《醫(yi)學(xue)衷(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)參西錄(lu)(lu)》,中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)叢書(shu),又(you)名《衷(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)參西錄(lu)(lu)》,張(zhang)(zhang)錫純(壽(shou)甫(fu))撰。此書(shu)分為(wei)《處(chu)方(fang)學(xue)》8卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《醫(yi)論》8卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《醫(yi)話(hua)拾零》、《三三醫(yi)書(shu)評》、《藥(yao)物講(jiang)義》4卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《傷寒(han)講(jiang)義》4卷(juan)(juan)(juan)、《醫(yi)案(附詩草)》4卷(juan)(juan)(juan)。系作者多年治(zhi)學(xue)臨(lin)證經驗(yan)和(he)心得之總結(jie)。是20世紀(ji)初(chu)我(wo)國重(zhong)(zhong)要的臨(lin)床綜(zong)合(he)性名著。張(zhang)(zhang)氏致力溝(gou)通(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)西醫(yi)學(xue),主張(zhang)(zhang)以中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)為(wei)主體,取西醫(yi)之長,補中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)之短。他認為(wei):“欲(yu)求醫(yi)學(xue)登峰造(zao)極,誠(cheng)非溝(gou)通(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)西醫(yi)不可。”其于溝(gou)通(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)西醫(yi)的主導思想,主張(zhang)(zhang)師古而不泥古,參西而不背中(zhong)(zhong)。張(zhang)(zhang)氏重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)基礎理(li)論,對臟(zang)象學(xue)說和(he)解剖生(sheng)理(li)的互證尤為(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)。書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)指出:腦為(wei)元神,心為(wei)識神,心力衰(shuai)竭與(yu)(yu)腎不納氣相通(tong);腦充(chong)血與(yu)(yu)薄厥相近等等。在臨(lin)證方(fang)面,講(jiang)究細致的觀察和(he)記述(shu)病(bing)(bing)情,建立完整的病(bing)(bing)歷。其于諸病(bing)(bing)治(zhi)法,注重(zhong)(zhong)實際(ji),勇于探索,并獨(du)創了許(xu)多新的治(zhi)療方(fang)劑(ji),體驗(yan)了若干(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)的性能。對諸如萸肉救脫,參芪利尿,白(bai)礬化痰熱(re),三七消瘡腫,生(sheng)硫黃內(nei)服(fu)治(zhi)虛寒(han)下(xia)痢,蜈蚣、蝎子(zi)定風消毒等等,均能發(fa)(fa)揚古說,擴大(da)藥(yao)用主治(zhi)。如對調治(zhi)脾(pi)胃,主張(zhang)(zhang)脾(pi)陽與(yu)(yu)胃陰并重(zhong)(zhong),升肝脾(pi)與(yu)(yu)降膽(dan)胃兼施,補養與(yu)(yu)開破相結(jie)合(he)。書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)西醫(yi)學(xue)理(li)論和(he)醫(yi)療實踐闡發(fa)(fa)醫(yi)理(li),頗多獨(du)到的見解。書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)載(zai)述(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)氏所制定的若干(gan)有(you)效(xiao)方(fang)劑(ji);在方(fang)藥(yao)應(ying)用方(fang)面,創用中(zhong)(zhong)西藥(yao)相結(jie)合(he)的方(fang)劑(ji),并對石膏、生(sheng)山(shan)藥(yao)、代赭石等藥(yao)的臨(lin)床施治(zhi),在古人基礎上(shang)有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)要的補訂、發(fa)(fa)揮。
《醫學衷中(zhong)參西錄(lu)》為張錫純唯一(yi)傳世的著作,其主要學術(shu)內容如(ru)下:
一、學術理論
(一)倡“衷中參(can)西”
清末(mo)民(min)初,西學(xue)(xue)(xue)東(dong)漸,西醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)在我國(guo)流傳(chuan)甚快(kuai)。當時,醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)界(jie)有(you)些(xie)人崇(chong)尚西學(xue)(xue)(xue),輕視(shi)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi),有(you)些(xie)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)則一味排斥西醫(yi)(yi),因循守(shou)舊。張(zhang)(zhang)氏則主張(zhang)(zhang)以中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)為本體,擷取西醫(yi)(yi)之長補中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)之短,倡(chang)導“衷中(zhong)參西”,并從理論、實(shi)踐方面進行了(le)嘗試,《醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)衷中(zhong)參西錄》的(de)書名就鮮明(ming)地表明(ming)了(le)張(zhang)(zhang)氏的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術主張(zhang)(zhang)。
在(zai)生(sheng)理(li)(li)、病理(li)(li)方面,張氏(shi)于(yu)《醫學(xue)衷中(zhong)(zhong)參西(xi)(xi)錄》中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)許多溝(gou)通中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)醫學(xue)的(de)新見(jian)解,如:“中(zhong)(zhong)醫謂人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)明(ming)(ming)在(zai)心(xin),西(xi)(xi)說謂人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)明(ming)(ming)在(zai)腦,及觀(guan)《內經》,皆(jie)(jie)涵蓋(gai)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)也”。《素問·脈(mo)要精(jing)微論(lun)》中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)出“頭(tou)者精(jing)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府”,說明(ming)(ming)神(shen)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體在(zai)腦,所(suo)謂“心(xin)主神(shen)明(ming)(ming)”,只不(bu)過是言神(shen)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用出于(yu)心(xin),由(you)此可(ke)見(jian),中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說雖(sui)然不(bu)同(tong),但(dan)理(li)(li)可(ke)匯通。另如,認為(wei)吐衄(nv)(nv)(nv)的(de)原(yuan)因是由(you)于(yu)陽(yang)明(ming)(ming)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)腑(fu)氣(qi)(qi)機(ji)上逆,胃(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)亦恒隨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上逆。“其(qi)上逆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極,可(ke)將胃(wei)(wei)(wei)壁(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)膜排擠(ji)破裂,而(er)成(cheng)嘔(ou)(ou)血(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng);或(huo)(huo)(huo)循陽(yang)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經絡上行,而(er)成(cheng)衄(nv)(nv)(nv)血(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng)”,此即《素問·厥論(lun)》中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)言“陽(yang)明(ming)(ming)厥逆衄(nv)(nv)(nv)嘔(ou)(ou)血(xue)”。其(qi)論(lun)衄(nv)(nv)(nv)血(xue)治(zhi)療,主張不(bu)論(lun)“或(huo)(huo)(huo)虛或(huo)(huo)(huo)實,或(huo)(huo)(huo)涼或(huo)(huo)(huo)熱,治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者皆(jie)(jie)當以降(jiang)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)為(wei)主”,并(bing)制平胃(wei)(wei)(wei)寒降(jiang)湯(tang)、滋陰清降(jiang)湯(tang)等,皆(jie)(jie)主以生(sheng)赭石通降(jiang)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)氣(qi)(qi),并(bing)輔以白芍、龍、牡等養(yang)陰鎮潛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin),提高了本病的(de)療效。
