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紅松
0 票數:0 #樹木#
紅松(Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.)裸子植物,常綠喬木,高可達40米,小枝密生褐色柔毛,葉5針一束,粗硬。其產于中國東北長白山到小興安嶺,常同魚鱗松、紅皮云杉組成混交林;耐寒性強,喜微酸性土或中性土;木材輕軟、細致、紋理直、耐腐蝕性強,為建筑、橋梁、枕木、家具優良用材。其種子供食用或藥用,又可榨油供食用及工業用,為產地主要造林樹種,又為觀賞樹。
  • 中文學名: 紅松(song)
  • 拉丁學名: Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.
  • 別稱: 海松,果(guo)松、韓松,紅果(guo)松,朝鮮松
  • 界: 植物界
  • 門: 裸(luo)子植物門
  • 綱: 松柏(bo)綱(gang)
  • 目: 松柏目
  • 科: 松科
  • 屬: 松科
  • 種: 紅(hong)松
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生長與分布

產于(yu)中國(guo)東(dong)北長白山區、吉(ji)林(lin)山區及小(xiao)興(xing)安嶺愛輝以南海拔150-1800米、氣候溫寒(han)、濕(shi)潤、棕色(se)森(sen)林(lin)土地帶(dai)。分布于(yu)中國(guo)(黑龍江、吉(ji)林(lin))、日本(本州)、朝鮮(xian)民主主義人民共和(he)國(guo)、大韓民國(guo)、俄羅斯聯邦(阿(a)穆爾、哈(ha)巴羅夫斯克、Primoryi)。

形態及特征

紅(hong)松(song)是松(song)科松(song)屬的(de)常(chang)(chang)綠(lv)喬木,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)高(gao)可達30米(mi),胸徑1米(mi);幼樹(shu)(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮(pi)灰(hui)褐(he)(he)色(se)(se),近平滑(hua),大樹(shu)(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮(pi)灰(hui)褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)或(huo)灰(hui)色(se)(se),縱裂成不規則的(de)長方鱗(lin)狀塊(kuai)片(pian),裂片(pian)脫落后露出紅(hong)褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)的(de)內皮(pi);樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干(gan)上(shang)部(bu)常(chang)(chang)分叉(cha),枝近平展(zhan),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠圓錐(zhui)形;一年(nian)生枝密(mi)被黃褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)或(huo)紅(hong)褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)柔(rou)毛;冬芽(ya)淡(dan)紅(hong)褐(he)(he)色(se)(se),矩圓狀卵圓形,先端尖,微被樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂,芽(ya)鱗(lin)排列較(jiao)疏松(song)。

針葉(xie)5針一(yi)束,長6-12厘米(mi),粗硬,直,深(shen)綠(lv)色,邊緣具細鋸齒,背(bei)面(mian)通常無氣(qi)孔線,腹面(mian)每側(ce)具6-8條淡藍灰色的氣(qi)孔線;橫切(qie)面(mian)近三角形(xing),皮下層細胞單層,但在(zai)背(bei)面(mian)兩樹脂道(dao)之(zhi)間常出現斷(duan)續(xu)的分布著(zhu)1-3或多至15個細胞寬的第二(er)層皮下層,樹脂道(dao)3個,中生,位(wei)于(yu)三個角部(bu);葉(xie)鞘早(zao)落。

雄球花橢圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)圓(yuan)柱形(xing),紅(hong)黃色,長7-10毫米,多數密集(ji)于(yu)新枝下部成(cheng)穗狀(zhuang);雌球花綠(lv)褐色,圓(yuan)柱狀(zhuang)卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing),直(zhi)立(li),單生或數個集(ji)生于(yu)新枝近頂端,具粗(cu)長的梗。球果圓(yuan)錐狀(zhuang)卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)、圓(yuan)錐狀(zhuang)長卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)或卵(luan)狀(zhuang)矩圓(yuan)形(xing),長9-14厘米,稀更長,徑6-8厘米,梗長1-1.5厘米,成(cheng)熟后(hou)種鱗不(bu)張開(kai),或稍(shao)微張開(kai)而露(lu)出種子(zi),但種子(zi)不(bu)脫落(luo)。

