》），農(nong)(nong)(nong)林牧漁全(quan)面發展，才(cai)能實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)裕(yu)。同時，唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)大力(li)提倡種桑養蠶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紡織業(ye)(ye)(ye)，主(zhu)(zhu)張通(tong)(tong)過商(shang)(shang)品(pin)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)，提高(gao)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)水(shui)平。第(di)三，唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)提出(chu)改革貸(dai)幣(bi)，促進流(liu)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)措(cuo)施(shi)。他(ta)指(zhi)出(chu)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)白(bai)銀(yin)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貸(dai)幣(bi)，限制了(le)(le)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)貸(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交換，阻礙了(le)(le)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。“夫(fu)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)聚(ju)。銀(yin)者(zhe)(zhe)，易(yi)聚(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物也(ye)(ye)。”要(yao)(yao)促進商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮發展，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)裕(yu)，“救今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，當廢銀(yin)而(er)用(yong)(yong)錢”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·更幣(bi)》）。因(yin)此，唐(tang)(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，用(yong)(yong)銅錢取代白(bai)銀(yin)，商(shang)(shang)品(pin)交換才(cai)能更好(hao)地得以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進行，并可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)消除(chu)白(bai)銀(yin)易(yi)聚(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊(bi)，發揮貸(dai)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)作用(yong)(yong)。
他的(de)(de)社會(hui)政治(zhi)啟蒙思(si)想，集中(zhong)反映(ying)在(zai)他歷30年而成的(de)(de)《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》中(zhong)。是(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)原為《衡書(shu)(shu)(shu)》13篇(pian)，“衡”表示“志在(zai)權衡天下(xia)”之(zhi)(zhi)意，后因“連蹇不(bu)遇”，只(zhi)得將其(qi)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)存(cun)起來(lai)，遂加以(yi)補充(chong)，改名為《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》。《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》共97篇(pian)論(lun)文，分為上下(xia)兩篇(pian)。上篇(pian)論(lun)學(xue)(xue)術，重在(zai)闡(chan)發(fa)(fa)“盡性”與“事功”相互(hu)統一的(de)(de)心(xin)性之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)；下(xia)篇(pian)論(lun)政治(zhi)，旨在(zai)講求(qiu)實治(zhi)實功抑尊(zun)富(fu)民的(de)(de)治(zhi)世之(zhi)(zhi)術。潘(pan)耒稱其(qi)“論(lun)學(xue)(xue)術則尊(zun)孟宗王，貴(gui)心(xin)得，賤口耳，痛排俗學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)陋；論(lun)治(zhi)道則崇儉尚樸(pu)，損勢抑威，省(sheng)大吏，汰冗(rong)官(guan)，欲君民相親如一家，乃可為治(zhi)。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)·潘(pan)序》）因此，《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》“上觀天道，下(xia)察人事，遠(yuan)正(zheng)古跡(ji)，近(jin)度今宜，根于心(xin)而致之(zhi)(zhi)行，如在(zai)其(qi)位而謀其(qi)政。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)·潛(qian)(qian)(qian)存(cun)》）是(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)僅奠定了唐甄在(zai)清初啟蒙思(si)潮中(zhong)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)地位，而且對當時的(de)(de)儒學(xue)(xue)思(si)想發(fa)(fa)展也產生(sheng)了深遠(yuan)的(de)(de)影響。
唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另(ling)一(yi)重要組成部分(fen)，是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)在(zai)對(dui)傳統儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反思(si)認(ren)(ren)識中，提出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)相互(hu)統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。他繼承發(fa)揚了(le)(le)(le)(le)從(cong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)到(dao)王(wang)守(shou)仁(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)學(xue)(xue)(xue)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)，尖銳批判了(le)(le)(le)(le)程朱(zhu)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)末(mo)流只談心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)重事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)疏陋(lou)習(xi)。唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)最為(wei)(wei)推崇孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)，孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)具體(ti)(ti)地(di)(di)涵蓋(gai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)“圣(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論，“甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)雖(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敏(min)，愿(yuan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)焉(yan)。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)存(cun)》）同時，他又認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)后，最能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)領悟圣(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人，當推陸九淵、王(wang)守(shou)仁(ren)(ren)二(er)人。孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)、陸九淵、王(wang)守(shou)仁(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)什么能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠執圣(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樞(shu)、得(de)圣(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)就(jiu)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)。他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“堯舜以(yi)(yi)來，傳道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)以(yi)(yi)傳心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·宗(zong)(zong)(zong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)》），唯(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)得(de)識圣(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)問之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)入(ru)們。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此，他在(zai)繼承了(le)(le)(le)(le)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”和(he)(he)王(wang)守(shou)仁(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“致良知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)，又進一(yi)步闡(chan)發(fa)了(le)(le)(le)(le)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)理論。他認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)，良知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個東西，綜合為(wei)(wei)“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”，“道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)由心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)致，不(bu)(bu)(bu)由外(wai)致”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·格定》），“天(tian)地(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)際，心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)(yu)天(tian)地(di)(di)際”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·敬修(xiu)》）。他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)統天(tian)地(di)(di)，備(bei)萬物(wu)(wu)”，“心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)具天(tian)地(di)(di)，統萬物(wu)(wu)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·良功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)》）。性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)即(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)仁(ren)(ren)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)禮(li)(li)智(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，“四德我(wo)(wo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)有(you)(you)，非(fei)(fei)(fei)由外(wai)鑠”，以(yi)(yi)仁(ren)(ren)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)禮(li)(li)智(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)合于(yu)(yu)天(tian)地(di)(di)萬物(wu)(wu)，即(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，始乃(nai)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。他認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)，“良知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可致，本(ben)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)乃(nai)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，仁(ren)(ren)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)禮(li)(li)智(zhi)(zhi)俱為(wei)(wei)實功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”，實功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即(ji)(ji)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)“仁(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)濟天(tian)下(xia)(xia)”，“義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)制天(tian)下(xia)(xia)”，“禮(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)范天(tian)下(xia)(xia)”，“智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)周天(tian)下(xia)(xia)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·宗(zong)(zong)(zong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)》）。唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)仁(ren)(ren)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)禮(li)(li)智(zhi)(zhi)四德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，以(yi)(yi)合于(yu)(yu)天(tian)地(di)(di)萬物(wu)(wu)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)質特(te)征，經世(shi)(shi)致用、救世(shi)(shi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民才(cai)是(shi)(shi)圣(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本(ben)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)旨。他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“儒(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)貴者(zhe)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)定亂(luan)、除暴、安百姓也(ye)。若儒(ru)(ru)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)……但(dan)取自(zi)(zi)(zi)完，何以(yi)(yi)異于(yu)(yu)匹(pi)夫匹(pi)婦乎(hu)？”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·辨(bian)儒(ru)(ru)》）因(yin)(yin)(yin)此，他既批判了(le)(le)(le)(le)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)家只重“養生(sheng)(sheng)”和(he)(he)佛家但(dan)求(qiu)“明死”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)世(shi)(shi)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)，又著重揭斥了(le)(le)(le)(le)程朱(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)“但(dan)明己性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，無(wu)(wu)救于(yu)(yu)世(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)疏陋(lou)習(xi)。唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)，盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可割裂(lie)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)彼(bi)此統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，“修(xiu)非(fei)(fei)(fei)內也(ye)，功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)非(fei)(fei)(fei)外(wai)也(ye)”，“自(zi)(zi)(zi)內外(wai)分(fen)，仲尼(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)裂(lie)矣，民不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)矣”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·良功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)》），“修(xiu)身治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)帶(dai)，取修(xiu)身割治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)成治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)，亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)修(xiu)身”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)》），不(bu)(bu)(bu)修(xiu)其(qi)(qi)身，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)；只修(xiu)其(qi)(qi)身，亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)。盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)相互(hu)統一(yi)彼(bi)此融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，裂(lie)一(yi)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)其(qi)(qi)半(ban)。故他認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)，程朱(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)實能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)窮性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原，有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)儒(ru)(ru)家學(xue)(xue)(xue)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，但(dan)它只言(yan)(yan)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)重性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，“精內而(er)遺外(wai)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·有(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)》），“彼(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)見(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，未(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)》），有(you)(you)違于(yu)(yu)儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本(ben)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)旨。他們“終日言(yan)(yan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，而(er)卒不(bu)(bu)(bu)識性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·宗(zong)(zong)(zong)孟(meng)(meng)(meng)》），“今于(yu)(yu)內其(qi)(qi)精致，于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)外(wai)若遺若忘……名為(wei)(wei)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi)，實非(fei)(fei)(fei)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi)，即(ji)(ji)非(fei)(fei)(fei)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)》）唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，程朱(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)，舍治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi)而(er)求(qiu)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，既不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，亦(yi)無(wu)(wu)益(yi)于(yu)(yu)社會(hui)(hui)民生(sheng)(sheng)。如何盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)？唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)提出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)合一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)。他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“世(shi)(shi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)德，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)”，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)才(cai)二(er)者(zhe)同出(chu)(chu)一(yi)源而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可分(fen)，“盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)其(qi)(qi)本(ben)體(ti)(ti)，其(qi)(qi)才(cai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)見(jian)(jian)(jian)”，才(cai)即(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)作用。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此，盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)即(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)，發(fa)揮(hui)(hui)出(chu)(chu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)作用，言(yan)(yan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)必(bi)(bi)(bi)言(yan)(yan)才(cai)，言(yan)(yan)才(cai)必(bi)(bi)(bi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。他認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)才(cai)沒(mei)有(you)(you)發(fa)揮(hui)(hui)作用。“四德無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，必(bi)(bi)(bi)其(qi)(qi)才(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)充；才(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)充，必(bi)(bi)(bi)其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)未(wei)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。”