絨毛白蠟原產美國(guo)德克薩斯、新墨西哥,直(zhi)至(zhi)加利福尼(ni)亞等美國(guo)西南(nan)各(ge)州,分(fen)布于海拔600-2000m的峽(xia)谷地區。20世紀初由(you)加拿(na)大(da)引入我國(guo)濟(ji)(ji)南(nan)市,50年代初由(you)濟(ji)(ji)南(nan)引人天津市,經多年定檀觀察(cha)表現(xian)良好,1984年天津定為市樹。
喜光,對氣候、土(tu)壤要求不嚴,耐寒(han),耐干(gan)旱,耐水濕,耐鹽(yan)堿(jian)。深(shen)根樹種,側根發(fa)達,生長較迅速,少(shao)病蟲害,抗風,抗煙(yan)塵,材質優良。
絨毛白蠟為(wei)(wei)高大落葉(xie)喬木,30年生樹高達23.5m,胸(xiong)徑64cm,為(wei)(wei)奇數羽(yu)狀(zhuang)復葉(xie),小葉(xie)3-9枚,以(yi)5枝(zhi)居多,葉(xie)長(chang)卵形先端(duan)尖,基部寬楔形,不對稱,葉(xie)長(chang)1-8cm,寬2~2.7cm,邊緣有細鋸(ju)齒,葉(xie)背有絨毛;雌(ci)雄(xiong)異株,雌(ci)花(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)圓錐(zhui)狀(zhuang)聚傘花(hua)(hua)序,著生于(yu)去年生小枝(zhi)上(shang),無花(hua)(hua)瓣,萼4~5裂,雄(xiong)簿2-3枚,極短(duan),花(hua)(hua)藥(yao)金黃(huang)色。雌(ci)花(hua)(hua)柱頭成(cheng)熟時二裂,呈粉紅色,先花(hua)(hua)后(hou)葉(xie),4月中旬(xun)開花(hua)(hua),花(hua)(hua)期1周,果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)翅(chi)(chi)果(guo)(guo),長(chang)2cm左右,果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)比果(guo)(guo)翅(chi)(chi)略長(chang),果(guo)(guo)翅(chi)(chi)下延至果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)上(shang)部,翅(chi)(chi)端(duan)徽凹(ao)。
種子(zi)長條(tiao)形長約1cm,兩端稍尖,5月(yue)結果,11月(yue)中旬成熟。
胸徑10厘米(mi)以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)裸根(gen)栽(zai)植,大(da)于10厘米(mi)的(de)(de)要帶(dai)土(tu)球(qiu),土(tu)球(qiu)直徑為胸徑的(de)(de)6倍至(zhi)8倍。栽(zai)植不(bu)可(ke)過(guo)深,裸根(gen)苗(miao)高于原土(tu)痕(hen)3厘米(mi),土(tu)球(qiu)苗(miao)與(yu)土(tu)球(qiu)上沿平(ping)齊。栽(zai)前施腐(fu)熟的(de)(de)牛馬糞做基(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei),與(yu)栽(zai)植土(tu)拌勻,栽(zai)后(hou)(hou)馬上澆(jiao)(jiao)透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),七天后(hou)(hou)澆(jiao)(jiao)二(er)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),再(zai)過(guo)七天后(hou)(hou)澆(jiao)(jiao)三(san)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。三(san)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou),每(mei)月(yue)(yue)澆(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),澆(jiao)(jiao)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)時松土(tu)保墑。六七月(yue)(yue)份(fen)追一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)氮(dan)磷鉀復(fu)合(he)肥(fei)(fei),11月(yue)(yue)底結合(he)澆(jiao)(jiao)凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)施一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)圈肥(fei)(fei)。第二(er)年(nian)早春(chun)澆(jiao)(jiao)解凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),萌芽(ya)后(hou)(hou)追一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei),4月(yue)(yue)至(zhi)10月(yue)(yue)每(mei)月(yue)(yue)澆(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),六七月(yue)(yue)份(fen)施一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)磷鉀復(fu)合(he)肥(fei)(fei),秋末按(an)頭(tou)年(nian)的(de)(de)方法澆(jiao)(jiao)封凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),施基(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)。第三(san)年(nian)及(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou),每(mei)年(nian)秋末施一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei),只(zhi)需(xu)澆(jiao)(jiao)凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)返(fan)青(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),其(qi)余時間靠自(zi)然降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。
絨毛白蠟萌(meng)發力較強,容(rong)易形成(cheng)過密的對生枝條(tiao),在圃內(nei)應及時采取抹(mo)芽、修剪等措施,促使主(zhu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)生長。也可以采取截(jie)枝養(yang)干(gan)(gan)(gan)的方法,使干(gan)(gan)(gan)冠(guan)比(bi)保(bao)持在1∶2左右。
大苗移植(zhi)需抹頭(tou),形(xing)成整齊的樹干(gan),同時(shi)降低蒸騰量,提(ti)高(gao)成活率(lv)。用作行道(dao)樹定(ding)干(gan)為(wei)2.5米(mi)至3米(mi),樹形(xing)為(wei)自然(ran)開心形(xing)。定(ding)干(gan)后(hou)待新(xin)芽長(chang)至30厘米(mi),在(zai)干(gan)最上(shang)端選3個至5個健(jian)壯枝(zhi)作主(zhu)枝(zhi)培養,所選枝(zhi)條要分布均勻,角度開張,其余疏(shu)除。秋(qiu)季落(luo)葉后(hou)選留的主(zhu)枝(zhi)中短(duan)截,留外芽。第二年初夏,修(xiu)剪(jian)每個主(zhu)枝(zhi)上(shang)的新(xin)生側(ce)(ce)枝(zhi),秋(qiu)末再將側(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)短(duan)截,繼續(xu)留外芽。照(zhao)此方法修(xiu)剪(jian),三四年基本(ben)樹形(xing)就能確定(ding)。
育苗(miao)時,幼苗(miao)喜濕(shi)潤,種(zhong)子采后即播(bo)(bo)種(zhong),或早春(chun)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong),春(chun)播(bo)(bo)前低溫層積30天或用始溫45度浸(jin)種(zhong)20天后催芽,播(bo)(bo)后15天發芽出土(tu)。條播(bo)(bo)行(xing)距20-25厘米,每畝(mu)地播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量5-8公斤,覆土(tu)1.5厘米,一年生苗(miao)高(gao)50厘米。也可進行(xing)插條育苗(miao),一至(zhi)二年生枝春(chun)插,成活(huo)率(lv)較高(gao)。