種鱗(lin)(lin)菱(ling)形(xing)(xing)(xing),上部漸窄(zhai)而開展,先端(duan)鈍,向(xiang)外反曲,鱗(lin)(lin)盾黃(huang)褐(he)色或(huo)微(wei)(wei)帶灰綠(lv)色,三(san)角形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)斜(xie)方狀三(san)角形(xing)(xing)(xing),下部底邊(bian)(bian)截形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)微(wei)(wei)成(cheng)寬楔形(xing)(xing)(xing),表面(mian)有(you)皺紋,鱗(lin)(lin)臍不(bu)顯(xian)著;種子大,著生(sheng)于種鱗(lin)(lin)腹(上)面(mian)下部的(de)凹槽(cao)中(zhong),無(wu)翅或(huo)頂端(duan)及(ji)上部兩側微(wei)(wei)具棱脊,暗紫(zi)褐(he)色或(huo)褐(he)色,倒卵狀三(san)角形(xing)(xing)(xing),微(wei)(wei)扁,長(chang)(chang)1.2-1.6厘米(mi),徑7-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi);子葉(xie)13-16枚,針狀,橫切面(mian)三(san)角形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3.8-5厘米(mi),寬約1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),先端(duan)尖(jian),邊(bian)(bian)緣(yuan)有(you)細(xi)鋸齒;初生(sheng)葉(xie)條形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.3-1.6厘米(mi),寬不(bu)及(ji)1毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),邊(bian)(bian)緣(yuan)有(you)細(xi)鋸齒。

花期6月(yue),球果(guo)第二(er)年9-10月(yue)成(cheng)熟。

生活習性

紅松喜光性(xing)(xing)強,對土壤水(shui)分要求較高(gao)(gao),不宜過干、過濕(shi)(shi)的土壤及(ji)嚴寒氣候(hou)。在(zai)溫寒多(duo)雨,相(xiang)對濕(shi)(shi)度較高(gao)(gao)的氣候(hou)與(yu)深(shen)厚(hou)肥沃(wo)、排(pai)(pai)水(shui)良(liang)(liang)好的酸性(xing)(xing)棕色森(sen)林土上生(sheng)長最(zui)好。紅松屬半陽性(xing)(xing)樹種,淺根(gen)性(xing)(xing),常生(sheng)于排(pai)(pai)水(shui)良(liang)(liang)好的濕(shi)(shi)潤山(shan)坡上,幼樹耐庇(bi)蔭,對大氣濕(shi)(shi)度較敏感,濕(shi)(shi)潤度在(zai)0.7以上生(sheng)長良(liang)(liang)好,在(zai)0.5以下生(sheng)長不良(liang)(liang)。

栽培方法

選種

紅松是雌(ci)雄同株異花(hua)的樹(shu)種(zhong),花(hua)期(qi)(qi)在(zai)6月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)下旬,自(zi)開(kai)花(hua)至球(qiu)果(guo)(guo)成熟歷(li)時15個月(yue)(yue),紅松采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)期(qi)(qi)可(ke)長達(da)4個月(yue)(yue),前(qian)期(qi)(qi)可(ke)以從樹(shu)上采(cai)(cai)摘或打落球(qiu)果(guo)(guo),后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)可(ke)從雪(xue)地上拾取(qu)球(qiu)果(guo)(guo)。球(qiu)果(guo)(guo)采(cai)(cai)集后(hou)(hou)攤開(kai)晾曬(shai)或陰干數(shu)日,鱗片(pian)稍(shao)張開(kai)時可(ke)人(ren)工棒打調制。天然林球(qiu)果(guo)(guo)的出種(zhong)率(lv)(lv)13%-14%,人(ren)工林球(qiu)果(guo)(guo)出種(zhong)率(lv)(lv)可(ke)達(da)30%,千粒(li)重520克。在(zai)采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)工作中(zhong)應注意球(qiu)果(guo)(guo)的選擇,在(zai)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)調制過(guo)程中(zhong)要(yao)篩去小粒(li)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi),以保證種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)質量和(he)苗(miao)木的優質高產。種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)要(yao)經過(guo)晾曬(shai)使其含(han)水量降到(dao)10%時方可(ke)儲藏。