在(zai)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)上,張(zhang)氏(shi)認(ren)為,西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)局部,是重在(zai)病(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)也;中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求原因,是重在(zai)病(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)本也。究之(zhi)(zhi),標(biao)(biao)本原宜兼顧,若遇難治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng),以(yi)西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其標(biao)(biao),中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其本,則(ze)奏效必速(su),提出(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)(bu)應互相(xiang)抵牾,而應相(xiang)濟為用。張(zhang)氏(shi)臨(lin)床(chuang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療癲(dian)癇(xian),據中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)“諸(zhu)風(feng)(feng)掉眩,皆(jie)屬于肝”理論,用西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)臭素、抱(bao)水諸(zhu)品及(ji)鉛硫朱砂丸麻(ma)醉鎮靜治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao),而后(hou)則(ze)主(zhu)張(zhang)徐以(yi)健脾、利痰、祛風(feng)(feng)、清(qing)火之(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)以(yi)鏟(chan)除(chu)其病(bing)根。治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療大氣(qi)下陷,下血不(bu)(bu)止(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)血崩癥,煎服生黃(huang)芪、白術、龍骨、牡蠣、柴胡等升(sheng)舉固澀之(zhi)(zhi)品時(shi),加服西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)麥角(jiao),以(yi)加強收縮止(zhi)血功效。張(zhang)氏(shi)在(zai)辨證(zheng)施治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運用中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)方藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的同(tong)時(shi),加服西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),開中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)聯合應用之(zhi)(zhi)先河。
(二(er))大氣下陷論
繼喻(yu)昌“胸(xiong)中(zhong)大(da)氣說”之后,張(zhang)氏在《醫學(xue)衷(zhong)中(zhong)參(can)西錄》中(zhong)對(dui)大(da)氣的(de)認識和(he)治療作(zuo)了(le)進一步的(de)闡發(fa)。
張氏認(ren)為(wei),大氣(qi)即《內經》所言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗氣(qi),它“以(yi)元氣(qi)為(wei)根本(ben),以(yi)水谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)為(wei)養(yang)料(liao),以(yi)胸中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)為(wei)宅窟者(zhe)也”。因其(qi)“誠(cheng)以(yi)能撐(cheng)持(chi)全身(shen),為(wei)諸氣(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)綱(gang)領,包舉肺外,司呼吸(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樞機,故鄭而(er)重之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)大氣(qi)。”即大氣(qi)是(shi)搏聚于胸中,包舉于肺外的(de)大量陽氣(qi),它源于元氣(qi),受(shou)水谷精(jing)微的(de)滋養(yang),除主司呼吸(xi)(xi)外,同時(shi)(shi)對全身(shen)產生重要影響。此氣(qi)撐(cheng)持(chi)全身(shen),振作精(jing)神(shen),心(xin)及心(xin)思(si)、腦力、百骸動作,莫不賴于此。此氣(qi)一虛(xu),呼吸(xi)(xi)即覺不利,而(er)時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)酸懶,精(jing)神(shen)昏憒,腦力、心(xin)思(si)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)頓(dun)減。
大氣(qi)之(zhi)病變主要(yao)是虛而(er)陷(xian),其(qi)病情(qing)有(you)(you)(you)緩(huan)急(ji)之(zhi)別(bie),急(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)引起猝死,“大氣(qi)既陷(xian),無氣(qi)包舉肺外以鼓(gu)動(dong)其(qi)闔(he)辟之(zhi)機,則呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)停頓(dun),所以不病而(er)猝死。緩(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)則因大氣(qi)下陷(xian)而(er)致呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)不利,換氣(qi)不足缺氧(yang),全身(shen)性(xing)衰竭出(chu)現一系列表(biao)現:“有(you)(you)(you)呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)短氣(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)心中(zhong)怔忡者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)淋漓(li)大汗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)神昏(hun)健忘者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)聲(sheng)顫身(shen)動(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)寒熱往來者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)胸中(zhong)滿悶(men)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)努力(li)呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)似喘者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)咽干(gan)作渴(ke)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)常常呵欠(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)肢(zhi)體痿(wei)廢者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)食后易饑者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)二便不禁者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)癃(long)閉身(shen)腫者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)張口呼(hu)(hu)氣(qi)外出(chu)而(er)氣(qi)不上達,肛門突出(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),在女子有(you)(you)(you)下血不止(zhi),更有(you)(you)(you)經水逆行者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”等等。,