唯(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，始能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)充才(cai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，“心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)明，則(ze)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)達；事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)達，則(ze)所(suo)見(jian)(jian)(jian)多乖，所(suo)行(xing)(xing)多泥”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)》）。 唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)依賴于(yu)(yu)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，“性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，非(fei)(fei)(fei)圣(sheng)；功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，非(fei)(fei)(fei)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·有(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)》）仁(ren)(ren)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)禮(li)(li)智(zhi)(zhi)四德不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian).在(zai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)本(ben)身，而(er)是(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian).在(zai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)上(shang)，通過性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian).在(zai)對(dui)天(tian)地(di)(di)萬物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)。故他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“仁(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，內存(cun)未(wei)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，外(wai)行(xing)(xing)乃(nai)見(jian)(jian)(jian)；心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未(wei)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，物(wu)(wu)受(shou)乃(nai)見(jian)(jian)(jian)。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)》）事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，“事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)成，功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)立，又奚貴無(wu)(wu)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如委其(qi)(qi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)而(er)放(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·辨(bian)儒(ru)(ru)》）因(yin)(yin)(yin)此，唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)特(te)別重視王(wang)守(shou)仁(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)合一(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)二(er)，雖(sui)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)猶無(wu)(wu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，雖(sui)致猶不(bu)(bu)(bu)致。知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)合一(yi)者(zhe)，致知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)》）知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)合一(yi)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)；盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)儒(ru)(ru)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，才(cai)現(xian)(xian)儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用。他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)仁(ren)(ren)，必(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)育天(tian)下(xia)(xia)；我(wo)(wo)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，必(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)裁天(tian)下(xia)(xia)；我(wo)(wo)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)禮(li)(li)，必(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)匡天(tian)下(xia)(xia)；我(wo)(wo)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)智(zhi)(zhi)，必(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)照(zhao)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)》）唯(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)展示(shi)儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)“窮理盡(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)至于(yu)(yu)命”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成己成物(wu)(wu)、內圣(sheng)外(wai)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。總之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，唐甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)近代社會(hui)(hui)啟蒙思(si)潮產生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。
唐甄在經濟生活方面，原有土地七十畝，可收租四十一石，江南稅重，清朝市井圖要納(na)賦稅二十石，去其收入(ru)一半，不足維持家計。遂(sui)賣去土(tu)地，以所入(ru)款項六十多兩銀，從事商販，遂(sui)得粗安。同時(shi)，由于其祖父唐自踩(cai)“居官(guan)廉，多惠政，尤振興文(wen)教(jiao)”，父親唐階泰，剛毅明達，“當(dang)是時(shi)，朋黨附勢(shi)相傾(qing)”，而“參議(階泰)獨立(li)無(wu)所與”，唐甄出身于這樣的(de)(de)(de)家庭(ting)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)養下，他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)做人，出處進(jin)退，如鳳皇芝草(cao)，他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)為文(wen)，提出了(le)許多進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)經濟政治觀點和主(zhu)張，這當(dang)然不是偶然的(de)(de)(de)了(le)。
唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)重視理財(cai)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)基本經濟觀(guan)點，則(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“財(cai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。寶不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)竊，命不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)攘(rang)。圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以百(bai)(bai)姓為(wei)(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)孫，以四(si)海(hai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)府(fu)庫(ku)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)竊其(qi)(qi)(qi)寶而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)攘(rang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)命者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。是(shi)以家(jia)(jia)(jia)室(shi)(shi)(shi)皆(jie)(jie)盈，婦(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)皆(jie)(jie)寧(ning)。反其(qi)(qi)(qi)道者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，輸(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)悻臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，藏于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巨室(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)窟(ku)，蠹多(duo)(duo)則(ze)樹槁(gao)，癰肥則(ze)體敝，此(ci)(ci)窮富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源，治(zhi)亂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”從(cong)唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眼光(guang)看(kan)(kan)來(lai)，財(cai)必(bi)存之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)。國(guo)(guo)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)必(bi)先民(min)(min)(min)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)樣，才能(neng)(neng)使(shi)國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)經濟富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)裕(yu)起來(lai)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)堅決反對(dui)統治(zhi)階(jie)級(ji)以及豪強巨室(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)民(min)(min)(min)間財(cai)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虐(nve)取(qu)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“虐(nve)取(qu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)金(jin)(jin)，喪其(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)金(jin)(jin)：取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，喪其(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)。充東(dong)門之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鬻羊(yang)餐者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，業(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二世(shi)矣。其(qi)(qi)(qi)妻子(zi)(zi)(zi)傭走之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬，食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)十(shi)馀人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。或(huo)誣(wu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)盜(dao)羊(yang)，罰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三石粟(su)。上(shang)(shang)獵(lie)其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)攘(rang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)，盡(jin)(jin)鬻其(qi)(qi)(qi)釜(fu)甑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)未(wei)(wei)足也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，遂失(shi)業(ye)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)乞于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)道。此(ci)(ci)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)金(jin)(jin)，喪其(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)金(jin)(jin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。潞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)苗氏者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐵治(zhi)，業(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)世(shi)。多(duo)(duo)致四(si)方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賈(jia)，椎(zhui)鑿鼓瀉擔挽，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)藉而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，常百(bai)(bai)馀人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。或(huo)誣(wu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)盜(dao)，上(shang)(shang)獵(lie)其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)攘(rang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)治(zhi)遂廢。向(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藉而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)得(de)(de)食，皆(jie)(jie)流亡(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)河漳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)。此(ci)(ci)取(qu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，喪其(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)唐(tang)(tang)氏在(zai)(zai)(zai)山西長子(zi)(zi)(zi)縣(xian)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)個小(xiao)官(guan)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)貧(pin)(pin)農小(xiao)商生(sheng)(sheng)活體會(hui)(hui)(hui)較深(shen)。且(qie)小(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，周圍關系(xi)甚多(duo)(duo)，彼此(ci)(ci)影響很大(da)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)受(shou)(shou)害，數(shu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)受(shou)(shou)累(lei)。指出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)虐(nve)取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang)結(jie)果，下(xia)(xia)(xia)面他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)又和不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虐(nve)取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做了個比較。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)接(jie)著(zhu)說(shuo)(shuo)：“虐(nve)取(qu)如(ru)(ru)是(shi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)取(qu)反是(shi)。隴右牧羊(yang)，河北(bei)育豕(shi)，淮(huai)南飼鶩，湖濱繅(sao)絲，吳(wu)鄉(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)，編蓑織席(xi)，皆(jie)(jie)至(zhi)微之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)日息歲轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)(sheng)算。此(ci)(ci)皆(jie)(jie)操一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)金(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資，可(ke)(ke)(ke)致百(bai)(bai)金(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。里(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)千(qian)(qian)(qian)金(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，嫁女娶婦(fu)，死喪生(sheng)(sheng)慶，疾病(bing)醫禱，燕飲裔愧，魚肉(rou)果蔬椒桂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物，與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)市(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)眾(zhong)矣。緡錢(qian)緇銀，市(shi)販貸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，石麥(mai)斛米，佃農貸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，匹布尺(chi)帛(bo)，鄰(lin)里(li)(li)(li)黨戚(qi)(qi)貸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)眾(zhong)矣。此(ci)(ci)藉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)(wei)(wei)百(bai)(bai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)養者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。海(hai)內之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)財(cai)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)土不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)產(chan)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)；歲月(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)計而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)自(zi)足，貧(pin)(pin)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)謀而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)相資。是(shi)故圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)無(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)財(cai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)術。因其(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)以擾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)財(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)矣。”唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)“歲月(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)計而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)自(zi)足，貧(pin)(pin)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)謀而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)相資”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提法(fa)(fa)，是(shi)十(shi)分(fen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)見解的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。今(jin).日有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個千(qian)(qian)(qian)金(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，明.日就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)數(shu)個千(qian)(qian)(qian)金(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，后(hou).日就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)百(bai)(bai)個千(qian)(qian)(qian)金(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)從(cong)聯系(xi)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點看(kan)(kan)問(wen)題(ti)，是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)進(jin)步意(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此(ci)(ci)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)以植(zhi)(zhi)柳(liu)(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例，主(zhu)張植(zhi)(zhi)柳(liu)(liu)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)折枝(zhi)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)接(jie)著(zhu)說(shuo)(shuo)：“今(jin)夫柳(liu)(liu)，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)易(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；折尺(chi)寸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)枝(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)植(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過三年而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)樹。歲剪其(qi)(qi)(qi)枝(zhi)，以為(wei)(wei)(wei)筐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)。以為(wei)(wei)(wei)防河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)掃。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)窮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)”，皆(jie)(jie)自(zi)尺(chi)寸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)枝(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若其(qi)(qi)(qi)始植(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)童子(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)拔而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)棄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。