種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處理,首先(xian)要凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),紅(hong)松種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粒大,單位面積(ji)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量高(gao),一(yi)般一(yi)級種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)每(mei)平方米播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.5公斤。一(yi)般是(shi)用(yong)清水侵種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小時,除掉(diao)浮起的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),留用(yong)沉底(di)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。其次(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du),紅(hong)松種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)催(cui)芽時間長,如(ru)不(bu)進行消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du),易引(yin)起種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)霉腐,在消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)前先(xian)進行浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),然后用(yong)0.5%硫酸水溶(rong)液浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)3小時,撈出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)控干(gan),準備混(hun)沙催(cui)芽。第三是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)催(cui)芽,紅(hong)松種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)休眠(mian)期長,不(bu)經過充分(fen)催(cui)芽處理,春季播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當年不(bu)出(chu)苗(miao)或出(chu)不(bu)齊。

室內自然溫度堆(dui)積法。在8月中(zhong)、下旬,將種子浸水2天,混(hun)沙兩倍,保持60%的濕(shi)度,放室內堆(dui)成(cheng)30-40厘米(mi)高(gao)(gao),隔(ge)日翻動(dong)一次(ci),干時澆(jiao)(jiao)水,待天冷結凍(dong)時,堆(dui)成(cheng)60厘米(mi)高(gao)(gao),并澆(jiao)(jiao)水封凍(dong),至春季(ji)播(bo)種前將其翻動(dong),使溫濕(shi)均勻。

催芽

快(kuai)速(su)催芽法。在(zai)播種(zhong)(zhong)前40天,用50度熱水(shui)(shui)(shui)浸種(zhong)(zhong),并充分攪動(dong)(dong),直至(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫下(xia)降到30度,經過24小時(shi)后,在(zai)換涼水(shui)(shui)(shui),以(yi)后每兩(liang)天換涼水(shui)(shui)(shui)一次,浸10天,當種(zhong)(zhong)仁(ren)變成(cheng)乳白(bai)色時(shi),將種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)撈出,均(jun)勻(yun)地與3倍體積的濕沙混(hun)合,放在(zai)背風向陽(yang)處(chu)攤曬,每天晚(wan)將種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)堆成(cheng)堆,蓋(gai)上草簾,第二天再攤開(kai),如(ru)果(guo)為了加快(kuai)催芽時(shi)間,可(ke)放在(zai)室內適當加溫,溫度保(bao)持20-30度,每日要翻(fan)動(dong)(dong)兩(liang)次并均(jun)勻(yun)澆水(shui)(shui)(shui),以(yi)保(bao)持一定濕度。

苗期管理

紅(hong)松(song)的出苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi)約(yue)需(xu)20至(zhi)(zhi)30天(tian),當氣溫(wen)高于16攝氏(shi)度(du)時(shi),發芽最旺盛,應(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)噴水(shui)防(fang)旱(han)(han),并(bing)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)鳥(niao)類啄(zhuo)食危(wei)害。幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi)根生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)較快(kuai),主(zhu)根可達(da)10厘米長(chang),約(yue)占全年生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)量(liang)(liang)的40%,且(qie)能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)4至(zhi)(zhi)5條側(ce)根。而苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)高生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)量(liang)(liang)很(hen)小。所以(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)抵抗力(li)很(hen)差,應(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)澆水(shui)降(jiang)溫(wen),防(fang)止(zhi)日(ri)灼,并(bing)及時(shi)追肥和(he)松(song)土(tu)除草。自紅(hong)松(song)幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)形(xing)成頂芽時(shi)起(qi),至(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)速度(du)下降(jiang)為(wei)止(zhi),約(yue)持續(xu)2個月。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)量(liang)(liang)增大,苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)莖加(jia)粗,主(zhu)根伸(shen)長(chang),側(ce)根大量(liang)(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),并(bing)出現(xian)兩(liang)次側(ce)根。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)需(xu)肥量(liang)(liang)增加(jia),應(ying)及時(shi)追肥。并(bing)加(jia)強(qiang)中耕松(song)土(tu)和(he)除草等管理。當年生(sheng)(sheng)紅(hong)松(song)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)弱小,一(yi)般不(bu)能(neng)出圃造林(常用(yong)2至(zhi)(zhi)3年生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)造林),所以(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)越冬保護極為(wei)重(zhong)要。紅(hong)松(song)更能(neng)耐(nai)寒,但怕干旱(han)(han),特別是早春苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)地上(shang)都已(yi)萌動,但土(tu)壤(rang)尚未(wei)解凍,不(bu)能(neng)及時(shi)供應(ying)水(shui)分而造成生(sheng)(sheng)理干旱(han)(han)。因此(ci),常用(yong)覆土(tu)埋苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)法(fa)保護苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)。其(qi)方法(fa)是:先將步(bu)道土(tu)壤(rang)打碎(sui)埋沒苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)莖,再(zai)將苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)傾(qing)向一(yi)側(ce)用(yong)土(tu)壓倒,厚(hou)約(yue)10厘米,以(yi)不(bu)見苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)為(wei)度(du),并(bing)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)能(neng)透風(feng)。待來春土(tu)壤(rang)解凍深度(du)達(da)10厘米以(yi)上(shang)時(shi)再(zai)撤土(tu)。也有應(ying)用(yong)增溫(wen)劑噴灑葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面,控(kong)制(zhi)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面蒸騰,防(fang)止(zhi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)干枯,效果(guo)很(hen)好。