以上見癥(zheng)以心(xin)肺證候為主,常兼見脾胃證候。若單(dan)見脾胃證候而無心(xin)肺證候者(zhe),是(shi)謂中(zhong)氣下(xia)陷(xian)。中(zhong)氣下(xia)陷(xian)之(zhi)重者(zhe),張氏(shi)認(ren)為有(you)引起大(da)(da)氣下(xia)陷(xian)之(zhi)可能,“夫中(zhong)氣誠有(you)下(xia)陷(xian)之(zhi)時,然不若大(da)(da)氣下(xia)陷(xian)之(zhi)尤(you)屬(shu)危險也(ye)。間有(you)因中(zhong)氣下(xia)陷(xian),泄瀉日(ri)久,或轉(zhuan)致大(da)(da)氣下(xia)陷(xian)者(zhe)”。這樣(yang)把大(da)(da)氣下(xia)陷(xian)與中(zhong)氣下(xia)陷(xian)分別開來,確為閱歷之(zhi)談。
張氏(shi)認為(wei)(wei),引(yin)起(qi)大氣(qi)(qi)下陷(xian)(xian)(xian)的原因不外勞力(li)(li)(li)過度、久病和誤藥(yao)(yao)。如(ru)“力(li)(li)(li)小任重,或(huo)枵腹力(li)(li)(li)作,或(huo)病后氣(qi)(qi)力(li)(li)(li)未復(fu)而(er)勤(qin)于動作,或(huo)泄瀉日久,或(huo)服破氣(qi)(qi)藥(yao)(yao)太(tai)過或(huo)氣(qi)(qi)分虛(xu)極(ji)(ji)自下陷(xian)(xian)(xian)”。張氏(shi)治療大氣(qi)(qi)下陷(xian)(xian)(xian),創(chuang)制(zhi)升(sheng)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)湯(生黃芪、知母、桔(jie)梗、柴胡(hu)、升(sheng)麻),該方以(yi)黃芪為(wei)(wei)君(jun),升(sheng)補大氣(qi)(qi),佐知母涼潤以(yi)濟其之偏,柴胡(hu)引(yin)大氣(qi)(qi)之陷(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe)自左上升(sheng),升(sheng)麻引(yin)大氣(qi)(qi)之陷(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe)自右上升(sheng),桔(jie)梗為(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)中(zhong)之舟(zhou)楫,導諸藥(yao)(yao)之力(li)(li)(li)上達胸中(zhong)。若氣(qi)(qi)虛(xu)極(ji)(ji)加(jia)人參或(huo)寄生,以(yi)培氣(qi)(qi)之本(ben),或(huo)更加(jia)山萸(yu)肉以(yi)防(fang)氣(qi)(qi)之渙散,氣(qi)(qi)虛(xu)甚者(zhe)酌增升(sheng)麻用量。
心(xin)(xin)(xin)肺(fei)之(zhi)陽(yang),尤賴胸中大氣為之(zhi)保護,大氣一陷(xian),則心(xin)(xin)(xin)肺(fei)陽(yang)分素(su)虛者,至此而益虛,癥見其(qi)人心(xin)(xin)(xin)冷(leng),背緊,惡(e)寒,常覺短(duan)氣等。張氏認為欲助胸中心(xin)(xin)(xin)肺(fei)之(zhi)陽(yang),必須先升提下陷(xian)之(zhi)大氣,否(fou)則但服(fu)溫(wen)補心(xin)(xin)(xin)肺(fei)之(zhi)陽(yang)之(zhi)劑無效(xiao),制回陽(yang)升陷(xian)湯(tang)(生黃芪、干姜、當歸身、桂(gui)枝炭(tan)、甘草)以(yi)治之(zhi)。
胸中大(da)氣(qi)正常,有賴(lai)于少陽、陽明之(zhi)氣(qi)的升(sheng)發。若大(da)氣(qi)下(xia)陷,升(sheng)發之(zhi)氣(qi)被郁,氣(qi)分(fen)郁結,經絡瘀滯,常見胸中滿痛(tong)或脅下(xia)撐(cheng)脹、腹痛(tong)等。對(dui)此(ci),張(zhang)氏又(you)制(zhi)理郁升(sheng)陷湯(生(sheng)黃(huang)芪、知母、當歸身、桂枝尖、柴胡、乳(ru)香、沒藥);對(dui)脾(pi)氣(qi)虛(xu)極下(xia)陷,小便不禁者,制(zhi)理脾(pi)升(sheng)陷湯(生(sheng)黃(huang)芪、白(bai)術、桑寄生(sheng)、川斷、萸肉、龍骨、牡蠣、川萆薢、甘草(cao))治(zhi)之(zhi)。
(三)寒溫統一(yi),注重清透(tou)
《醫(yi)學衷中(zhong)參(can)西錄(lu)》論(lun)溫(wen)病(bing)(bing),主張寒(han)溫(wen)統一,認為溫(wen)病(bing)(bing)治(zhi)法已備于(yu)傷寒(han)。如溫(wen)病(bing)(bing)初起治(zhi)宜辛涼(liang)(liang),然辛涼(liang)(liang)之(zhi)法亦備于(yu)傷寒(han),麻(ma)杏甘石湯(tang)(tang)“誠為溫(wen)病(bing)(bing)初得之(zhi)的(de)方矣”。但其(qi)(qi)外表(biao)證(zheng)未解,內(nei)有蘊熱(re)即(ji)可服用(yong)(yong)(yong)。至溫(wen)病(bing)(bing)傳經已深,清(qing)燥熱(re)之(zhi)白(bai)(bai)虎湯(tang)(tang)、白(bai)(bai)虎加人參(can)湯(tang)(tang),通腑之(zhi)大、小承氣(qi)湯(tang)(tang),開結胸(xiong)之(zhi)大、小陷胸(xiong)湯(tang)(tang),治(zhi)下利(li)之(zhi)白(bai)(bai)頭翁湯(tang)(tang)、黃(huang)芩湯(tang)(tang),治(zhi)發(fa)(fa)黃(huang)之(zhi)茵陳桅子柏皮(pi)湯(tang)(tang)等及一切涼(liang)(liang)潤(run)、清(qing)火、育陰(yin)、安神之(zhi)劑,皆(jie)(jie)可使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。并指出寒(han)溫(wen)治(zhi)法之(zhi)別,在于(yu)“始異而(er)終同”。所謂“始異”,即(ji)傷寒(han)發(fa)(fa)表(biao)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)熱(re),溫(wen)病(bing)(bing)發(fa)(fa)表(biao)必用(yong)(yong)(yong)辛涼(liang)(liang);謂其(qi)(qi)“終同”,即(ji)病(bing)(bing)傳陽明之(zhi)后,不論(lun)傷寒(han)、溫(wen)病(bing)(bing),皆(jie)(jie)宜治(zhi)以(yi)寒(han)涼(liang)(liang),而(er)大忌溫(wen)熱(re)。
張氏臨證(zheng)將溫(wen)(wen)(wen)病(bing)分為(wei)風(feng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)、春溫(wen)(wen)(wen)、濕溫(wen)(wen)(wen)三類。認為(wei)三類溫(wen)(wen)(wen)病(bing)雖見癥不(bu)同,其本質皆緣郁(yu)熱(re)。“大(da)凡病(bing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)之人,多系內(nei)有蘊(yun)熱(re),至(zhi)春陽萌動之時(shi),又(you)薄受外(wai)感拘束,其熱(re)即陡發而(er)成溫(wen)(wen)(wen)”。他遵循“火郁(yu)發之”之旨,治療上主張宣(xuan)散(san)郁(yu)結,疏通氣機,透邪外(wai)達。反對徒執寒涼,只清不(bu)透,使邪無由出(chu)。并自擬(ni)清解(jie)(jie)湯(tang)(tang)、涼解(jie)(jie)湯(tang)(tang)、寒解(jie)(jie)湯(tang)(tang)三方,徑以石膏清其內(nei)熱(re),又(you)選用薄荷(he)、連翹、蟬蛻(tui)發表,且“引(yin)胃中化(hua)而(er)欲(yu)散(san)之熱(re),仍(reng)還太陽作汗而(er)解(jie)(jie)”。正是(shi)基于(yu)對溫(wen)(wen)(wen)病(bing)“郁(yu)熱(re)”這一本質的深刻認識,初(chu)起治療即立足于(yu)清透。
溫病入里化(hua)熱(re),抑或傷寒(han)、中(zhong)(zhong)風入里化(hua)熱(re),是(shi)陽明熱(re)盛之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang),張(zhang)氏(shi)皆以寒(han)涼清熱(re)為主,不(bu)復有傷寒(han)、中(zhong)(zhong)風、溫病之(zhi)(zhi)分(fen),投以白(bai)(bai)虎湯靈活加(jia)減化(hua)裁。臨證使(shi)用白(bai)(bai)虎湯,張(zhang)氏(shi)有著豐(feng)富的經驗,認為白(bai)(bai)虎湯之(zhi)(zhi)“四大”典型(xing)癥(zheng)狀中(zhong)(zhong),唯脈洪為必(bi)見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)癥(zheng)。只要見(jian)脈洪大,又有陽明熱(re)盛之(zhi)(zhi)一二癥(zheng),則(ze)無論外感內傷,皆可(ke)用之(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)必(bi)拘泥于古人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)說。