安望歲剪其(qi)(qi)(qi)枝(zhi)以利(li)用(yong)哉！其(qi)(qi)(qi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)窮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)，皆(jie)(jie)自(zi)尺(chi)寸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)枝(zhi)絕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)擾民(min)(min)(min)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，植(zhi)(zhi)枝(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；虐(nve)取(qu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，拔枝(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，絕其(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。那末，虐(nve)取(qu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，究(jiu)竟(jing)是(shi)誰(shui)呢?依照唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)，是(shi)些貪(tan)官(guan)污吏。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們比盜(dao)賊(zei)(穴墻(qiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe))，暴徒(群刃而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)進(jin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe))、道劃(御(yu)旅(lv)(lv)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)途(tu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe))、伙寇(kou)(寇(kou)至(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)誅者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe))都要(yao)兇狠得(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們是(shi)：既亡(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)，復取(qu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)亡(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)取(qu)，如(ru)(ru)填(tian)壑谷。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)自(zi)問(wen)自(zi)答(da)地說(shuo)(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)害莫如(ru)(ru)貪(tan)，蓋十(shi)百(bai)(bai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)重賦焉。穴墻(qiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)盡(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密藏。群刃而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)進(jin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)奪人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)宅，御(yu)旅(lv)(lv)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)途(tu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)破人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，寇(kou)至(zhi)誅焚者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)窮山谷而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)偏四(si)海(hai)。彼為(wei)(wei)(wei)吏者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，星列(lie)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，日夜獵(lie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)財(cai)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)獲既多(duo)(duo)，則(ze)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陵己者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)負篋(qie)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)去。既亡(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)，復于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)亡(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)取(qu)，如(ru)(ru)填(tian)壑谷，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)滿也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。寇(kou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡(jin)(jin)世(shi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒(du)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)貪(tan)吏者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)逃于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間。”問(wen)題(ti)值得(de)(de)深(shen)思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)：由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正，就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)使(shi)是(shi)非顛倒，黑(hei)白不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)壞(huai)風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)，腐蝕(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想很深(shen)，千(qian)(qian)(qian)萬不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)低估。那些貪(tan)官(guan)，反被社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)上(shang)(shang)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)“能(neng)(neng)吏”。“市(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)慕(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，鄉(xiang)黨尊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，教子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)勸(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。反之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，那些廉吏，反被社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)上(shang)(shang)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)“無(wu)(wu)(wu)能(neng)(neng)”。“市(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)賤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，鄉(xiang)黨笑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，教子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)戒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)十(shi)分(fen)感慨(kai)地說(shuo)(shuo)：“蓋貪(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)錮(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)甚矣！”那么，到底如(ru)(ru)何(he)治(zhi)貧(pin)(pin)，如(ru)(ru)何(he)改(gai)變這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)(feng)呢？依照唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)，必(bi)須(xu)由(you)上(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)下(xia)(xia)(xia)地來(lai)改(gai)變這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)。“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君能(neng)(neng)儉，則(ze)百(bai)(bai)官(guan)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，庶民(min)(min)(min)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)正如(ru)(ru)孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)好之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)下(xia)(xia)(xia)必(bi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)甚焉者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)矣。這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)教育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)來(lai)移風(feng)(feng)易(yi)俗(su)。當然，唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)想法(fa)(fa)基本上(shang)(shang)是(shi)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)還不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)理解，在(zai)(zai)(zai)封建社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)中(zhong)，使(shi)統治(zhi)階(jie)級(ji)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)追(zhui)隨(sui)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)們不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)剝削人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)這(zhe)是(shi)根(gen)本辦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們自(zi)己所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)階(jie)級(ji)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)決定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)依人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。退一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步說(shuo)(shuo)，即使(shi)能(neng)(neng)做到上(shang)(shang)行下(xia)(xia)(xia)效，在(zai)(zai)(zai)階(jie)級(ji)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)中(zhong)，小(xiao)商品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)本身也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)兩(liang)極分(fen)化(hua)。唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，重在(zai)(zai)(zai)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)未(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)貧(pin)(pin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)國(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)：“立國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道無(wu)(wu)(wu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，惟在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。自(zi)古未(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)貧(pin)(pin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。夫富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)編戶，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)府(fu)庫(ku)。若編戶空(kong)虛(xu)，雖府(fu)庫(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)財(cai)積如(ru)(ru)丘山，實為(wei)(wei)(wei)貧(pin)(pin)國(guo)(guo)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)矣。”唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)興市(shi)民(min)(min)(min)意(yi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟蒙思(si)想家(jia)(jia)(jia)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)看(kan)(kan)到財(cai)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)積累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性，但(dan)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)資料為(wei)(wei)(wei)誰(shui)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)上(shang)(shang)，認(ren)識(shi)是(shi)極模(mo)糊(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)甚至(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)：“千(qian)(qian)(qian)金(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)惠戚(qi)(qi)友(you)，五(wu)倍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)惠鄰(lin)里(li)(li)(li)，十(shi)倍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)惠鄉(xiang)黨，百(bai)(bai)倍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)惠國(guo)(guo)邑；天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)惠天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)。”他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)政之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道，必(bi)先田(tian)市(shi)。”只(zhi)要(yao)“農安于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)，賈(jia)安于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)市(shi)”則(ze)“財(cai)用(yong)足”。否則(ze)“農不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)安田(tian)，賈(jia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)安市(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)必(bi)貧(pin)(pin)。”唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)，雖有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)代局限性，但(dan)看(kan)(kan)法(fa)(fa)閎肆峭勁，盲人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢言，自(zi)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，當之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)愧。
唐(tang)甄(zhen)重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)(shi)物(wu)質經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)活，除(chu)谷物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)外，在農(nong)(nong)，林，牧(mu)、副(fu)，漁中，他(ta)(ta)尤重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)(shi)養(yang)蠶(can)業。這和(he)他(ta)(ta)曾任長(chang)子縣知縣以(yi)及他(ta)(ta)重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)(shi)事物(wu)的(de)(de)哲學觀(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)分不(bu)開的(de)(de)。《教蠶(can)》云：“吳(wu)絲衣(yi)天(tian)下(xia)，聚于(yu)雙(shuang)林，吳(wu)越(yue)閩番(fan)至于(yu)海(hai)島，皆來(lai)市焉。五月(yue)，載銀而(er)(er)至，委積如瓦礫(li)。吳(wu)南諸鄉。歲有(you)(you)(you)百(bai)十(shi)萬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)益(yi)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)雖賦(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)困(kun)窮，民(min)(min)(min)(min)未至于(yu)空虛，室廬(lu)舟(zhou)楫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繁庶，勝于(yu)他(ta)(ta)所。此蠶(can)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厚(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。四(si)月(yue)務(wu)蠶(can)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)男女老(lao)幼(you)，蘋力靡他(ta)(ta)。無(wu)(wu)(wu)稅無(wu)(wu)(wu)荒，以(yi)三(san)旬(xun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勞。無(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)四(si)時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久，而(er)(er)半(ban)(ban)其(qi)(qi)利(li)(li)。此蠶(can)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)貴(gui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)他(ta)(ta)十(shi)分重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)(shi)蠶(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li)。他(ta)(ta)認(ren)為(wei)，養(yang)蠶(can)“以(yi)三(san)旬(xun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勞，無(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久，而(er)(er)半(ban)(ban)其(qi)(qi)利(li)(li)。”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)，只花(hua)費三(san)十(shi)天(tian)的(de)(de)勞動，就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)獲得半(ban)(ban)于(yu)耕種(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li)。因(yin)此，他(ta)(ta)主張，不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)廢海(hai)內(nei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)窮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li)，使(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)得厚(hou)其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)。他(ta)(ta)接著說(shuo)：“三(san)代以(yi)下(xia)，廢海(hai)內(nei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)窮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li)，使(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)得厚(hou)其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)，乃(nai)患民(min)(min)(min)(min)貪，生(sheng)(sheng)財無(wu)(wu)(wu)術。是(shi)(shi)(shi)猶家(jia)有(you)(you)(you)寶藏而(er)(er)不(bu)知發(fa)，而(er)(er)汲汲臘腌果(guo)蔬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鬻(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。盍亦(yi)謀諸此與！吾欲使(shi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)偏海(hai)內(nei)，有(you)(you)(you)禾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土必(bi)有(you)(you)(you)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)焉！然(ran)亦(yi)非易也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)！”其(qi)(qi)原因(yin)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“安(an)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久者(zhe)(zhe)難(nan)創，習之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慣者(zhe)(zhe)難(nan)作(zuo)。約法而(er)(er)民(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)信，施教而(er)(er)民(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)從，則(ze)樹(shu)殖(zhi)亦(yi)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)。”欲達到家(jia)家(jia)有(you)(you)(you)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)種(zhong)，則(ze)必(bi)須(xu)除(chu)政(zheng)府帶(dai)頭提倡(chang)外，要獎(jiang)(jiang)勤罰(fa)懶。對人民(min)(min)(min)(min)群(qun)眾獎(jiang)(jiang)懲的(de)(de)標(biao)準，不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)依據領導的(de)(de)好惡(e)，而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)取決生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)好壞(huai)。勤者(zhe)(zhe)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)多，則(ze)獎(jiang)(jiang)勵；惰(duo)者(zhe)(zhe)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)少，則(ze)懲罰(fa)。賞罰(fa)嚴明，自然(ran)會促(cu)進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)提高，副(fu)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展，對國民(min)(min)(min)(min)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)促(cu)進(jin)有(you)(you)(you)直(zhi)接的(de)(de)關系。要做到這些，首先要人盡其(qi)(qi)勞，地盡其(qi)(qi)利(li)(li)。然(ran)后才能(neng)談到推廣合(he)理(li)密植。改(gai)進(jin)蠶(can)種(zhong)繅絲等。在江南一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)，大都為(wei)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)種(zhong)場，不(bu)象山東，河南，還有(you)(you)(you)很多的(de)(de)柞(zuo)蠶(can)種(zhong)場及蓖麻蠶(can)種(zhong)場。這就(jiu)要因(yin)地制(zhi)宜。唐(tang)甄(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)思(si)想家(jia)，他(ta)(ta)十(shi)分重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)(shi)勤勞致富(fu)。唐(tang)甄(zhen)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)思(si)想，和(he)清代其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)人比較(jiao)起(qi)來(lai)，思(si)想還是(shi)(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)解放(fang)的(de)(de)。其(qi)(qi)言經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)則(ze)注重(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，棉桑(sang)(sang)(sang)樹(shu)牧(mu)富(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)為(wei)先，返樸崇儉，無(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)有(you)(you)(you)益(yi)于(yu)經(jing)國濟(ji)(ji)世。誠如張廷樞所說(shuo)：“其(qi)(qi)文馳(chi)騁反復，如列子御風，翩然(ran)騫舉，又如淮陰將(jiang)兵，多多益(yi)善。本其(qi)(qi)自得于(yu)心者(zhe)(zhe)，暢所欲言，無(wu)(wu)(wu)艱難(nan)勞苦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)態，而(er)(er)與道大適。”實乃(nai)公允(yun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論。
唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)重視(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)。他(ta)反對過(guo)去傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抑商(shang)(shang)(shang)政(zheng)(zheng)策。在(zai)唐(tang)(tang)氏看來(lai)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)，并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)比農民(min)低些。他(ta)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)就(jiu)經營商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)。而(er)且并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)卑。下(xia)面(mian)是他(ta)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)在(zai)現身說(shuo)法(fa)：“有言經可(ke)賈(jia)者(zhe)。于(yu)是賤鬻其田(tian)(tian)，得六十余金，使(shi)衷及(ji)原(yuan)(yuan)販(fan)(fan)于(yu)震澤，賣(mai)(mai)于(yu)吳(wu)市(shi)，有少利焉。己(ji)(ji)而(er)經之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得失不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)常，乃遷(qian)于(yu)城東(dong)，虛(xu)其堂，己(ji)(ji)居(ju)于(yu)內不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)，使(shi)衷原(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)矛(mao)，主(zhu)經客，有少利焉。在(zai)唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)看來(lai)，經商(shang)(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牙，亦(yi)救(jiu)死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)術，沒有什(shen)么(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)體面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方，至于(yu)一(yi)(yi)般社(she)會(hui)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)舊看法(fa)，說(shuo)什(shen)么(me)“民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)，土(tu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)貴，農次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，惟賈(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)。賈(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)者(zhe)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)其為(wei)(wei)(wei)利也(ye)(ye)。是故君(jun)子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言貨幣，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問贏絀。一(yi)(yi)涉于(yu)此，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賈(jia)風，必深恥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”又說(shuo)什(shen)么(me)“夫(fu)賈(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)，牙為(wei)(wei)(wei)尤下(xia)，”這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)賤視(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點，唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)也(ye)(ye)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。既(ji)然呂尚可(ke)以(yi)賣(mai)(mai)飯于(yu)盂津，那么(me)唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牙于(yu)吳(wu)市(shi)，又有什(shen)么(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)呢(ni)?“其義(yi)一(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)”。唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)每以(yi)田(tian)(tian)市(shi)并列，農賈(jia)并稱。他(ta)在(zai)《達政(zheng)(zheng)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)：“養民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)(shan)政(zheng)(zheng)，十有八(ba)焉：勸(quan)農豐(feng)谷，土(tu)田(tian)(tian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)荒蕪，為(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)善(shan)(shan)政(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)(yi)。……居(ju)貨不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)棄商(shang)(shang)(shang)賈(jia)如(ru)(ru)歸(gui)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)善(shan)(shan)政(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)(yi)……學校殿廡常新，春(chun)秋享祀(si)必敬，為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)善(shan)(shan)政(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)(yi)。……”這(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)以(yi)反映(ying)唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)對善(shan)(shan)政(zheng)(zheng)看法(fa)是有他(ta)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)把(ba)“居(ju)貨不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欺，商(shang)(shang)(shang)賈(jia)如(ru)(ru)歸(gui)”列為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)善(shan)(shan)政(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)又在(zai)《太子(zi)》篇內這(zhe)(zhe)樣說(shuo)，“凡教(jiao)太子(zi)，觀于(yu)桑(sang)，則知衣服(fu)所自(zi)出(chu)，觀于(yu)肆，則知器(qi)用所自(zi)出(chu)。凡教(jiao)太子(zi)，過(guo)市(shi)，則見販(fan)(fan)鬻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勞(lao)，在(zai)途(tu)，則見負擔(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勞(lao)。……”如(ru)(ru)果他(ta)輕視(shi)工(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)者(zhe)，又怎樣會(hui)這(zhe)(zhe)樣說(shuo)呢(ni)?他(ta)是肯定(ding)了商(shang)(shang)(shang)人有“販(fan)(fan)鬻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勞(lao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟觀點是在(zai)十七世(shi)紀上(shang)半期(qi)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)期(qi)，正是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國社(she)會(hui)劇烈變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)代。這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)資本主(zhu)義(yi)萌芽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最初形態，已(yi)稀疏地出(chu)現.在(zai)東(dong)南沿海(hai)一(yi)(yi)帶一(yi)(yi)些個別城市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)部門中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，然后(hou)緩慢地通過(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)樣或(huo)那樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式滲透農業(ye)(ye)經濟部門中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)歐洲，人們見到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是‘資本主(zhu)義(yi)生產(chan)方式開(kai)始于(yu)手(shou)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)，只是到(dao)后(hou)來(lai)才(cai)使(shi)農業(ye)(ye)從屑于(yu)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)。”這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)情況，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國亦(yi)毫無例外。唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)正處在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)，因此他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟思想就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)打(da)著時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烙印。
唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)觀(guan)(guan)，充(chong)分表露在(zai)(zai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)所(suo)(suo)寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《更幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)》、《存言(yan)》等篇中。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)弄清(qing)(qing)清(qing)(qing)朝貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)，唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來龍去(qu)脈(mo)，有(you)(you)必(bi)要把他(ta)(ta)(ta)所(suo)(suo)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時代背(bei)景作一(yi)(yi)簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)顧。清(qing)(qing)朝入(ru)關(guan)后，給(gei)東南(nan)沿海一(yi)(yi)帶人(ren)民(min)(min)帶來了(le)極其(qi)沉(chen)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災難。這(zhe)就不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)引(yin)起廣大(da)人(ren)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)抗斗爭(zheng)(zheng)，而(er)(er)(er)且持續達數(shu)十年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)久。江(jiang)南(nan)人(ren)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)剃(ti)發斗爭(zheng)(zheng)，閩廣人(ren)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)遷海斗爭(zheng)(zheng)，引(yin)起巨烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方動(dong)亂，貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)貶值，物價高(gao)漲，民(min)(min)風日玩，尊稱漸褻(xie)。特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)人(ren)民(min)(min)群眾日常(chang)生活有(you)(you)血肉(rou)相(xiang)連的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物價問題(ti)與(yu)(yu)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)使(shi)用問題(ti)，成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)廣大(da)群眾最為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)關(guan)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)(dui)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用主張用錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)而(er)(er)(er)廢(fei)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)：“古(gu)者(zhe)言(yan)富，唯(wei)在(zai)(zai)五(wu)谷(gu)；至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)市(shi)易(yi)(yi)(yi)，則(ze)有(you)(you)龜、貝、金錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、刀布(bu)(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)。其(qi)后以(yi)金三品，亦重(zhong)在(zai)(zai)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。后乃(nai)專以(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，而(er)(er)(er)珠、玉、龜、貝、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、錫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬，但為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器用，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)。自明(ming)以(yi)來，乃(nai)專以(yi)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)今(jin)，銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)日益少(shao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)充(chong)世用。有(you)(you)千金之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產者(zhe)常(chang)旬月不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見銖兩；谷(gu)賤不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)飯，肉(rou)贖不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)食，布(bu)(bu)(bu)帛(bo)賤不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)衣，鬻(yu)谷(gu)肉(rou)布(bu)(bu)(bu)帛(bo)者(zhe)亦卒(zu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)衣食，銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)少(shao)故也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)少(shao)，則(ze)價昂(ang)；價昂(ang)，則(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)(yi)(yi)得(de)(de)(de)；不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)(yi)(yi)得(de)(de)(de)，則(ze)百(bai)貨(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)，百(bai)貨(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)，則(ze)良(liang)賈失(shi)業(ye)?良(liang)賈失(shi)業(ye)，則(ze)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)蕭條。最終是(shi)(shi)(shi)引(yin)起經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)恐慌和(he)惡性循環。他(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)：“當今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世，無(wu)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)窮(qiong)，非窮(qiong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)財(cai)，窮(qiong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)楓橋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)，粟(su)麥壅積，南(nan)濠(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)。百(bai)貨(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)；良(liang)賈失(shi)業(ye)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)旋(xuan)歸(gui)。萬金之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)五(wu)七(qi)年(nian)而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宴人(ren)者(zhe)，子既數(shu)見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。”其(qi)實(shi)，這(zhe)個問題(ti)，許(xu)多啟蒙思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)家(jia)和(he)唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。顧炎(yan)武就這(zhe)樣說(shuo)過：“唐(tang)(tang)宋以(yi)前(qian)，上(shang)(shang)下通行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貨(huo)，一(yi)(yi)皆(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)而(er)(er)(er)已，未(wei)嘗用銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。”顧氏主張，實(shi)與(yu)(yu)唐(tang)(tang)氏相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。此外顧氏尚(shang)有(you)(you)《明(ming)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)法(fa)論》、《以(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)賦》等，皆(jie)(jie)(jie)主行(xing)(xing)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什么唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)反(fan)對(dui)(dui)用白銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)呢?根(gen)據(ju)唐(tang)(tang)氏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法(fa)，其(qi)理由有(you)(you)三：一(yi)(yi)，白銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)缺(que)少(shao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠周轉。正(zheng)(zheng)如(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)文(wen)所(suo)(suo)言(yan)，“至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)今(jin)，銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)日益少(shao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)充(chong)世用，”如(ru)(ru)此等等。二，銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)易(yi)(yi)(yi)窖藏，民(min)(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)(yi)(yi)得(de)(de)(de)。“夫財(cai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)在(zai)(zai)聚，銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)聚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，范為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圜(yuan)定(ding)，旋(xuan)絲白燦，人(ren)所(suo)(suo)貪(tan)愛(ai)。……蓋銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)易(yi)(yi)(yi)聚，如(ru)(ru)水(shui)歸(gui)壑。”