絨毛白蠟的種(zhong)子(zi)10月份成熟,成熟后要(yao)及時采收。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)時間冬(dong)(dong)(dong)春均可,以(yi)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)播(bo)(bo)較好(hao),可免去種(zhong)子(zi)處理的工序,也易保墑,特(te)別(bie)是在無澆水條件的地方更(geng)應(ying)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)播(bo)(bo)。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)播(bo)(bo)時開溝,行距50厘(li)米(mi)(mi)~60厘(li)米(mi)(mi),澆水造墑,待水滲下后播(bo)(bo)種(zhong),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)深度2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)~3厘(li)米(mi)(mi),然(ran)后覆土起壟(long),壟(long)高20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。翌春種(zhong)子(zi)發芽時,平(ping)壟(long)去土,小苗(miao)很快出齊。
蟲(chong)害大(da)青葉蟬、蚱蟬發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)48%樂(le)(le)(le)斯本乳(ru)油3500倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi);女貞(zhen)卷葉綿(mian)蚜、日(ri)本履綿(mian)蚧發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)其(qi)幼齡期(qi)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)10%吡蟲(chong)啉可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)粉劑2000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi);擬薔(qiang)薇(wei)切葉蜂(feng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)其(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)高峰期(qi)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)40%氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)樂(le)(le)(le)果800倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi);桑褶(zhe)翅尺蛾(e)、美(mei)國白蛾(e)、霜天(tian)(tian)(tian)蛾(e)、紅節(jie)天(tian)(tian)(tian)蛾(e)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)20%除蟲(chong)脲懸浮劑7000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi);白蠟絹野螟(ming)、褐邊綠刺(ci)蛾(e)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)其(qi)幼蟲(chong)期(qi)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)Bt乳(ru)劑500倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)或(huo)3%高滲(shen)苯(ben)(ben)氧(yang)威(wei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)顆粒(li)(li)3000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi);白須絨天(tian)(tian)(tian)蛾(e)、絨星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)蛾(e)、女貞(zhen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)蛾(e)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)1.2%煙參堿1000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi);白蠟哈(ha)氏莖蜂(feng)危害,可(ke)(ke)(ke)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)3%高滲(shen)苯(ben)(ben)氧(yang)威(wei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)顆粒(li)(li)3000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi);薄翅鋸天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛、多(duo)斑(ban)白條(tiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)其(qi)幼蟲(chong)期(qi)采取樹干(gan)(gan)注射40%氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)樂(le)(le)(le)果原液(ye)(ye),對成蟲(chong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)燈光誘(you)殺、人工捕殺;日(ri)本雙棘(ji)長蠹發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)成蟲(chong)羽化(hua)(hua)飛出盛期(qi)向(xiang)枝干(gan)(gan)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)3%高滲(shen)苯(ben)(ben)氧(yang)威(wei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)顆粒(li)(li)3000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)封殺從干(gan)(gan)內飛出的(de)成蟲(chong)。
病(bing)(bing)害主要有(you)干基(ji)腐(fu)病(bing)(bing)和(he)枯枝病(bing)(bing)。前者(zhe)用經消毒處理的刀將病(bing)(bing)患處刮除,噴灑3波(bo)美(mei)(mei)度石硫(liu)合劑或2%硫(liu)酸(suan)銅溶液(ye);后者(zhe)可剪(jian)除病(bing)(bing)枝,剪(jian)口涂5波(bo)美(mei)(mei)度石硫(liu)合劑。
枝繁葉茂,適應(ying)性強,特別耐鹽(yan)堿(jian),抗污染,是(shi)優良(liang)(liang)的(de)造景樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),可做“四旁(pang)”綠(lv)化、農田(tian)防護林、行道樹(shu)及庭院綠(lv)化。深根樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),側(ce)根發達,生長較迅(xun)速,少病(bing)蟲害(hai),抗風,材質優良(liang)(liang)。可營(ying)造防護林,可供沙荒、鹽(yan)堿(jian)地造林,也(ye)是(shi)北方四旁(pang)綠(lv)化的(de)主(zhu)要樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之一(yi)。是(shi)沿海城(cheng)市綠(lv)化的(de)優良(liang)(liang)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。