陽明腑(fu)實用三(san)承氣湯(tang),此(ci)乃(nai)大(da)法,然張(zhang)(zhang)氏認(ren)為(wei)(wei)承氣力猛,倘或(huo)審證不確,即足(zu)誤(wu)事。于(yu)是據其(qi)三(san)十(shi)余年臨證經(jing)驗,強調“凡遇陽明應下證,亦先投(tou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)白(bai)(bai)虎(hu)湯(tang)一二(er)劑,更改其(qi)服法,將石(shi)膏為(wei)(wei)末(mo)而不入煎,以(yi)(yi)(yi)藥湯(tang)送服之”,因(yin)屢用此(ci)方(fang)奏效,遂名之曰白(bai)(bai)虎(hu)承氣湯(tang)。對于(yu)溫熱(re)病(bing)神(shen)(shen)昏(hun)譫(zhan)語,張(zhang)(zhang)氏遵從(cong)陸九芝“胃熱(re)之甚(shen),神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)之昏(hun),從(cong)來神(shen)(shen)昏(hun)之病(bing),皆(jie)屬胃家”之說,將熱(re)病(bing)神(shen)(shen)昏(hun)分為(wei)(wei)虛實兩類。其(qi)脈象洪而有力,按(an)之甚(shen)實者(zhe)(zhe),可按(an)陽明胃實治之,投(tou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)劑白(bai)(bai)虎(hu)湯(tang);若脈兼弦、兼數,或(huo)重按(an)仍(reng)甚(shen)實者(zhe)(zhe),治宜白(bai)(bai)虎(hu)加人(ren)參湯(tang);對邪入陽明,淫(yin)熱(re)于(yu)肝,致肝風(feng)內(nei)動(dong)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)白(bai)(bai)虎(hu)撤其(qi)陽明之熱(re),生(sheng)龍骨、生(sheng)牡蠣以(yi)(yi)(yi)鎮(zhen)肝熄風(feng)。
張氏(shi)治療(liao)溫病(bing)(bing)不(bu)僅擅用(yong)白虎,而且依據病(bing)(bing)證不(bu)同(tong),化裁組成了眾多(duo)新方,如石膏粳米湯(tang)(tang)、鎮(zhen)逆白虎湯(tang)(tang)、通(tong)變白虎加人(ren)參(can)湯(tang)(tang)等,皆由白虎湯(tang)(tang)衍化而來。
二、治療經驗
張氏一(yi)生勤于臨(lin)證,《醫學衷中參西錄》記載(zai)了他豐富的臨(lin)床經驗,其(qi)中尤以論治中風(feng)、脫證等最具特(te)色。
(一(yi))分別中風論治
中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)有(you)真中(zhong)(zhong)、類中(zhong)(zhong)之別(bie)。張(zhang)氏認為(wei)真中(zhong)(zhong)者極(ji)少,因(yin)而著意對類中(zhong)(zhong)進行研究、發揮。指出(chu)類中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)亦即內(nei)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng),此“風(feng)自內(nei)生(sheng),非風(feng)自外來也”,其治療分(fen)充血、貧(pin)血,以虛實論治。
1、腦充血治療
張氏(shi)根據“血(xue)菀(yu)于上(shang),使人薄厥(jue)”的理論,認(ren)為腦(nao)充血(xue)即(ji)《內經》中(zhong)所言(yan)的煎厥(jue)、薄厥(jue)、大厥(jue)。其病(bing)(bing)位在“肝”,陰虛陽(yang)亢、上(shang)實下虛、臟腑之氣升(sheng)(sheng)發太過(guo)(guo)或失之下行(xing),血(xue)隨(sui)(sui)氣逆(ni)為主(zhu)要病(bing)(bing)機。即(ji)“人之血(xue)隨(sui)(sui)氣行(xing),氣上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)不已,血(xue)即(ji)隨(sui)(sui)之上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)不已,以致腦(nao)中(zhong)血(xue)管充血(xue)過(guo)(guo)甚”(《醫(yi)學(xue)衷中(zhong)參西(xi)錄(lu)·醫(yi)案·腦(nao)充血(xue)門》),有礙神經,以致語言(yan)肢體謇(jian)澀不利,口眼歪斜等等。
根據腦充血(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)木失和(he)(he),肺氣(qi)(qi)不(bu)降(jiang),腎(shen)氣(qi)(qi)不(bu)攝,沖氣(qi)(qi)、胃氣(qi)(qi)又(you)復上(shang)(shang)(shang)逆,臟(zang)腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)化皆上(shang)(shang)(shang)升太過”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病機,張氏提出治(zhi)療(liao)本(ben)病應“清(qing)(qing)其(qi)臟(zang)腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)熱(re),滋(zi)其(qi)臟(zang)腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰,更降(jiang)其(qi)臟(zang)腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),引(yin)腦部(bu)所充之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)下(xia)行(xing)(xing)”的“鎮肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)熄風(feng)、引(yin)血(xue)下(xia)行(xing)(xing)”的原則(ze),并創制鎮肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)熄風(feng)湯(懷牛膝(xi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)赭(zhe)石、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)杭芍、天(tian)(tian)冬、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)龍骨、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)牡蠣(li)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)龜板、玄參、川(chuan)楝(lian)子、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)麥(mai)芽、茵(yin)陳(chen)、甘草)作為治(zhi)療(liao)本(ben)病的主方(fang)。方(fang)中赭(zhe)石降(jiang)胃,平肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)鎮沖,下(xia)行(xing)(xing)通便;牛膝(xi)善(shan)(shan)引(yin)上(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)下(xia)行(xing)(xing),二藥(yao)合用,相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成;玄參、天(tian)(tian)冬、白芍滋(zi)陰退熱(re);龍骨、牡蠣(li)、龜板、芍藥(yao)斂肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)火(huo)、鎮熄肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)風(feng),以緩(huan)其(qi)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)氣(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)升之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢;玄參、天(tian)(tian)冬清(qing)(qing)肺制肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan);山藥(yao)、甘草和(he)(he)胃緩(huan)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan);茵(yin)陳(chen)為“青蒿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嫩者,稟少陽初生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),與肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)木同氣(qi)(qi)相(xiang)求,最能將順肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)木之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性,且又(you)善(shan)(shan)瀉肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)熱(re)”,為清(qing)(qing)涼腦部(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涼藥(yao)也;麥(mai)芽“善(shan)(shan)助肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)木疏泄以行(xing)(xing)腎(shen)氣(qi)(qi)”;川(chuan)楝(lian)子善(shan)(shan)引(yin)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)氣(qi)(qi)下(xia)達,又(you)能折其(qi)更動之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力。本(ben)方(fang)標本(ben)兼(jian)治(zhi),鎮潛共用,引(yin)涵兼(jian)施,直中病之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肯綮,確(que)有獨到之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。