三、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)錫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)只可(ke)(ke)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器用，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)。此與(yu)(yu)顧炎(yan)武所(suo)(suo)言(yan)同(tong)(tong)。依照唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)，應當廢(fei)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)(er)用錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。“以(yi)谷(gu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本以(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)輔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)通其(qi)市(shi)易(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”他(ta)(ta)(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)獨行(xing)(xing)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，還(huan)(huan)要大(da)量(liang)鑄制，大(da)量(liang)使(shi)用，他(ta)(ta)(ta)對(dui)(dui)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)收縮，十分不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿。他(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)：“今(jin)雖用錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過以(yi)易(yi)(yi)(yi)魚肉(rou)果蔬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物，米石以(yi)上(shang)(shang)，布(bu)(bu)(bu)帛(bo)匹以(yi)上(shang)(shang)，則(ze)必(bi)以(yi)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，涓(juan)涓(juan)細(xi)流，奚補于(yu)(yu)(yu)世?!錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)者(zhe)，泉也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，必(bi)如(ru)(ru)江(jiang)河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流而(er)(er)(er)后可(ke)(ke)博濟(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”但是(shi)(shi)(shi)，就唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)觀(guan)(guan)來看，他(ta)(ta)(ta)本身也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)矛盾(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)主張廢(fei)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)(er)用錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。這(zhe)和(he)西歐重(zhong)商主義者(zhe)重(zhong)視(shi)金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)成鮮(xian)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)比。但他(ta)(ta)(ta)又希(xi)望市(shi)場(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)籌碼要多些(xie)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要死(si)氣沉(chen)沉(chen)。既要金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)充(chong)斥，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要緡(min)(min)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)增多。這(zhe)就使(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)困惑(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中。如(ru)(ru)果我們(men)深(shen)入(ru)探刻唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，還(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)難發現，他(ta)(ta)(ta)除主張廢(fei)除白銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)外，還(huan)(huan)主張貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)工錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)和(he)實(shi)物工錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)用。“凡祿九個石以(yi)下，皆(jie)(jie)(jie)令(ling)受粟(su)。度宮(gong)朝官軍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)用，皆(jie)(jie)(jie)令(ling)輸(shu)，以(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)粟(su)而(er)(er)(er)給(gei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)在(zai)(zai)州郡縣，常(chang)賦皆(jie)(jie)(jie)令(ling)輸(shu)。凡祿三千石以(yi)下，皆(jie)(jie)(jie)令(ling)受粟(su)。度城(cheng)郭兵役之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)用，皆(jie)(jie)(jie)今(jin)輸(shu)緡(min)(min)，以(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)附錄而(er)(er)(er)給(gei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)在(zai)(zai)邊防(fang)、內屯、將祿、卒(zu)食、皆(jie)(jie)(jie)令(ling)受粟(su)。度甲胄(zhou)衣履之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)用，皆(jie)(jie)(jie)令(ling)運緡(min)(min)，以(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)附栗而(er)(er)(er)給(gei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)考(kao)慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)廢(fei)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)考(kao)慮到(dao)（1）“錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)重(zhong)難行(xing)(xing)，民(min)(min)商必(bi)病(bing)。”(2)“銅不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)采，又不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)。”(3)“民(min)(min)欲難拂，俗尚(shang)難移。”同(tong)(tong)時，處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)封建晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)清(qing)(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際(ji)，貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)地(di)租(zu)(zu)正(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)(zai)以(yi)破竹(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢向前(qian)發展，而(er)(er)(er)唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)卻強調“實(shi)物地(di)租(zu)(zu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)借尸還(huan)(huan)魂(hun)，這(zhe)就很難使(shi)人(ren)理解(jie)了(le)。當然，在(zai)(zai)整個清(qing)(qing)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史長河中，唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)思(si)(si)(si)潮也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)孤立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)；唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)批(pi)判思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)及他(ta)(ta)(ta)所(suo)(suo)蘊育出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近代民(min)(min)主思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)以(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)清(qing)(qing)代學(xue)者(zhe)都(dou)起到(dao)了(le)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。
《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)》（1705）是(shi)(shi)唐甄(zhen)遺世(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一著作(zuo)(zuo)，也是(shi)(shi)他(ta)最(zui)(zui)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)著作(zuo)(zuo)。起初名(ming)(ming)(ming)叫《衡(heng)書(shu)(shu)》，初刻只有(you)(you)13篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，署名(ming)(ming)(ming)唐大陶。后來逐漸(jian)增加到(dao)97篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，并改名(ming)(ming)(ming)《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)》，署名(ming)(ming)(ming)唐甄(zhen)。唐甄(zhen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)存(cun)》篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)中說，他(ta)撰述此書(shu)(shu)“歷三十(shi)年(nian)，累而(er)存(cun)之(zhi)，分(fen)(fen)為(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。言學者(zhe)系于(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，凡(fan)五(wu)十(shi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)；言治者(zhe)系于(yu)(yu)(yu)下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，號日《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)》。上(shang)(shang)(shang)觀(guan)天道，下(xia)(xia)察(cha)人事，遠(yuan)正古跡，近(jin)度今(jin)宜，根于(yu)(yu)(yu)心而(er)致(zhi)之(zhi)行(xing)，如在(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)位而(er)謀其(qi)(qi)政”。據有(you)(you)關資(zi)料考證，《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)刊刻時間是(shi)(shi)清康熙四十(shi)四年(nian)(1705)，由唐甄(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)女婿王聞遠(yuan)刊刻行(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)世(shi)(shi)，這是(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)刻本(ben)。此后有(you)(you)1883年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)李氏(shi)刻本(ben)和(he)1905年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鄧氏(shi)刻本(ben)，均是(shi)(shi)原(yuan)刻本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)翻版(ban)(ban)。新刻本(ben)有(you)(you)中華(hua)書(shu)(shu)局出版(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1955年(nian)版(ban)(ban)本(ben)，1963年(nian)又(you)(you)(you)出版(ban)(ban)了增訂本(ben)，1984年(nian)又(you)(you)(you)第4次印刷。《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)》是(shi)(shi)唐甄(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)論文(wen)(wen)(wen)集，在(zai)(zai)(zai)體(ti)例(li)上(shang)(shang)(shang)模(mo)仿(fang)漢代王充的(de)(de)(de)(de)《論衡(heng)》。全(quan)書(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容不在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)引經注典(dian)，更不同于(yu)(yu)(yu)漢后諸儒的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)字章(zhang)句之(zhi)學，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)針對(dui)時弊，吸取明末政治腐敗(bai)導致(zhi)農民起義的(de)(de)(de)(de)教訓，提出一系列抨擊君權專制和(he)倡導以民為(wei)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政教觀(guan)點和(he)主張，旨在(zai)(zai)(zai)善政養(yang)民，摒棄程朱理(li)學，以實學濟世(shi)(shi)扶(fu)危，治國平(ping)天下(xia)(xia)。《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)(shu)》97篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，分(fen)(fen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)、下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)又(you)(you)(you)分(fen)(fen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)兩部分(fen)(fen)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)共21篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，自(zi)“辨(bian)(bian)儒”至(zhi)“勸學”；上(shang)(shang)(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)下(xia)(xia)共29篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，自(zi)“取善”至(zhi)“博觀(guan)”。下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)亦分(fen)(fen)為(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)、下(xia)(xia)兩部分(fen)(fen)，下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)自(zi)“尚治”至(zhi)“柅政”共24篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)；下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)下(xia)(xia)自(zi)“惰貧”至(zhi)“潛(qian)(qian)(qian)存(cun)”共23篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。全(quan)書(shu)(shu)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)政論文(wen)(wen)(wen)，一部分(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)教育著作(zuo)(zuo)。論述教育的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)：辨(bian)(bian)儒、宗孟(meng)、法(fa)王、知行(xing)、性才、自(zi)明、敬修、講學、勸學、取善、五(wu)經、得(de)師、太子(zi)、明悌(ti)、誨子(zi)、博觀(guan)、用賢、教蠶、全(quan)學、審知等諸篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。
《潛(qian)書》上述(shu)諸教(jiao)育(yu)篇所(suo)闡述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)主(zhu)張，是以其(qi)反對君權專制(zhi)政(zheng)治和宋明(ming)理學空談心性學風(feng)為基礎的(de)(de)(de)，表現出鮮(xian)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)民主(zhu)政(zheng)治傾向和崇尚(shang)尊重個性與實(shi)學學風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)價值取(qu)向。《潛(qian)書》教(jiao)育(yu)篇章中，論述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)主(zhu)張主(zhu)要有如下幾個方面(mian)：
重釋儒教
其一，以(yi)“盡性達才(cai)”、“明功(gong)辨義”的觀點(dian)重(zhong)新解釋儒家(jia)教育的目的與(yu)作用(yong)。
在(zai)《辨儒(ru)》篇中(zhong)，唐(tang)甄指(zhi)(zhi)出：“圣(sheng)(sheng)賢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，因時而(er)變(bian)，所以(yi)救其(qi)(qi)失也”。儒(ru)家學(xue)說是(shi)(shi)以(yi)明(ming)道計(ji)功(gong)而(er)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)治的(de)(de)(de)，“儒(ru)者不(bu)(bu)言(yan)功(gong)”的(de)(de)(de)觀點是(shi)(shi)對儒(ru)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)歪曲(qu)。“儒(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)貴者，能(neng)(neng)定(ding)亂、除(chu)暴、安百(bai)姓(xing)也”，如(ru)果事不(bu)(bu)成，功(gong)不(bu)(bu)立，儒(ru)學(xue)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)教育(yu)又有(you)(you)什么用(yong)(yong)呢？他批評(ping)宋(song)代(dai)以(yi)來的(de)(de)(de)所謂儒(ru)學(xue)家，空(kong)事圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，而(er)“樹(shu)功(gong)則(ze)(ze)無(wu)聞焉(yan)”。什么叫做功(gong)呢？唐(tang)甄以(yi)為(wei)兵、農(nong)、刑、谷(gu)利于(yu)百(bai)姓(xing)，能(neng)(neng)治亂安邦，能(neng)(neng)使(shi)百(bai)姓(xing)安居樂，能(neng)(neng)“廣濟(ji)天(tian)(tian)下”，即(ji)是(shi)(shi)實(shi)功(gong)。針對宋(song)明(ming)理(li)(li)學(xue)家只講修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)心(xin)(xin)養(yang)性，以(yi)致(zhi)“端居恭(gong)默”、“無(wu)所施(shi)張(zhang)”、空(kong)知(zhi)無(wu)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)流弊，指(zhi)(zhi)出光知(zhi)“性德(de)”而(er)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)“性才(cai)(cai)”是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)儒(ru)學(xue)真(zhen)諦的(de)(de)(de)。所謂“性才(cai)(cai)”就是(shi)(shi)通過“良知(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)“自修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)”，由道德(de)本體之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“心(xin)(xin)”所煥發并作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)客觀事物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)。“如(ru)火(huo)有(you)(you)明(ming)，明(ming)有(you)(you)光”。光的(de)(de)(de)大小和明(ming)暗不(bu)(bu)同，人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)“性才(cai)(cai)”亦(yi)有(you)(you)大小，但作(zuo)為(wei)教育(yu)來講，唯在(zai)“盡性達才(cai)(cai)”。他認為(wei)：“性統(tong)天(tian)(tian)地，備萬物(wu)。不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)相天(tian)(tian)地，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)育(yu)萬物(wu)，于(yu)彼有(you)(you)闕，即(ji)己有(you)(you)闕”。“性之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)才(cai)(cai)，故(gu)無(wu)不(bu)(bu)周。何以(yi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)乃能(neng)(neng)周世(shi)(shi)(shi)，后儒(ru)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)周身？蓋善修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)則(ze)(ze)周，不(bu)(bu)善修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)則(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)周”。宋(song)明(ming)理(li)(li)學(xue)只講“盡性”而(er)不(bu)(bu)言(yan)“盡才(cai)(cai)”，故(gu)無(wu)實(shi)功(gong)可樹(shu)。他說：“后世(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)政(zheng)者，心(xin)(xin)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)，則(ze)(ze)事不(bu)(bu)達；事不(bu)(bu)達，則(ze)(ze)所見多乖，所行(xing)多泥。徒抱(bao)空(kong)性，終于(yu)自廢(fei)，何以(yi)性為(wei)!”在(zai)理(li)(li)論(lun)上批評(ping)宋(song)明(ming)理(li)(li)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)性修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)養(yang)論(lun)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種未能(neng)(neng)“盡性達才(cai)(cai)”的(de)(de)(de)錯誤教育(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)，并指(zhi)(zhi)出這種教育(yu)實(shi)踐是(shi)(shi)棄“仁”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教。相反，陽明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)“致(zhi)良知(zhi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教，“一(yi)(yi)以(yi)貫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，明(ming)如(ru)日月，涉險履危，四通八辟而(er)無(wu)礙也。其(qi)(qi)見于(yu)行(xing)事者，使(shi)人(ren)各當(dang)其(qi)(qi)才(cai)(cai)，慮事各得(de)其(qi)(qi)宜；處患難而(er)能(neng)(neng)全(quan)其(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)，遇(yu)小人(ren)而(er)不(bu)(bu)失其(qi)(qi)正，委(wei)蛇自遂，卒保其(qi)(qi)功(gong)”，是(shi)(shi)“盡性達才(cai)(cai)”“明(ming)功(gong)辨義”的(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)儒(ru)學(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教。唐(tang)甄主(zhu)張(zhang)廢(fei)宋(song)明(ming)程朱理(li)(li)學(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教，代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)陽明(ming)致(zhi)良知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教，這一(yi)(yi)主(zhu)張(zhang)是(shi)(shi)對明(ming)末清初所奉行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)學(xue)獨尊文教政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個挑戰，反映了他對儒(ru)學(xue)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)教育(yu)價值(zhi)觀的(de)(de)(de)改造(zao)。