地勢行距

一般采(cai)用四(si)年生(sheng)紅松(song)苗(2-2紅松(song)苗),上山造(zao)林(lin)(lin)栽(zai)(zai)植前實行穴狀(zhuang)或臺田(tian)整(zheng)地(di),按1.5×1.5m或1.5×2.0m株行距栽(zai)(zai)植,初(chu)植密度宜大,可(ke)采(cai)用林(lin)(lin)冠下混交(jiao)(jiao)造(zao)林(lin)(lin),待紅松(song)長(chang)到1.0至(zhi)1.5m高時(shi),逐步(bu)去掉影響(xiang)紅松(song)生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)闊葉樹種,形成針闊混交(jiao)(jiao)林(lin)(lin),栽(zai)(zai)植三年內進行撫育(yu),割除(chu)影響(xiang)紅松(song)生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)雜(za)草,灌木,防(fang)治松(song)毛蟲危害,主要采(cai)取(qu)綁扎毒條的(de)(de)方法進行防(fang)治。用種子繁殖,對其種子要在播種前進行催(cui)芽處理(li)后育(yu)苗。造(zao)林(lin)(lin)時(shi)應采(cai)用4年生(sheng)苗木,選擇土層(ceng)深厚、排水良好的(de)(de)山坡中下腹為宜。

紅(hong)松對立地(di)條(tiao)件要求較高,一般需要選擇地(di)勢(shi)較低、但(dan)(dan)又不能積水的(de)平(ping)坦地(di)帶。要在(zai)(zai)短期內取(qu)得較好的(de)經(jing)濟效益,可(ke)采(cai)用4mX4m或(huo)5mX5m株(zhu)行距,挖長(chang)、寬各40cm,深50cm的(de)坑,將嫁(jia)接(jie)好的(de)容器苗(miao)除(chu)去塑料(liao)袋(dai)放在(zai)(zai)坑內,填土踩實(shi),然后(hou)修60cmX60cm的(de)水盤,灌水以(yi)(yi)確(que)保成活。栽(zai)植時(shi)(shi)間可(ke)在(zai)(zai)春季(ji)(ji)或(huo)秋季(ji)(ji),亦(yi)可(ke)在(zai)(zai)雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)。雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)栽(zai)植可(ke)節省大(da)量(liang)勞力(li),但(dan)(dan)要把握好時(shi)(shi)機,由于(yu)雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)苗(miao)木正處于(yu)生長(chang)旺盛時(shi)(shi)期,一但(dan)(dan)水分供應不足,則很容易造(zao)成萎(wei)蔫或(huo)枯(ku)萎(wei)死亡。在(zai)(zai)造(zao)林(lin)地(di)進(jin)行嫁(jia)接(jie)的(de)苗(miao)木,成活后(hou)應及(ji)時(shi)(shi)控制(zhi)其它非嫁(jia)接(jie)枝(zhi)的(de)生長(chang),一但(dan)(dan)發現有超過嫁(jia)接(jie)枝(zhi)的(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)要及(ji)時(shi)(shi)除(chu)掉。紅(hong)松經(jing)嫁(jia)接(jie)一般6-7a就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)結實(shi),但(dan)(dan)此時(shi)(shi)由于(yu)雄花(hua)粉(fen)較少,種(zhong)子多為(wei)批(pi)粒(li),應根據當地(di)的(de)氣候條(tiao)件進(jin)行人工輔助授粉(fen)。