此外,張氏(shi)還參照西(xi)醫病理,闡述了腦(nao)充(chong)血(xue)、腦(nao)溢血(xue)、腦(nao)出(chu)血(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng)型及用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)的不(bu)(bu)同。對(dui)(dui)腦(nao)部(bu)血(xue)管中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)滲出(chu)者(zhe)(zhe),他(ta)在(zai)友人“腦(nao)充(chong)血(xue)證(zheng),宜于引血(xue)下行(xing)藥(yao)(yao)中加(jia)破(po)血(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)以(yi)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的啟發(fa)下,指出(chu)對(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)身(shen)體壯實者(zhe)(zhe),可酌加(jia)大(da)黃(huang)數錢以(yi)逐瘀;其(qi)(qi)身(shen)形脈(mo)象(xiang)不(bu)(bu)甚壯實者(zhe)(zhe),加(jia)桃仁、丹參等化瘀。并明確(que)提出(chu)“腦(nao)充(chong)血(xue)當(dang)通(tong)大(da)便為要務(wu)”。對(dui)(dui)腦(nao)充(chong)血(xue)后期脈(mo)象(xiang)柔和而肢體痿廢者(zhe)(zhe),主張“少用(yong)黃(huang)芪助活(huo)血(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品以(yi)通(tong)絡”,但應謹慎從事。而對(dui)(dui)于“血(xue)菀于上”的腦(nao)充(chong)血(xue)者(zhe)(zhe),因黃(huang)芪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,補而兼(jian)升(sheng),氣升(sheng)則(ze)血(xue)必(bi)隨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng),故(gu)病初應忌用(yong)黃(huang)芪,誤用(yong)則(ze)兇危立見(jian)。其(qi)(qi)辨證(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嚴謹,用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精確(que),可見(jian)一斑(ban)。
2、腦貧血治療
與腦(nao)充(chong)血(xue)(xue)證相反,張氏認(ren)為腦(nao)貧血(xue)(xue)證則(ze)為血(xue)(xue)之上注于(yu)(yu)腦(nao)過(guo)(guo)少(shao),無(wu)以養(yang)其(qi)腦(nao)髓(sui)神(shen)經(jing),致使(shi)腦(nao)神(shen)經(jing)失其(qi)所司。而血(xue)(xue)之上注過(guo)(guo)少(shao),實由“宗(zong)氣虛寒,不能助(zhu)血(xue)(xue)上升(sheng)川”。故治(zhi)(zhi)療腦(nao)貧血(xue)(xue)證,主張“應峻補其(qi)胸(xiong)(xiong)中(zhong)(zhong)大氣”,自擬當歸補血(xue)(xue)湯(tang)(tang)益氣溫陽、補血(xue)(xue)活(huo)血(xue)(xue),治(zhi)(zhi)療中(zhong)(zhong)風脈象(xiang)遲弱,身(shen)軟,肢(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)漸覺(jue)不利,或(huo)頭(tou)重目眩,或(huo)神(shen)昏(hun)健忘(wang),甚(shen)或(huo)昏(hun)仆,移時蘇(su)醒致成偏(pian)枯(ku)者。方中(zhong)(zhong)主以黃芪升(sheng)補胸(xiong)(xiong)中(zhong)(zhong)大氣,使(shi)血(xue)(xue)隨氣升(sheng),上達(da)腦(nao)中(zhong)(zhong);用(yong)當歸、龍眼肉、鹿角膠養(yang)血(xue)(xue)生髓(sui);丹參、乳、沒開血(xue)(xue)痹,化(hua)瘀滯(zhi);甘(gan)松(song)助(zhu)心房運行有(you)力,以多輸血(xue)(xue)于(yu)(yu)腦(nao),且又為調養(yang)神(shen)經(jing)之品。對于(yu)(yu)腦(nao)貧血(xue)(xue)肢(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)痿廢(fei)或(huo)偏(pian)枯(ku),脈象(xiang)極微細無(wu)力者,又擬干頹湯(tang)(tang)、補腦(nao)振痿湯(tang)(tang)治(zhi)(zhi)療。并指出肢(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)偏(pian)廢(fei),服(fu)藥久不效者,應著重補腎通絡,多選用(yong)胡桃肉、地(di)龍、馬錢子等。
(二)重視沖氣為(wei)病,善用鎮沖降逆(ni)
沖(chong)(chong)(chong)脈(mo)為(wei)奇經(jing)八脈(mo)之(zhi)一,張(zhang)氏論病(bing)(bing)極重(zhong)視(shi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),指出“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)之(zhi)病(bing)(bing)甚多(duo)(duo)(duo),而(er)醫者(zhe)識其(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)者(zhe)甚少。即(ji)或(huo)能(neng)識此病(bing)(bing),亦多(duo)(duo)(duo)不(bu)能(neng)洞悉其(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)因”。因而(er),對沖(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)生(sheng)理,尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)病(bing)(bing)因、病(bing)(bing)理、病(bing)(bing)脈(mo)、治法都作(zuo)了詳細闡述,自(zi)成一家之(zhi)言(yan)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)述沖(chong)(chong)(chong)脈(mo),、兼(jian)采《內》《難》之(zhi)說,認為(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)“在胞室(shi)之(zhi)兩旁,與任脈(mo)相連(lian),為(wei)腎臟之(zhi)輔弼(bi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化相通……上(shang)(shang)(shang)系原隸陽(yang)明胃(wei)腑”,并認為(wei)“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)之(zhi)證,固由(you)于腎臟之(zhi)虛(xu),亦多(duo)(duo)(duo)由(you)于肝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)恣橫(heng),素性多(duo)(duo)(duo)怒(nu)之(zhi)人,其(qi)(qi)(qi)肝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)暴發(fa),更助(zhu)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)胃(wei)之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)逆(ni)(ni)”。即(ji)腎虛(xu)無以涵(han)木,不(bu)能(neng)收(shou)斂(lian)(lian)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),沖(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)行,肝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)橫(heng)逆(ni)(ni),胃(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)逆(ni)(ni)而(er)呈上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)之(zhi)弊。