教育目標
其二，提出“全(quan)學(xue)”教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育內容(rong)，把(ba)傳統(tong)學(xue)校教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)內容(rong)由單純的書本(ben)知(zhi)識擴大(da)到現實生活與生產以及軍事知(zhi)識技能范圍(wei)，以培(pei)養(yang)“全(quan)學(xue)人”為教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育目(mu)標(biao)。
在(zai)《全學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》篇，唐甄(zhen)指出：“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)善獨身(shen)，居平(ping)世，仁義足矣，而(er)(er)(er)非全學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也”。所(suo)謂(wei)“全學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”，即包括仁、義、兵(bing)(bing)三方面的內(nei)容(rong)。仁與(yu)義是(shi)歷來儒(ru)家特別是(shi)宋(song)明理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家所(suo)提倡的，但(dan)兵(bing)(bing)則為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儒(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)所(suo)不齒。唐甄(zhen)說：“君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也，不可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不知(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)”。“不知(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)，則仁義無(wu)用，而(er)(er)(er)國(guo)(guo)因(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)亡(wang)矣”。他批評(ping)宋(song)明理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教育只講仁義而(er)(er)(er)恥于言兵(bing)(bing)，結(jie)果忠臣孝子(zi)雖多(duo)，但(dan)一遇(yu)社稷不幸，“君(jun)臣震(zhen)懾(she)”，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“不仁”、“不義”者(zhe)(zhe)虜，國(guo)(guo)破家亡(wang)。由此，他說：“所(suo)貴(gui)乎儒(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)，伐暴(bao)而(er)(er)(er)天下之(zhi)暴(bao)除，誅亂而(er)(er)(er)天下之(zhi)亂定，養(yang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)而(er)(er)(er)天下之(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)安(an)”。在(zai)《教蠶(can)》篇中，唐甄(zhen)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三代以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下，官吏不知(zhi)教民(min)(min)(min)(min)田桑(sang)，“廢(fei)海內(nei)無(wu)窮(qiong)之(zhi)利(li)，使民(min)(min)(min)(min)不得厚(hou)其生，乃患民(min)(min)(min)(min)貧，生財無(wu)術”。有(you)(you)鑒如此，他主張廣教民(min)(min)(min)(min)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習種桑(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及飼繅之(zhi)法，使“有(you)(you)禾之(zhi)土(tu)必有(you)(you)桑(sang)焉”。在(zai)《勸學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》篇中，他批評(ping)后世儒(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)，將(jiang)儒(ru)家學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)說裂為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、事功(gong)、道學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)殊途，“習為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)迂闊無(wu)用于世，是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)薄而(er)(er)(er)不為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”，喪失了儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)及其為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的根本。他反復強調學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致用，應當把(ba)教育內(nei)容(rong)擴(kuo)大到(dao)現實政治、生產與(yu)生活中來，不要囿于心性(xing)道德一途。他尖銳指出：“國(guo)(guo)家五(wu)十年來，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政者(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)一人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)富民(min)(min)(min)(min)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)事，上言者(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)一人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)富民(min)(min)(min)(min)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言”，是(shi)不知(zhi)“立(li)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)道”“惟在(zai)于富”，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致“四海之(zhi)內(nei)，日益貧窮(qiong)，農空(kong)(kong)、工空(kong)(kong)、市(shi)空(kong)(kong)、仕空(kong)(kong)”。因(yin)此他主張以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“生養(yang)之(zhi)道”作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)教育內(nei)容(rong)，移風(feng)易俗，使國(guo)(guo)與(yu)家富強。
其三，提(ti)出尊師重傅以加強皇太子(zi)教育的主張。
在《得(de)師》篇中(zhong)，唐甄(zhen)稱譽伊尹教(jiao)太甲、周公訓(xun)成王，提出“君(jun)德必成于(yu)學(xue)，而學(xue)必得(de)師保”的(de)命(ming)題。他以為一(yi)國政治的(de)好壞往往取(qu)決于(yu)君(jun)王的(de)德智才學(xue)，因此皇太子(zi)的(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)尤其重要。如何教(jiao)太子(zi)呢？唐甄(zhen)在《太子(zi)》篇中(zhong)系(xi)統(tong)地闡述了有關教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)原則與方法：
(1)尊師重傅(fu)(fu)(fu)，即天子(zi)以身作則尊重師傅(fu)(fu)(fu)，只有樹立師傅(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)尊嚴，才能使(shi)太(tai)子(zi)抑尊處(chu)卑。在作法上，打破南面(mian)臨師傅(fu)(fu)(fu)，把師傅(fu)(fu)(fu)作為下屬之(zhi)臣(chen)看待的(de)傳統，真正使(shi)太(tai)子(zi)處(chu)于學(xue)生地位(wei)，“進退唯命”。
(2)讓(rang)太子接觸社會實際，“春使視耕，夏使視耘(yun)，秋使視獲，冬使視藏”，從(cong)(cong)而(er)知道(dao)(dao)生養之道(dao)(dao)。除(chu)了了解(jie)農業外(wai)，還應(ying)當觀于桑、牧、牢(lao)、澤、圃、山(shan)、肆、市、道(dao)(dao)等(deng)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)知道(dao)(dao)衣服(fu)、車乘、鼎俎、魚鱉、果蔬、材木(mu)、器(qi)用等(deng)來之不(bu)易(yi)，知道(dao)(dao)商(shang)人、兵士、勞役等(deng)的勞苦。
(3)注(zhu)意教育環(huan)境，不要異(yi)宮而(er)處，異(yi)庖而(er)食，異(yi)笥而(er)衣，生活(huo)上不搞特殊(shu)化(hua)，同時(shi)還要禁止同宮女、宦官的(de)接觸，因為女色傷身，宦官害政，這(zhe)是明代政治腐敗最慘(can)重(zhong)的(de)兩個方面。
(4)嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)要求，“有過必撻”。唐甄主張如果太(tai)子(zi)不(bu)接受師教，不(bu)尊(zun)師傅，不(bu)敬不(bu)禮大臣，知而不(bu)行，不(bu)知農事(shi)農窮，不(bu)知物土人勞，受了教育(yu)而無實際行動，都應當(dang)“撻之”。實行嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)教育(yu)是使太(tai)子(zi)成為治國之君的必要條件。
在《得師》篇中指(zhi)出，太(tai)子身貴(gui)，但“心(xin)無貴(gui)賤”，“是故(gu)天(tian)子學同于士，懼而篤學，當百于士”。唐甄打破君權神(shen)授的(de)(de)天(tian)命論(lun)(lun)，從建立理想(xiang)的(de)(de)國家(jia)政治目(mu)的(de)(de)出發，寄希望于儲君的(de)(de)教養，在思想(xiang)和理論(lun)(lun)上都有(you)超越前(qian)人之(zhi)處。
其四，提出治(zhi)化之源在于吏治(zhi)的(de)政教思想(xiang)，批評學校教育的(de)局(ju)限性。
這一觀點(dian)是針對明末(mo)東林黨人過(guo)份夸大學校教育的政治作用(yong)而提出的。東林黨人封建(jian)私塾
顧憲成(cheng)認(ren)為(wei)興學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)以教天(tian)下(xia)是治亂之本，學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)教育對上有正君正職官(guan)的(de)(de)作用，對下(xia)則有“洽于鄉里”使“民易使”的(de)(de)效果。所以他們主張在野(ye)之士(shi)廣結盟社，興書院，造成(cheng)一種以學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)議政(zheng)監政(zheng)和改變(bian)社會的(de)(de)風氣。
唐甄(zhen)在(zai)(zai)《尚治(zhi)(zhi)》篇中指出，這種(zhong)觀點雖是“善言”但(dan)不能行(xing)。原(yuan)因(yin)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)“講學必樹(shu)黨，樹(shu)黨必爭進退，使學者扳援奔趨(qu)而失(shi)其本心(xin)”。認為(wei)讀書人(ren)(ren)以(yi)講學來(lai)干預政治(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)想法和行(xing)動，在(zai)(zai)客(ke)觀上(shang)根本達不到目的(de)(de)(de)，相(xiang)反只能使“議論害治(zhi)(zhi)”，“使人(ren)(ren)尚浮夸而喪其實”。因(yin)為(wei)國(guo)家政權操(cao)縱于(yu)(yu)皇帝一人(ren)(ren)之手，加之所(suo)(suo)御各級官(guan)吏極力(li)維護君主獨裁(cai)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)知識(shi)分子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)量(liang)是微(wei)不足道的(de)(de)(de)，學校教(jiao)育的(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)也是很有局(ju)限的(de)(de)(de)。
在(zai)《富民(min)》篇中(zhong)，唐(tang)甄指出人民(min)之所(suo)以貧窮(qiong)，國家(jia)之所(suo)以不得治，不是教育無(wu)功，而(er)是貪(tan)(tan)官之害不除。官吏(li)之貪(tan)(tan)有甚于(yu)執(zhi)刃(ren)的盜賊，“夫盜不盡(jin)人，寇不盡(jin)世，而(er)民(min)之毒于(yu)貪(tan)(tan)吏(li)者(zhe)，無(wu)所(suo)逃(tao)于(yu)天(tian)地(di)之間”。
在《考功》篇(pian)中指出；“天下(xia)之官(guan)皆棄(qi)民(min)之官(guan)，天下(xia)之事皆棄(qi)民(min)之事，是(shi)(shi)舉天下(xia)之父兄子弟盡推之于(yu)溝壑也，欲(yu)得治(zhi)乎？”所以，治(zhi)國(guo)富民(min)的(de)關鍵在于(yu)整頓吏治(zhi)，除(chu)天下(xia)貪(tan)官(guan)。但如何達到(dao)吏治(zhi)呢？唐甄并沒有找(zhao)到(dao)什(shen)么(me)有效措施，卻又回(hui)到(dao)教(jiao)育問(wen)題上來。他(ta)提倡(chang)通過教(jiao)育使(shi)上自君主下(xia)至百官(guan)要(yao)以民(min)為(wei)本，以身作則，去貪(tan)養廉，論功舉賢，足食以養民(min)。顯(xian)然，這些也是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)無(wu)能為(wei)力的(de)幻(huan)想。
總之(zhi)，《潛(qian)書(shu)》所散論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)思(si)想在(zai)很大程(cheng)度上是在(zai)政(zheng)治(zhi)立場和觀點(dian)基礎上闡發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)，帶有濃厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)論(lun)性(xing)色(se)彩(cai)。在(zai)上述觀點(dian)中(zhong)，提倡(chang)實學(xue)(xue)教育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)內容與目的(de)(de)(de)，指陳教育(yu)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)局限性(xing)，以及在(zai)論(lun)述教育(yu)與政(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系和批(pi)評宋明理學(xue)(xue)教育(yu)流弊等方面，確有樸素(su)的(de)(de)(de)民主(zhu)主(zhu)義政(zheng)治(zhi)傾(qing)向和開創實學(xue)(xue)教育(yu)風氣的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。但在(zai)其他篇章中(zhong)，唐甄反復強調倫理道德教育(yu)，特別是在(zai)有關(guan)家教方面，表現出強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)禁欲主(zhu)義、男尊(zun)女卑、君權至尚等傾(qing)向，加之(zhi)階級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)局限，看不到勞(lao)動(dong)者的(de)(de)(de)力(li)量，并且(qie)著意貶低士林清議政(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，流露出消(xiao)極悲觀的(de)(de)(de)情緒。如果剔除這(zhe)些消(xiao)極因(yin)素(su)，在(zai)今.天，《潛(qian)書(shu)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)進步教育(yu)主(zhu)張(zhang)對于啟發(fa)人們認(ren)識和批(pi)判中(zhong)國傳統教育(yu)是有幫助(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)。
唐甄是清代(dai)初(chu)期重要的社會啟蒙(meng)思(si)想(xiang)家(jia)。他的一生“困于遠(yuan)游(you)，厄于人事”唐甄的思(si)想(xiang)對后世產生深遠(yuan)影響
唐甄(zhen)的社會啟蒙思想，主(zhu)要(yao)表現.在他對封建專(zhuan)制制度的深(shen)刻批判(pan)，以及由(you)此出(chu)發提出(chu)的具有(you)初步(bu)民(min)主(zhu)意(yi)識的政(zheng)治主(zhu)張(zhang)。他不僅繼承(cheng)發揚了明清之際啟蒙思想家(jia)的經世傳(chuan)統和批判(pan)精神，而且(qie)具體提出(chu)了救治社會弊端的實(shi)際措施。
唐(tang)甄的(de)社會(hui)政治(zhi)啟蒙思(si)想，首(shou)先表現.在他猛(meng)烈(lie)抨(peng)擊(ji)了封建(jian)專制制度下的(de)君主(zhu)(zhu)順治(zhi)官(guan)吏的(de)殘暴(bao)罪行，提出(chu)了抑制君主(zhu)(zhu)至尊(zun)權勢、倡導(dao)社會(hui)人(ren)人(ren)平等的(de)政治(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)張。
唐(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)認(ren)為(wei)，在(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)秦(qin)以(yi)來的(de)封(feng)建(jian)(jian)專(zhuan)制制度(du)的(de)社(she)會(hui)中，至高(gao)無(wu)上的(de)封(feng)建(jian)(jian)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)，不(bu)僅(jin)是(shi)掠(lve)奪(duo)天(tian)(tian)下人(ren)(ren)財富的(de)最大盜賊(zei)，而且是(shi)慘殺(sha)天(tian)(tian)下人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)命的(de)罪惡(e)兇手。他(ta)說(shuo)：“自(zi)(zi)秦(qin)以(yi)來，凡為(wei)帝(di)王者(zhe)皆(jie)賊(zei)也(ye)(ye)……殺(sha)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)而取(qu)其匹布斗粟，猶謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊(zei)；殺(sha)天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)而盡其布粟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富，而反不(bu)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊(zei)乎(hu)？”（《潛書(shu)(shu)(shu)·室語(yu)》）唐(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)明確而尖銳(rui)地指出(chu)，封(feng)建(jian)(jian)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)至尊權勢的(de)取(qu)得和專(zhuan)制極(ji)權的(de)統(tong)治(zhi)，是(shi)建(jian)(jian)立在(zai)(zai)殺(sha)天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)、掠(lve)天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)財的(de)殘暴(bao)野(ye)蠻行為(wei)上的(de)。他(ta)指出(chu)，二(er)千多年(nian)的(de)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)制社(she)會(hui)，就是(shi)一(yi)部“殺(sha)人(ren)(ren)如(ru)麻”、“血流漂杵(chu)”的(de)悲慘歷史。他(ta)說(shuo)：“周秦(qin)以(yi)后，君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將豪杰，皆(jie)鼓刀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屠(tu)(tu)人(ren)(ren)。”（《潛書(shu)(shu)(shu)·止殺(sha)》）“蓋(gai)自(zi)(zi)秦(qin)以(yi)來，屠(tu)(tu)殺(sha)二(er)千余年(nian)，不(bu)可(ke)究止。嗟乎(hu)！何帝(di)王盜賊(zei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒至于(yu)如(ru)此其極(ji)哉！”（《潛書(shu)(shu)(shu)·全學》）唐(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)認(ren)為(wei)，雖然“殺(sha)人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)眾手，實天(tian)(tian)子為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大手。”（《潛書(shu)(shu)(shu)·室語(yu)》）暴(bao)虐君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)殘害天(tian)(tian)下人(ren)(ren)的(de)罪魁禍首，他(ta)們并非(fei)什么“德(de)比唐(tang)虞，功過湯武”的(de)仁(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)圣人(ren)(ren)，而是(shi)“慘刻少恩，譎詐無(wu)實”（《潛書(shu)(shu)(shu)·仁(ren)(ren)師》）的(de)獨夫民賊(zei)。唐(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)進(jin)一(yi)步揭露說(shuo)，竊國屠(tu)(tu)民的(de)殘暴(bao)無(wu)道(dao)的(de)封(feng)建(jian)(jian)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)，是(shi)導(dao)致國家動亂、民眾涂(tu)炭的(de)根源。他(ta)說(shuo)，自(zi)(zi)秦(qin)以(yi)來，“君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)道(dao)也(ye)(ye)多矣，民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)樂其生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)久(jiu)矣”（《潛書(shu)(shu)(shu)·鮮君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)》）。民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)樂其生(sheng)，源于(yu)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)道(dao)。他(ta)指出(chu)：“治(zhi)天(tian)(tian)下者(zhe)惟君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。治(zhi)亂非(fei)他(ta)人(ren)(ren)所(suo)能為(wei)也(ye)(ye)，君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)。”“小人(ren)(ren)”、“女子寺人(ren)(ren)”、“奸雄盜賊(zei)”亂天(tian)(tian)下，皆(jie)由君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)道(dao)所(suo)致，