繁殖方式

播種

用(yong)當年新采(cai)的(de)(de)(de)紅松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行變溫催芽處理(li)。用(yong)這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法處理(li)后的(de)(de)(de)紅松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后3-5天就(jiu)出(chu)土,7天左(zuo)右全(quan)部出(chu)齊,每(mei)年的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)苗率均達90%以(yi)上(shang)。一、準備工(gong)作一是(shi)(shi)在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處理(li)室內鋪設地(di)板,地(di)板離地(di)面30厘米高(gao),做好保溫工(gong)作;二是(shi)(shi)準備充足的(de)(de)(de)河(he)砂(sha),河(he)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)體積為(wei)處理(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)體積的(de)(de)(de)2倍;三(san)是(shi)(shi)準備好取暖設施;四是(shi)(shi)用(yong)甲醛(quan)對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處理(li)室進行醺蒸(zheng)消毒,用(yong)0.5%的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)錳(meng)酸(suan)鉀對(dui)河(he)砂(sha)進行消毒待用(yong)。

當(dang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子有30%以上(shang)裂(lie)嘴時,即(ji)為催芽良好,可(ke)(ke)用于播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。當(dang)春季地下5厘米處溫度(du)達到8度(du)以上(shang)時即(ji)可(ke)(ke)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(按干種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)計算)每畝200-250公斤(jin),用播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子播(bo)在(zai)床面(mian)上(shang),然(ran)后加以鎮壓(ya),使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子與土壤緊密接觸,再覆以種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粒兩(liang)倍(bei)后的腐殖(zhi)土或鋸(ju)末,并再鎮壓(ya)一(yi)次(ci)。如覆鋸(ju)末時,必須澆透水。

嫁接

一般栽植(zhi)紅松嫁(jia)接(jie)苗(miao)有三種方(fang)(fang)式:一是在苗(miao)圃地(di)(di)(di)培育(yu)的(de)紅松砧(zhen)木苗(miao)上嫁(jia)接(jie),一年后,將嫁(jia)接(jie)苗(miao)裸(luo)根上山(shan)栽植(zhi);二是在造林(lin)地(di)(di)(di)上按3×3M、4×4M或3×5M等(deng)不同(tong)株行(xing)距,定植(zhi)4-5年生的(de)砧(zhen)木苗(miao),實行(xing)現地(di)(di)(di)嫁(jia)接(jie);三是在培育(yu)好的(de)營養杯苗(miao)上嫁(jia)接(jie),實行(xing)移栽定植(zhi)。常用(yong)的(de)是前兩種方(fang)(fang)式,成本低,方(fang)(fang)法簡(jian)便易行(xing)。

解綁塑料條

接穗與砧木(mu)嫁接部位是用塑(su)料條纏綁(bang)的(de)(de),成(cheng)活(huo)后,適(shi)時(shi)解綁(bang),有利(li)于(yu)嫁接苗(miao)生長。采(cai)用苗(miao)圃(pu)地嫁接的(de)(de),在(zai)嫁接的(de)(de)當(dang)年(nian),以不解開(kai)塑(su)料條為(wei)宜,翌年(nian)上山定植后再(zai)進行解綁(bang);采(cai)用現地嫁接的(de)(de),最好在(zai)嫁接后的(de)(de)第二年(nian)5月(yue)份解條為(wei)宜,而對嫁接當(dang)年(nian)切(qie)口(kou)完全愈(yu)合(he)且接穗生長良好的(de)(de),也(ye)可以在(zai)7月(yue)份解綁(bang)。一般嫁接當(dang)年(nian)多數(shu)切(qie)口(kou)愈(yu)合(he)不牢固,易(yi)遭人(ren)畜或自然災害危(wei)害,致使(shi)接穗折斷,劈(pi)裂,降(jiang)低成(cheng)活(huo)率(lv),故適(shi)時(shi)解綁(bang),有利(li)于(yu)嫁接苗(miao)的(de)(de)成(cheng)活(huo)和(he)生長。