張(zhang)氏描述的(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)證,除自(zi)覺有(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)下上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),脈(mo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)弦硬而(er)長外,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)表現有(you)胃(wei)脘(wan)或(huo)腹中滿(man)悶,噦氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),呃逆(ni)(ni)連(lian)連(lian),嘔吐不(bu)止,或(huo)見吐血(xue)、衄血(xue)等(deng)(deng)胃(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)逆(ni)(ni)不(bu)降(jiang)(jiang)見癥;或(huo)兩脅痛脹(zhang),頭目眩暈,甚而(er)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)火挾痰上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),發(fa)生(sheng)突然昏仆等(deng)(deng);或(huo)為(wei)胸滿(man)窒塞,喘(chuan)息大作(zuo)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)治療(liao),主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)以斂(lian)(lian)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)鎮(zhen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),降(jiang)(jiang)胃(wei)平肝為(wei)佐,獨創參赭鎮(zhen)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)湯、鎮(zhen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)降(jiang)(jiang)胃(wei)湯等(deng)(deng)鎮(zhen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)諸方。其(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)方特色,一為(wei)善用(yong)鎮(zhen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)降(jiang)(jiang)逆(ni)(ni)之(zhi)品,如(ru)赭石、龍、牡等(deng)(deng);一為(wei)善用(yong)補(bu)虛(xu)固澀(se)之(zhi)品,如(ru)山(shan)(shan)萸肉、山(shan)(shan)藥、白芍、芡實(shi)等(deng)(deng),攻中有(you)補(bu),降(jiang)(jiang)斂(lian)(lian)結合,用(yong)之(zhi)臨床,確有(you)良效。其(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)學說為(wei)中醫臨床治療(liao)雜病(bing)(bing)又辟新徑。
(三)脫分上下內外,治脫重視肝虛
張氏認為(wei)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)雖有(you)上(shang)、下(xia)(xia)(xia)、內、外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)別,概由(you)(you)肝(gan)(gan)虛,其(qi)云:“凡人元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo),皆(jie)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)在肝(gan)(gan)”。他根據肝(gan)(gan)主疏(shu)泄(xie)、調(diao)暢氣(qi)(qi)機(ji)的(de)功能,認為(wei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)運行(xing)(xing)和胃氣(qi)(qi)的(de)布化,全(quan)賴于(yu)肝(gan)(gan)臟正(zheng)常的(de)疏(shu)泄(xie)功能。倘(tang)肝(gan)(gan)虛則損泄(xie)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi),耗散腎(shen)氣(qi)(qi),而(er)為(wei)上(shang)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)或下(xia)(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)。“蓋元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)上(shang)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)由(you)(you)于(yu)肝(gan)(gan),其(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)亦由(you)(you)于(yu)肝(gan)(gan)。誠以肝(gan)(gan)能為(wei)腎(shen)行(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi),即(ji)能瀉元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)自下(xia)(xia)(xia)出也”。(《醫學衷中參(can)西錄·醫案·霍(huo)亂門》)上(shang)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng),“喘逆迫促,脈(mo)若水上(shang)浮麻”,張氏制(zhi)參(can)赭(zhe)鎮氣(qi)(qi)湯(tang)救(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。方中以人參(can)補虛極(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)諸氣(qi)(qi),借“赭(zhe)石(shi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li),挽回(hui)將脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)”;蘇子助赭(zhe)石(shi)降氣(qi)(qi);生(sheng)山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)、生(sheng)白芍(shao)滋(zi)補肝(gan)(gan)胃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰,以守持元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi);山(shan)(shan)萸(yu)(yu)肉(rou)、生(sheng)芡實、生(sheng)龍骨(gu)、生(sheng)牡(mu)蠣酸(suan)斂(lian)(lian)收澀,固攝(she)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)。下(xia)(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo),如(ru)“日夜吐瀉不已,脈(mo)沉細(xi)欲無,虛極(ji)將脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)者,為(wei)至危之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)候”,張氏以急救(jiu)回(hui)陽湯(tang)救(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),方用人參(can)以回(hui)陽;山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)、芍(shao)藥(yao)滋(zi)陰;重用山(shan)(shan)萸(yu)(yu)肉(rou)斂(lian)(lian)肝(gan)(gan)固脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)。上(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)兩脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)兼(jian)見者,挽陰回(hui)陽,以“既濟(ji)湯(tang)”酸(suan)斂(lian)(lian)固澀。
除(chu)元(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)上脫(tuo)、下(xia)脫(tuo)之(zhi)外,又有(you)所謂外脫(tuo)、內脫(tuo)。外脫(tuo)者(zhe)(zhe),癥(zheng)見周身(shen)汗出不(bu)(bu)止,或(huo)(huo)“目(mu)睛上竄,或(huo)(huo)喘(chuan)(chuan)逆,或(huo)(huo)怔忡,或(huo)(huo)氣(qi)(qi)虛不(bu)(bu)足(zu)以(yi)息(xi)”,張(zhang)(zhang)氏認為此乃“肝膽虛極而(er)元(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)欲(yu)脫(tuo)也”。即(ji)肝陰過虛,肝風萌動,元(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)欲(yu)脫(tuo),用來復湯(tang)治(zhi)之(zhi)。內脫(tuo),如“胸中大(da)氣(qi)(qi)下(xia)陷,氣(qi)(qi)短不(bu)(bu)足(zu)以(yi)息(xi),或(huo)(huo)努力呼吸,有(you)似乎喘(chuan)(chuan),或(huo)(huo)氣(qi)(qi)息(xi)將停,危在(zai)頃刻(ke)……其脈象沉遲微弱,關前尤甚(shen);其劇者(zhe)(zhe),或(huo)(huo)六脈不(bu)(bu)全,或(huo)(huo)參(can)伍(wu)不(bu)(bu)調”,此系中氣(qi)(qi)自內而(er)陷的內脫(tuo)證,張(zhang)(zhang)氏以(yi)“升(sheng)陷湯(tang)”升(sheng)補下(xia)陷之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),再加(jia)山萸肉收斂氣(qi)(qi)分之(zhi)耗散(san),使(shi)升(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)至復陷,共挽中氣(qi)(qi)下(xia)陷所致之(zhi)內脫(tuo)。