“懦君(jun)(jun)蓄亂，辟(pi)君(jun)(jun)生亂，暗君(jun)(jun)召亂，暴君(jun)(jun)激亂”（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·鮮(xian)君(jun)(jun)》）。對于(yu)這些禍國(guo)殃(yang)民(min)(min)(min)、惡貫滿盈(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)封建君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，唐(tang)甄慰藉則厲言(yan)：其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)帝(di)使(shi)我治(zhi)(zhi)殺人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獄，我則有以(yi)(yi)處(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。匹夫無(wu)故而(er)(er)(er)殺人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)身抵一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死(si)，斯(si)足矣；有天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)故而(er)(er)(er)殺人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，雖(sui)百其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)抵其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)殺一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)。（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·室語(yu)》）他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)指出，即使(shi)以(yi)(yi)極刑(xing)去(qu)處(chu)死(si)暴君(jun)(jun)昏主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，亦難(nan)(nan)(nan)以(yi)(yi)抵其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)屠(tu)戮(lu)禍害天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)。唐(tang)甄又無(wu)情痛(tong)斥(chi)了(le)專(zhuan)(zhuan)制(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)封建官(guan)吏(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)殘暴罪(zui)行(xing)(xing)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)指出，遍布四(si)(si)海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貪(tan)(tan)官(guan)污(wu)吏(li)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)去(qu)推行(xing)(xing)賢明君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)善(shan)(shan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，而(er)(er)(er)且日夜(ye)(ye)獵(lie)取天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)民(min)(min)(min)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)財富。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們“明于(yu)家而(er)(er)(er)昧于(yu)國(guo)”（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·存(cun)言(yan)》），莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)謀私而(er)(er)(er)貪(tan)(tan)利。對于(yu)賢君(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)善(shan)(shan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們“上(shang)以(yi)(yi)文責下(xia)(xia)(xia)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)以(yi)(yi)文蒙(meng)上(shang)”，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)去(qu)躬行(xing)(xing)實施，相互欺(qi)瞞推諉，對于(yu)民(min)(min)(min)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)苦，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們坐視(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)救，棄置不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顧(gu)，“雖(sui)田園(yuan)荒蕪，廬舍傾倒，而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)顧(gu)也(ye)；雖(sui)父(fu)兄凍餓，子(zi)弟死(si)亡，而(er)(er)(er)莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恤也(ye)。”（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·柅政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)》）唐(tang)甄指出，橫征暴斂的(de)(de)(de)(de)貪(tan)(tan)官(guan)污(wu)吏(li)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)害甚(shen)于(yu)窮兇極惡殺人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)越貸的(de)(de)(de)(de)盜(dao)(dao)賊匪寇。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)：穴墻而(er)(er)(er)入者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)發人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)藏；群(qun)刃而(er)(er)(er)進者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)奪人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田宅；御旅于(yu)途者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)破人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家室；寇至(zhi)誅(zhu)焚(fen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)窮山谷而(er)(er)(er)遍四(si)(si)海(hai)。彼為(wei)吏(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，星列于(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，日夜(ye)(ye)獵(lie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)財……如填壑(he)谷，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可滿也(ye)。夫盜(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，寇不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡(jin)世，而(er)(er)(er)民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒于(yu)吏(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，無(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)逃于(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間。（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·富民(min)(min)(min)》）因此，“天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)寬仁而(er)(er)(er)恤民(min)(min)(min)”，四(si)(si)海(hai)民(min)(min)(min)眾仍困窮，天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)依舊難(nan)(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)，皆(jie)(jie)是“公卿(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過也(ye)”（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·存(cun)言(yan)》）。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)難(nan)(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)(jie)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)民(min)(min)(min)難(nan)(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知難(nan)(nan)(nan)治(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，非(fei)民(min)(min)(min)也(ye)，官(guan)也(ye)。凡茲庶民(min)(min)(min)，茍非(fei)亂人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，亦唯求其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)樂，避其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)苦，曷嘗好(hao)犯上(shang)法以(yi)(yi)與上(shang)為(wei)難(nan)(nan)(nan)也(ye)！論政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)察所(suo)(suo)(suo)由，以(yi)(yi)為(wei)法令之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利于(yu)行(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，皆(jie)(jie)柅于(yu)民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良，釋官(guan)而(er)(er)(er)罪(zui)民(min)(min)(min)，此所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)難(nan)(nan)(nan)以(yi)(yi)與言(yan)治(zhi)(zhi)與。”（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·柅政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)》）他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)進一(yi)步(bu)揭露(lu)說(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)皆(jie)(jie)棄民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事皆(jie)(jie)棄民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事，是舉天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父(fu)兄子(zi)弟盡(jin)推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)溝壑(he)也(ye)，欲治(zhi)(zhi)得(de)乎(hu)！”（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·考功》）因此，對于(yu)殘害棄虐(nve)百姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)貪(tan)(tan)官(guan)污(wu)吏(li)，必須盡(jin)行(xing)(xing)革除，嚴懲不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)殆，“以(yi)(yi)刑(xing)狐(hu)鼠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)，以(yi)(yi)刑(xing)豺狼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)，而(er)(er)(er)重工業刑(xing)匿狐(hu)鼠、養豺狼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)”（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·權(quan)實》），“刑(xing)自(zi)貴始，自(zi)寵始，自(zi)近始”（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·卿(qing)牧》）。唐(tang)甄在(zai)對封建君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)官(guan)吏(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)殘暴罪(zui)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)揭露(lu)批(pi)判中，深刻地(di)(di)認(ren)識到，無(wu)道君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)制(zhi)(zhi)統治(zhi)(zhi)，貪(tan)(tan)官(guan)污(wu)吏(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫征暴斂，導(dao)致了(le)國(guo)家社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)動亂和四(si)(si)海(hai)民(min)(min)(min)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)窮困，然其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最終根源，則在(zai)于(yu)自(zi)秦以(yi)(yi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)封建君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會制(zhi)(zhi)度。因此，唐(tang)甄提(ti)出了(le)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)至(zhi)尊(zun)(zun)權(quan)勢、倡導(dao)社(she)會人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)平等的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)啟(qi)蒙(meng)思想，闡述了(le)救治(zhi)(zhi)現實社(she)會政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)弊端的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體措施。唐(tang)甄徹(che)底(di)否定了(le)君(jun)(jun)權(quan)神(shen)授的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統觀念，提(ti)出了(le)抑(yi)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊(zun)(zun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)提(ti)出，“天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊(zun)(zun)，非(fei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)大(da)神(shen)也(ye)，皆(jie)(jie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。”（《潛(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·抑(yi)尊(zun)(zun)》）。
“天(tian)子(zi)(zi)雖(sui)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)，亦人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·善游(you)》）。封(feng)(feng)建(jian)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)什么(me)“天(tian)地(di)大神(shen)”，而(er)只是(shi)天(tian)下眾生中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)通一人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。但是(shi)，由(you)于(yu)封(feng)(feng)建(jian)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)具(ju)有至高無(wu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)地(di)位和(he)(he)總攬一切的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)對(dui)(dui)權(quan)(quan)勢(shi)，因(yin)而(er)導致(zhi)了“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)，如(ru)在(zai)(zai)天(tian)上，與帝同(tong)體”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)圣(sheng)光環(huan)，出(chu)現了“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賤視其(qi)臣民，如(ru)犬馬(ma)蟲蟻不(bu)(bu)類(lei)于(yu)我也(ye)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·抑尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)》）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)至尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)威勢(shi)。唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)指出(chu)，君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)至尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)地(di)位和(he)(he)絕(jue)對(dui)(dui)權(quan)(quan)勢(shi)，必(bi)將導致(zhi)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)勢(shi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)而(er)自蔽，賢(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)退而(er)治(zhi)道(dao)遠。因(yin)此(ci)，只有抑制(zhi)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)至尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)權(quan)(quan)勢(shi)，才(cai)能避(bi)免(mian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)腐敗黑暗(an)，民眾不(bu)(bu)遂(sui)其(qi)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會弊端。他(ta)認(ren)為(wei)，抑制(zhi)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)至尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)權(quan)(quan)勢(shi)，首先要加強(qiang)提(ti)出(chu)公(gong)卿(qing)民眾政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)權(quan)(quan)力，允許(xu)臣吏諫政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)于(yu)朝，士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)議政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)于(yu)學(xue)，庶人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)謗政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)于(yu)道(dao)。同(tong)時，還要在(zai)(zai)中央政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府設制(zhi)冢宰(zai)、司(si)徒、宗伯、司(si)馬(ma)、司(si)寇、司(si)空的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“六卿(qing)”職官，限制(zhi)和(he)(he)約(yue)束君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)至尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)權(quan)(quan)勢(shi)，使(shi)他(ta)們(men)敢于(yu)“攻君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過”，“攻宮闈(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過”，“攻帝族、攻后族、攻寵貴”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過。其(qi)次，唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)指出(chu)，君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)必(bi)須(xu)自覺抑制(zhi)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)威權(quan)(quan)勢(shi)，“位在(zai)(zai)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上者，必(bi)處(chu)(chu)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·抑尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)》）。在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)活動中，君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)則要平等(deng)(deng)(deng)地(di)對(dui)(dui)待臣吏百姓，“接賤士(shi)如(ru)見公(gong)卿(qing)，臨匹夫如(ru)對(dui)(dui)上帝”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·善施》），虛心(xin)地(di)接受臣民議政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，“勿己(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)，惟道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歸”，“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)無(wu)賢(xian)愚，皆我師(shi)也(ye)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·六善》）。在(zai)(zai)日常(chang)(chang)生活中，君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)則要“處(chu)(chu)身如(ru)農夫，殿陛如(ru)田舍，衣食如(ru)貧士(shi)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·尚治(zhi)》），“貴為(wei)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)，亦可以庶人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫婦處(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·去奴》），與民同(tong)情(qing)，從民所欲(yu)。唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)嚴厲地(di)指出(chu)，君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)能抑制(zhi)自己(ji)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)威權(quan)(quan)勢(shi)，一味殘暴不(bu)(bu)義，無(wu)道(dao)于(yu)民，那么(me)，歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢(shi)，必(bi)將徹(che)底摧毀君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)力地(di)位、身家性命(ming)。到時，“雖(sui)九州(zhou)為(wei)宅，九川為(wei)防，九山為(wei)阻，破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)榷雀(que)卵也(ye)；雖(sui)盡荊蠻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)金以為(wei)兵，盡畿省之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)籍以為(wei)卒，推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)蹶弱童(tong)也(ye)。”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·遠諫》）唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)還批判了封(feng)(feng)建(jian)綱(gang)常(chang)(chang)倫(lun)(lun)理，提(ti)出(chu)了社(she)會平等(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初步(bu)民主(zhu)(zhu)思(si)想。他(ta)指出(chu)，“圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)定尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)卑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分，將使(shi)順而(er)率之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，非使(shi)亢而(er)遠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·抑尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)》）。但是(shi)，封(feng)(feng)建(jian)專(zhuan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)為(wei)臣綱(gang)、父為(wei)子(zi)(zi)綱(gang)、夫為(wei)妻綱(gang)、男尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)女卑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫(lun)(lun)理綱(gang)常(chang)(chang)，卻(que)完全背離(li)了圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)設尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)卑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分意在(zai)(zai)“順而(er)率之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會作(zuo)用；而(er)忠孝仁義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“美德”“大倫(lun)(lun)”，卻(que)由(you)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)“不(bu)(bu)正其(qi)心(xin)，不(bu)(bu)得其(qi)方”（《潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)書(shu)·破祟(sui)》），而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)致(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)于(yu)死地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祟(sui)害。