樹體修剪

掌握正確的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)方法,對嫁接(jie)(jie)苗的(de)(de)(de)成活和(he)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)有很大影響(xiang)(xiang)。嫁接(jie)(jie)苗栽植后需(xu)要(yao)連續5-7年的(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)勢(shi)管理,即(ji)在(zai)每(mei)年的(de)(de)(de)2-3月(yue)份對樹(shu)體進(jin)行一次(ci)全面修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)整形(xing),剪(jian)(jian)去(qu)影響(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)(jie)穗生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)砧(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木(mu)(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)頂端,以確保接(jie)(jie)穗生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)始終處于(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)地位。在(zai)定植后的(de)(de)(de)幾年內(nei),接(jie)(jie)穗高生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量(liang)小于(yu)砧(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木(mu)(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量(liang),接(jie)(jie)穗的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)地位易被(bei)砧(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木(mu)(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)所(suo)取代。所(suo)以,在(zai)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)過程中,前幾年只剪(jian)(jian)去(qu)砧(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木(mu)(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)梢,控制其高生(sheng)長(chang)(chang),保留其它(ta)營養(yang)枝(zhi)。隨著(zhu)接(jie)(jie)穗主(zhu)(zhu)體地位的(de)(de)(de)確定,并形(xing)成新的(de)(de)(de)多層(ceng)營養(yang)枝(zhi)時,再逐(zhu)漸剪(jian)(jian)去(qu)砧(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木(mu)(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)。當嫁接(jie)(jie)苗接(jie)(jie)穗形(xing)成完整的(de)(de)(de)一株幼樹(shu)時,樹(shu)體修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)工作結束。

扦插

插前防止措施

采(cai)集(ji)的插(cha)(cha)穗距離遠(yuan)近直接影響插(cha)(cha)穗水分(fen)狀(zhuang)態(tai),因此營建(jian)采(cai)穗圃時(shi)(shi)應(ying)建(jian)在離扦插(cha)(cha)床(chuang)(chuang)較(jiao)近的地(di)方(fang)。插(cha)(cha)穗采(cai)集(ji)離插(cha)(cha)床(chuang)(chuang)距離遠(yuan)時(shi)(shi),應(ying)注意運(yun)輸過(guo)程中(zhong)插(cha)(cha)穗的保存(cun)。紅(hong)松插(cha)(cha)穗采(cai)用木箱子(zi)(zi)。麻袋作包裝。具體做法是一(yi)層濕沙子(zi)(zi)一(yi)層插(cha)(cha)穗,運(yun)輸時(shi)(shi)間中(zhong)途應(ying)適量落水,這樣(yang)可以(yi)保持插(cha)(cha)穗正(zheng)常狀(zhuang)態(tai)2-3。

選擇適宜的采穗季節

不同類型插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)進行扦穗(sui)(sui)應選擇適宜的(de)采穗(sui)(sui),實踐證明,春(chun)插(cha)(cha)時采穗(sui)(sui)期為休眠期,嫩枝扦插(cha)(cha)注意(yi)的(de)成熟(shu)度,紅松新葉長到(dao)8-12cm。韌皮部與木質部能分離出,是紅松插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)可采的(de)時期,時間大約是7月10日-7月15日。