從(cong)上述(shu)救脫(tuo)(tuo)方可見,張(zhang)氏救脫(tuo)(tuo)善用山(shan)(shan)萸(yu)(yu)肉(rou)(rou)。他(ta)認(ren)為(wei)山(shan)(shan)英肉(rou)(rou)味(wei)酸性(xing)(xing)溫,固(gu)澀滑脫(tuo)(tuo),通利九(jiu)竅,流通血脈,為(wei)補肝之(zhi)妙(miao)藥,其救脫(tuo)(tuo)之(zhi)功,較(jiao)參、術、芪更勝(sheng)。“蓋萸(yu)(yu)肉(rou)(rou)之(zhi)性(xing)(xing),不獨補肝也,凡人(ren)(ren)(ren)身之(zhi)陰陽(yang)(yang),氣(qi)血將散者,皆能斂之(zhi),故救脫(tuo)(tuo)之(zhi)藥,當以萸(yu)(yu)肉(rou)(rou)為(wei)第一”。常用萸(yu)(yu)肉(rou)(rou)治(zhi)療各(ge)種虛脫(tuo)(tuo)危證,或配(pei)以生(sheng)(sheng)龍骨、牡(mu)蠣斂汗(han);或配(pei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)參、附子、山(shan)(shan)藥、炙甘(gan)草益氣(qi)回(hui)陽(yang)(yang)固(gu)脫(tuo)(tuo);或配(pei)當歸(gui)、熟地填補精血等。其論脫(tuo)(tuo)證病機及治(zhi)法用藥,別開生(sheng)(sheng)面,對后人(ren)(ren)(ren)啟迪尤(you)深。
(四(si))遣藥制方心得
張氏制方(fang)用藥頗有(you)獨到(dao)經驗(yan),通性味,善(shan)配伍,別(bie)具匠(jiang)心。具體表(biao)現在以下幾(ji)個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)。
1、精(jing)研藥(yao)物,頗多新見
張(zhang)氏(shi)認為學醫的(de)(de)第一層功(gong)夫即(ji)是識藥(yao)性,其(qi)對藥(yao)性的(de)(de)理解(jie),于諸家本草學之外(wai),頗多(duo)新見。《醫學衷中(zhong)(zhong)參西錄》書中(zhong)(zhong)專列(lie)《藥(yao)物(wu)》一章,對常用的(de)(de)79種藥(yao)物(wu)詳(xiang)加解(jie)釋,闡述(shu)了(le)張(zhang)氏(shi)對藥(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)獨到(dao)認識與經驗。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)他研究(jiu)最精的(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu)有黃芪、山萸肉、赭石、山藥(yao)、三七、黨(dang)參、乳香、沒(mei)藥(yao)、三棱、水(shui)蛭、牛膝、龍骨、牡蠣等。
例如,他(ta)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)劑量石膏治(zhi)療外(wai)感熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)病屢收良效(xiao),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)并(bing)無(wu)損傷(shang)(shang)脾胃(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)弊(bi),且隨著(zhu)熱退(tui)病愈(yu)而(er)(er)飲食倍增,為(wei)(wei)(wei)清解(jie)大(da)熱之(zhi)(zhi)特效(xiao)藥(yao)。善用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)三(san)棱、莪術,認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)二藥(yao)善破(po)血(xue)、調氣,化(hua)瘀(yu)(yu)則(ze)三(san)棱優于莪術,理(li)氣則(ze)莪術優于三(san)棱,若“二藥(yao)合用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),常(chang)有(you)(you)協同(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)”。認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)蛭破(po)瘀(yu)(yu)最效(xiao),善除日久之(zhi)(zhi)瘀(yu)(yu)滯,能使瘀(yu)(yu)血(xue)默(mo)消于無(wu)形之(zhi)(zhi)中,乳香善透(tou)竅理(li)氣,沒(mei)藥(yao)善化(hua)瘀(yu)(yu)理(li)血(xue),二藥(yao)并(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宣通臟腑、流(liu)通經(jing)絡之(zhi)(zhi)要藥(yao),常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于治(zhi)心、胃(wei)、脅、腹及(ji)肢(zhi)體關節諸痛(tong),經(jing)痛(tong),產后瘀(yu)(yu)血(xue)腹痛(tong),月經(jing)不(bu)(bu)調,風寒濕痹,中風四肢(zhi)不(bu)(bu)遂及(ji)一(yi)切瘡(chuang)瘍腫痛(tong);雞內(nei)金味(wei)酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)溫藥(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)平和(he)(he),有(you)(you)補(bu)脾胃(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)妙,善化(hua)有(you)(you)形之(zhi)(zhi)瘀(yu)(yu)積(ji);山(shan)楂化(hua)瘀(yu)(yu)血(xue)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)傷(shang)(shang)新(xin)血(xue),開(kai)郁氣而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)傷(shang)(shang)正(zheng)氣;茵陳、麥芽(ya)皆(jie)具(ju)疏(shu)肝(gan)(gan)解(jie)郁之(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao),體弱陰(yin)虛(xu)不(bu)(bu)任(ren)柴胡升散者(zhe),常(chang)以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)代之(zhi)(zhi);黃(huang)芪性(xing)(xing)(xing)溫味(wei)微甘,補(bu)氣兼能升氣,善治(zhi)氣虛(xu)、氣陷諸證,且其(qi)(qi)“性(xing)(xing)(xing)溫而(er)(er)上升,以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)補(bu)肝(gan)(gan)有(you)(you)同(tong)氣相(xiang)求之(zhi)(zhi)妙用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)”,故凡肝(gan)(gan)氣虛(xu)弱不(bu)(bu)能條(tiao)達(da),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)切補(bu)肝(gan)(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)效(xiao)者(zhe),倡重用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)芪為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,而(er)(er)少(shao)佐以(yi)(yi)理(li)氣之(zhi)(zhi)品,并(bing)據此批(pi)評“肝(gan)(gan)虛(xu)無(wu)補(bu)法”之(zhi)(zhi)談。這些獨創(chuang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)見解(jie),擴大(da)和(he)(he)豐富(fu)了藥(yao)物的(de)臨(lin)床應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍。
2、善用生藥,注重(zhong)配伍
張錫純在《醫(yi)學衷中(zhong)參西錄》中(zhong)自擬良方(fang)百余首,以生(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)見長,對生(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)獨(du)具(ju)卓見。如水(shui)蛭(zhi),方(fang)書多謂必(bi)須(xu)炙透方(fang)可(ke)使(shi)用(yong)(yong),但張氏(shi)認為(wei),此物生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)水(shui)中(zhong),原得水(shui)之精氣而生(sheng)(sheng),炙之則傷水(shui)之精氣,不(bu)若生(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)。因(yin)而在治療(liao)經(jing)閉不(bu)行、產后惡露(lu)不(bu)盡或瘀(yu)血(xue)(xue)頑(wan)癥時(shi),常于(yu)理沖(chong)湯、理沖(chong)丸中(zhong)加入(ru)水(shui)蛭(zhi)一錢或一兩,并標明“不(bu)用(yong)(yong)炙”。認為(wei)赭石(shi)色(se)赤性微涼,生(sheng)(sheng)血(xue)(xue)兼能涼血(xue)(xue),且(qie)因(yin)其質重墜,又可(ke)鎮逆、降痰、止嘔、通(tong)便(bian),“生(sheng)(sheng)研(yan)服之不(bu)傷腸胃……且(qie)生(sheng)(sheng)服則養(yang)氣純全,大能養(yang)血(xue)(xue)”。故治陰陽兩虛、喘逆迫促(cu)之喘息(xi),重用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)赭石(shi)伍以生(sheng)(sheng)龍牡(mu)斂沖(chong)降逆;又與肉蓯蓉、當(dang)歸并用(yong)(yong),補腎斂沖(chong),潤便(bian)通(tong)結(jie)。張氏(shi)臨(lin)床(chuang)常用(yong)(yong)的生(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)還有生(sheng)(sheng)乳香(xiang)、生(sheng)(sheng)沒藥(yao)、生(sheng)(sheng)雞內金(jin)、生(sheng)(sheng)黃芪、生(sheng)(sheng)山藥(yao)、生(sheng)(sheng)杭(hang)芍、生(sheng)(sheng)石(shi)膏等(deng)。