因(yin)此(ci)，唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)封(feng)(feng)建(jian)綱(gang)常(chang)(chang)倫(lun)(lun)理道(dao)德，提(ti)出(chu)了大膽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)懷(huai)疑和(he)(he)否定。他(ta)指出(chu)，“天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)故(gu)平，平則萬物各得其(qi)所。及其(qi)不(bu)(bu)平也(ye)，此(ci)厚而(er)彼薄，此(ci)樂而(er)彼憂”，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)地(di)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)平等(deng)(deng)(deng)，經濟生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)平等(deng)(deng)(deng)，倫(lun)(lun)理關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)平等(deng)(deng)(deng)，必(bi)將導致(zhi)天(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動亂(luan)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殘殺。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生來本是(shi)平等(deng)(deng)(deng)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)設尊(zun)(zun)(zun)(zun)卑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分意在(zai)(zai)“順而(er)率之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，但專(zhuan)制(zhi)社(she)會卻(que)造成(cheng)(cheng)了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)僮“亢而(er)遠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”極不(bu)(bu)平等(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會關(guan)系(xi)。故(gu)唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)強(qiang)調，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)，無(wu)論是(shi)在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)、經濟、倫(lun)(lun)理關(guan)系(xi)上，都應當破除封(feng)(feng)建(jian)綱(gang)常(chang)(chang)倫(lun)(lun)理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祟(sui)，實(shi)現君(jun)(jun)民、夫妻、男女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平等(deng)(deng)(deng)相(xiang)同(tong)。這樣(yang)，才(cai)能避(bi)免(mian)專(zhuan)制(zhi)社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端危害，促進(jin)社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。唐(tang)(tang)甄(zhen)(zhen)抨擊封(feng)(feng)建(jian)專(zhuan)制(zhi)、倡導社(she)會平等(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟蒙思(si)想，反映(ying)了當時社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢(shi)，具(ju)有進(jin)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史作(zuo)用。
唐甄的社會啟蒙思想，還表現在他提出了“治道貴致其實”、“清朝社會生活線描圖立國(guo)(guo)惟在富民(min)”的(de)政(zheng)治主張(zhang)。唐(tang)甄在自身的(de)社會(hui)實踐活動中，深刻地認識到(dao)，國(guo)(guo)家社會(hui)的(de)動亂黑暗(an)，民(min)眾(zhong)生活的(de)艱難困窮(qiong)，就在于(yu)(yu)統治者沒有采(cai)取(qu)實行、實事、實治，以致富于(yu)(yu)民(min)的(de)政(zheng)治措施(shi)。民(min)眾(zhong)生活的(de)困窮(qiong)原因，還在于(yu)(yu)“為政(zheng)者不以富民(min)為功”（《潛書·考(kao)功》）。
唐甄(zhen)《養重(zhong)》（《潛書》上篇下）
茍非仕而(er)(er)(er)得(de)祿，及公(gong)(gong)卿敬禮而(er)(er)(er)周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)下(xia)(xia)耕賈(jia)而(er)(er)(er)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則(ze)財無(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道。求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，必為(wei)(wei)小(xiao)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)矣。我之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)賈(jia)為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)辱其(qi)身(shen)，而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)知所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)辱其(qi)身(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。雖然，身(shen)為(wei)(wei)賈(jia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)得(de)已也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。溺(ni)而(er)(er)(er)附木(mu)，孰如無(wu)(wu)(wu)溺(ni)。昔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)荊州大(da)水，饑者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)萬人(ren)，張居正(zheng)為(wei)(wei)政(zheng)，皆食(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)活(huo)(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。是(shi)(shi)時荊州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士二(er)百余(yu)人(ren)，賴食(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)活(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)十人(ren)，其(qi)不(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，皆有(you)(you)(you)田而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)蓄者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其(qi)食(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，皆無(wu)(wu)(wu)田而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)蓄者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)得(de)食(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)皆德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)處于(yu)(yu)居正(zheng)門下(xia)(xia)，大(da)則(ze)貴，小(xiao)則(ze)富(fu)。及居正(zheng)沒，皆禁不(bu)(bu)得(de)進(jin)用焉(yan)。昔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)蜀(shu)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)士曰(yue)(yue)駱(luo)(luo)純曰(yue)(yue)殷(yin)(yin)(yin)正(zheng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文學稱(cheng)。楊(yang)榮(rong)為(wei)(wei)相(xiang)，使(shi)使(shi)奉書(shu)幣二(er)而(er)(er)(er)屬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)布政(zheng)使(shi)曰(yue)(yue)：駱(luo)(luo)殷(yin)(yin)(yin)二(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，蜀(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雋士也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，吾懷(huai)其(qi)人(ren)久矣，君其(qi)為(wei)(wei)我致之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)駱(luo)(luo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)貧而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)妻，教生(sheng)(sheng)徒于(yu)(yu)鄉里(li)，殷(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)富(fu)有(you)(you)(you)田園蓄牧山林之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饒。駱(luo)(luo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)受書(shu)幣，越三(san)日而(er)(er)(er)啟(qi)行。殷(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)辭以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)疾(ji)，固(gu)不(bu)(bu)肯行。其(qi)友(you)勸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行，殷(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)：吾非不(bu)(bu)知楊(yang)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賢，可(ke)與為(wei)(wei)交，且力(li)能進(jin)用我也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然富(fu)貴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)客也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，危疑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)居也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，車馬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上不(bu)(bu)如我山居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)安，公(gong)(gong)卿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祿不(bu)(bu)如我歲入之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多，舍己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)安而(er)(er)(er)任人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危，舍己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多而(er)(er)(er)受人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少，不(bu)(bu)待(dai)智者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)而(er)(er)(er)知其(qi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)矣。遂終(zhong)身(shen)隱而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)出焉(yan)。夫荊士駱(luo)(luo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)能守(shou)(shou)其(qi)節者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，食(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。殷(yin)(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能守(shou)(shou)其(qi)節者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，食(shi)(shi)足(zu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。節之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立不(bu)(bu)立，由于(yu)(yu)食(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)足(zu)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)。食(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)，豈不(bu)(bu)重乎？其(qi)在古昔，諸侯能恭儉(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，保國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。大(da)夫能恭儉(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，保家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)士者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，何獨不(bu)(bu)然？若(ruo)數口(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)，有(you)(you)(you)五(wu)十畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田，儉(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)(er)守(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)饑矣。有(you)(you)(you)百畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田，儉(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)(er)守(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)足(zu)矣。有(you)(you)(you)二(er)百畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田，儉(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)蓄焉(yan)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)親戚鄰里(li)矣。顧有(you)(you)(you)此田實(shi)難，無(wu)(wu)(wu)則(ze)固(gu)窮，有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則(ze)儉(jian)(jian)守(shou)(shou)勿失，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)遺子(zi)(zi)(zi)孫。是(shi)(shi)立身(shen)垂后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要道，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)察也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
批判專制制度
唐(tang)(tang)甄對君(jun)主(zhu)專(zhuan)制制度(du)進行大(da)膽的(de)(de)(de)揭露和批判。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)也(ye)(ye)是人，沒有(you)(you)(you)什(shen)么(me)神秘，并指出皇(huang)帝(di)是一(yi)切(qie)罪(zui)(zui)惡的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)源，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)“自(zi)秦以(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)，凡帝(di)王者皆賊也(ye)(ye)”，“殺(sha)一(yi)人而取其(qi)(qi)匹(pi)布(bu)斗粟(su)(su)，尤謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)賊，殺(sha)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)人，而盡有(you)(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)不布(bu)粟(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)，而反(fan)不謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)賊乎？”，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)了(le)奪(duo)取皇(huang)位常常無故殺(sha)人，殘害百(bai)姓。唐(tang)(tang)甄憤然地說：“川流(liu)潰決，必(bi)問為(wei)(wei)防(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)人,比戶(hu)延(yan)燒,必(bi)罪(zui)(zui)失火之(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu),至于國(guo)破家(jia)(jia)亡,流(liu)毒無窮……,非君(jun)其(qi)(qi)誰乎”(《潛(qian)書·遠諫》)。 唐(tang)(tang)甄提出了(le)“抑尊”，即限制君(jun)權的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)，要求(qiu)提高大(da)臣的(de)(de)(de)地位,使他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)具有(you)(you)(you)同(tong)(tong)皇(huang)帝(di)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)權貴作斗爭的(de)(de)(de)權力(li)，以(yi)(yi)“攻君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)過”,“攻宮闈之(zhi)(zhi)過”,“攻帝(di)族、攻后(hou)族、攻寵貴”之(zhi)(zhi)過，使皇(huang)帝(di)有(you)(you)(you)所顧(gu)忌。唐(tang)(tang)甄還(huan)發展(zhan)了(le)產生于先(xian)秦的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)本思(si)想，強(qiang)調民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)是國(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本，離(li)開了(le)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，便沒有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)指出，國(guo)防(fang)靠(kao)(kao)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)來(lai)(lai)(lai)鞏固，府(fu)庫靠(kao)(kao)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)來(lai)(lai)(lai)充實，朝(chao)廷靠(kao)(kao)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)來(lai)(lai)(lai)尊崇，官(guan)員靠(kao)(kao)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)來(lai)(lai)(lai)養活。君(jun)主(zhu)只有(you)(you)(you)愛護(hu)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)才能達(da)到長(chang)治(zhi)久安的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。如果無道(dao)于民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，縱然“九(jiu)州為(wei)(wei)宅，九(jiu)州為(wei)(wei)防(fang)，九(jiu)山為(wei)(wei)阻，破之(zhi)(zhi)如椎雀卵也(ye)(ye)”(同(tong)(tong)前)。唐(tang)(tang)甄對“官(guan)”也(ye)(ye)進行了(le)猛烈抨擊，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)下難(nan)治(zhi)，人們(men)(men)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)是民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)難(nan)治(zhi)，實則(ze)不然，“難(nan)治(zhi)者，非民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)，官(guan)也(ye)(ye)。”他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)大(da)多(duo)數官(guan)吏(li)“為(wei)(wei)盜(dao)臣，為(wei)(wei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)賊”他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)還(huan)提出了(le)愛民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)、保民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)、富(fu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)具體政(zheng)策(ce)，主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)打擊貪官(guan)污(wu)吏(li)，強(qiang)調“刑(xing)先(xian)于貴”；呼吁政(zheng)府(fu)幫助農民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)種值農桑，發展(zhan)生產，提高人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)生活。針對當時貧富(fu)懸殊的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)現象，唐(tang)(tang)甄提出貧富(fu)要相對平均的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)指出“天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)故平,平則(ze)萬物(wu)各(ge)得其(qi)(qi)所”(《潛(qian)書·大(da)命》),否(fou)則(ze)，必(bi)然引起(qi)社(she)會(hui)動亂。唐(tang)(tang)甄還(huan)提倡為(wei)(wei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)利主(zhu)義，反(fan)對理學家(jia)(jia)們(men)(men)“儒者不計其(qi)(qi)功(gong)”的(de)(de)(de)說法。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)儒學的(de)(de)(de)可貴之(zhi)(zhi)處就在于它能定亂、除(chu)暴(bao)、安百(bai)姓。如果儒者不言功(gong)，只顧(gu)自(zi)己，那就同(tong)(tong)一(yi)個匹(pi)夫匹(pi)婦沒有(you)(you)(you)什(shen)么(me)區別(bie)。唐(tang)(tang)甄的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)本思(si)想對后(hou)世(shi)有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)大(da)影響。
思想的局限性
在(zai)(zai)(zai)唐甄(zhen)思想(xiang)深處，仍(reng)把國泰民安的(de)(de)希望(wang)寄托在(zai)(zai)(zai)賢明君主(zhu)(zhu)身上。他說(shuo)：“天下(xia)之主(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)君，君之主(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)心。”唐甄(zhen)提出的(de)(de)為(wei)君之道仍(reng)然沒有跳(tiao)出儒家(jia)的(de)(de)思想(xiang)圈子。
歲月靜好
】編(bian)(bian)輯(ji)上傳提(ti)供，詞(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)屬于開放詞(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)，當前頁(ye)面所(suo)(suo)展示的詞(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)介紹涉及(ji)宣(xuan)傳內(nei)(nei)容(rong)屬于注冊用戶個人編(bian)(bian)輯(ji)行為，與【唐甄(zhen)】的所(suo)(suo)屬企業/所(suo)(suo)有人/主體無關，網站不完(wan)全(quan)保證內(nei)(nei)容(rong)信(xin)息(xi)的準(zhun)確(que)性、真實(shi)性，也不代表(biao)本站立(li)場，各項數(shu)據信(xin)息(xi)存在(zai)更新不及(ji)時的情況(kuang)，僅供參考，請(qing)以(yi)官方發布為準(zhun)。如果(guo)頁(ye)面內(nei)(nei)容(rong)與實(shi)際情況(kuang)不符，可點(dian)擊“反饋(kui)”在(zai)線向網站提(ti)出修改，網站將核實(shi)后進行更正。
反饋