此外,張氏根據其(qi)臨(lin)床經驗和體(ti)會,總結出許(xu)多新的藥對配(pei)(pei)伍關系。如山藥配(pei)(pei)牛蒡(bang)子,疏補(bu)兼(jian)行(xing),補(bu)腎健脾(pi),清(qing)肺止咳(ke),祛痰降氣(qi);人參(can)配(pei)(pei)代赭(zhe)石,剛柔相濟,升(sheng)(sheng)降互用(yong),治療脾(pi)胃氣(qi)虛(xu),沖氣(qi)相干,或用(yong)于上盛下虛(xu)、氣(qi)血(xue)將(jiang)脫(tuo)(tuo);黃芪配(pei)(pei)知(zhi)母(mu),寒(han)熱平調以益氣(qi)升(sheng)(sheng)舉(ju);人參(can)配(pei)(pei)威靈仙(xian)治氣(qi)虛(xu)小便不利(li);生龍(long)、牡配(pei)(pei)萸肉,三藥聯(lian)合應用(yong),收斂(lian)固脫(tuo)(tuo)、澀精(jing)止汗等,均可資臨(lin)床參(can)考(kao)。
3、潛心實踐,創(chuang)制(zhi)新方(fang)
張(zhang)氏(shi)對方(fang)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)也頗有(you)心(xin)(xin)得,在(zai)《醫學(xue)衷(zhong)中(zhong)參(can)(can)西錄》中(zhong)創立了許多有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)劑,廣(guang)及(ji)內、外、婦(fu)、兒各科,其(qi)(qi)多有(you)所(suo)宗,遵(zun)經而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)泥古,通(tong)變而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)失(shi)規矩。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong),有(you)不(bu)(bu)少為師(shi)法仲景原(yuan)意(yi)而(er)(er)(er)化(hua)裁創制的(de)(de)(de)新方(fang)。如治(zhi)吐(tu)衄諸方(fang)是受《金匱》瀉心(xin)(xin)湯(tang)影響,以(yi)降胃為主,故喜用(yong)赭(zhe)(zhe)石、半夏。治(zhi)療胸(xiong)(xiong)中(zhong)蘊(yun)熱(re)為外感所(suo)束,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)發(fa)泄而(er)(er)(er)致(zhi)煩(fan)躁的(de)(de)(de)猶龍(long)湯(tang),立意(yi)源(yuan)于(yu)大青龍(long)湯(tang),由連翹、生石膏(gao)、蟬蛻(tui)、牛蒡子(zi)組(zu)成(cheng)。治(zhi)滿悶短氣,呼吸(xi)不(bu)(bu)利的(de)(de)(de)蕩(dang)胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang),于(yu)大陷(xian)胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang)中(zhong)取(qu)用(yong)芒硝,于(yu)小陷(xian)胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang)中(zhong)取(qu)用(yong)瓜蔞,又于(yu)治(zhi)心(xin)(xin)下痞硬之(zhi)(zhi)旋覆代(dai)赭(zhe)(zhe)湯(tang)中(zhong)取(qu)用(yong)赭(zhe)(zhe)石,而(er)(er)(er)復(fu)加蘇子(zi)以(yi)為下行之(zhi)(zhi)向導,可(ke)以(yi)代(dai)大陷(xian)胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang)、丸,亦可(ke)代(dai)小陷(xian)胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang)。又如其(qi)(qi)治(zhi)療婦(fu)科病之(zhi)(zhi)理(li)沖湯(tang)、理(li)沖丸,用(yong)參(can)(can)、術、當歸、山藥(yao)等補(bu)氣健脾扶正(zheng),莪(e)術、三棱、水蛭(zhi)等活血化(hua)瘀,為攻補(bu)兼施,扶正(zheng)化(hua)瘀,治(zhi)閉(bi)經及(ji)癥(zheng)瘕(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)虛(xu)(xu)實夾雜證良方(fang)。又如治(zhi)崩漏的(de)(de)(de)安沖湯(tang)、固(gu)沖湯(tang),熔塞(sai)流、澄(cheng)源(yuan)、補(bu)虛(xu)(xu)于(yu)一爐(lu),止血而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)留瘀,清熱(re)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)涼遏,溫補(bu)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)閉(bi)邪。再(zai)如,如治(zhi)陰(yin)虛(xu)(xu)勞(lao)嗽之(zhi)(zhi)資生湯(tang),治(zhi)腦充血頭目(mu)眩暈之(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)瓴湯(tang),治(zhi)心(xin)(xin)腹疼(teng)痛、癥(zheng)瘕(jia)痰癖的(de)(de)(de)活絡效靈丹,治(zhi)腎虛(xu)(xu)滑胎(tai)的(de)(de)(de)壽胎(tai)丸等等,都是行之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)名方(fang)。
張(zhang)氏治(zhi)學嚴謹(jin),重(zhong)視實(shi)踐(jian),主(zhu)張(zhang)溝(gou)通(tong)中(zhong)西,取長補短,是近代中(zhong)西醫(yi)匯(hui)通(tong)派的代表之一(yi)。結合其(qi)多(duo)年臨證經驗與匯(hui)通(tong)中(zhong)西的體會,著(zhu)成《醫(yi)學衷中(zhong)參西錄(lu)》。
張錫(xi)純,字壽甫(fu),清末民初河(he)北(bei)(bei)省鹽山縣人(ren)。生(sheng)活于公元(yuan)1860~1933年(清咸(xian)豐(feng)十(shi)年至民國二十(shi)二年)。幼敏而好學(xue)(xue),攻讀經史之余,兼習岐黃(huang)之書,后(hou)因兩試秋闈不第,遂(sui)潛心醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)。早年懸(xuan)壺鄉梓(zi),革(ge)命軍(jun)興,應聘(pin)從(cong)戎(rong)去武漢為軍(jun)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)。1917年在沈陽創建“立達中醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院”。直(zhi)奉(feng)戰起,回故居(ju)河(he)北(bei)(bei)滄州行(xing)醫(yi)(yi)(yi),1926年移居(ju)天(tian)津,創辦“天(tian)津國醫(yi)(yi)(yi)函授(shou)學(xue)(xue)校”,培養了大批中醫(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)繼人(ren)才(cai)。
張(zhang)氏治學嚴謹,重視實踐,主張(zhang)溝通(tong)中(zhong)西(xi),取長補短,是近(jin)代中(zhong)西(xi)醫(yi)匯(hui)通(tong)派的(de)代表之一。其醫(yi)德(de)高尚,常舍藥濟貧,遇疑難重癥,殫(dan)思竭慮,并(bing)親自攜藥到病(bing)家(jia)督煎(jian),守(shou)護達(da)旦。為了體(ti)驗(yan)藥物的(de)毒性反應和(he)用(yong)量(liang),曾親嘗巴豆、花椒、甘(gan)遂等(deng)藥,足見其對(dui)病(bing)人極端負責的(de)精神(shen)和(he)重視實踐的(de)治學態度。他醫(yi)術精湛(zhan),常能力排眾(zhong)議,獨任(ren)其責,起(qi)群醫(yi)束手之沉疴(ke),療效卓(zhuo)著,名(ming)震遐邇。當時(shi)與江蘇陸晉笙、楊如(ru)侯(hou),廣東劉蔚楚同負盛(sheng)名(ming),又(you)與慈溪張(zhang)生甫、嘉定張(zhang)山雷并(bing)稱名(ming)醫(yi)三張(zhang)。
張氏勤于(yu)鉆研,善(shan)于(yu)總結,平生著述(shu)甚多,后因天津(jin)洪水(shui)沒其居,遺書蕩(dang)盡,傳世(shi)者僅《醫(yi)學(xue)衷中參(can)西錄(lu)》一書。
《醫(yi)學衷中(zhong)參(can)西錄(lu)》為(wei)20世紀中(zhong)醫(yi)臨床醫(yi)學名著,素(su)為(wei)醫(yi)家所重視。