培育抗旱性插穗

插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)的(de)質(zhi)量好壞(huai)直(zhi)接影(ying)響抗旱能(neng)力和成活,在采穗(sui)圃(pu)采集采穗(sui)提前1個月施(shi)磷酸(suan)二氫鉀,其(qi)濃度為1:200倍,施(shi)液量200ml/m,并以樹(shu)葉表面被液膜(mo)充分覆蓋為主。培(pei)育(yu)健壯插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)的(de)第二種措施(shi)是(shi)采穗(sui)前3個月插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)基部(bu)進行環割,在母株上(shang)形(xing)成愈(yu)傷組織(zhi),其(qi)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)進行扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha),插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)可直(zhi)接從插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)壤中吸收水分,很短時間內即能(neng)適應插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)床的(de)環境,生根率可提高10%-30%。

選擇庇蔭的環境處理插穗

將采集(ji)的(de)(de)插穗(sui)(sui)處理(li)后立即(ji)用水(shui)浸泡,這是保存健壯插穗(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)一種簡便的(de)(de)方法(fa)。插穗(sui)(sui)處理(li)的(de)(de)過程應在庇蔭條件下進(jin)行,插穗(sui)(sui)在庇蔭下放置6-8h,其失(shi)水(shui)程度相當于陽光直射下旋(xuan)轉2-4h,庇蔭措(cuo)施是防止(zhi)插穗(sui)(sui)干旱(han)的(de)(de)有效措(cuo)施。

價值及其他

園林

庭(ting)蔭(yin)樹,行道樹,風景林,馬路綠(lv)化,景園綠(lv)化。人(ren)造的(de)紅松林也在山(shan)(shan)區、半山(shan)(shan)區和林場培育成材。并且作(zuo)為綠(lv)化樹種,它已從偏僻的(de)山(shan)(shan)川(chuan),走進了(le)喧(xuan)囂的(de)城(cheng)鎮街市了(le)。

食用

松(song)(song)籽(zi)是紅松(song)(song)的種子(zi),是紅松(song)(song)樹的果(guo)實,又(you)稱海松(song)(song)子(zi)。松(song)(song)子(zi)含脂(zhi)肪、蛋(dan)白質(zhi)、碳水(shui)(shui)化合物等。松(song)(song)子(zi)既是重要的中藥(yao),久食(shi)健身心,滋(zi)潤皮膚(fu),延年(nian)益壽。明(ming)朝李時(shi)珍(zhen)對松(song)(song)子(zi)的藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)曾給予很高(gao)的評價,他在《本草綱目》中寫道(dao):“海松(song)(song)子(zi),釋名(ming)新(xin)羅(luo)松(song)(song)子(zi),氣(qi)味甘小無毒;主治(zhi)骨(gu)節風(feng),頭眩(xuan)、去(qu)死肌、變白、散水(shui)(shui)氣(qi)、潤五臟、逐風(feng)痹寒氣(qi),虛羸少氣(qi)補不足,肥五臟,散諸風(feng)、濕(shi)腸(chang)胃,久服身輕,延年(nian)不老。”可(ke)食(shi)用(yong)(yong),可(ke)做(zuo)糖果(guo)、糕點輔料,還(huan)可(ke)代(dai)植(zhi)物油食(shi)用(yong)(yong)。松(song)(song)子(zi)油可(ke)食(shi)用(yong)(yong),炒(chao)食(shi)、煮(zhu)食(shi)為(wei)主。

松(song)子(zi)仁性(xing)味:松(song)子(zi),性(xing)平,味甘(gan)。具有補腎(shen)益氣、養血潤腸、滑腸通便、潤肺止咳(ke)等作用。

營(ying)養(yang):松(song)子(zi)(zi)的營(ying)養(yang)價(jia)值很(hen)高,在每(mei)百克(ke)松(song)子(zi)(zi)肉中,含蛋白(bai)質16.7克(ke),脂肪63.5克(ke),碳水化合物9.8克(ke)以及礦物質鈣(gai)78毫克(ke)、磷236毫克(ke)、鐵6.7毫克(ke)和(he)不飽和(he)脂肪酸(suan)等營(ying)養(yang)物質。

藥用

功效:松(song)子內(nei)含有(you)大量的(de)不飽和(he)脂肪(fang)酸,常(chang)(chang)食松(song)子,可(ke)以強(qiang)身(shen)健(jian)體(ti),特別對老年體(ti)弱、腰痛、便(bian)秘(mi)、眩暈、小兒生長(chang)發育遲緩均(jun)有(you)補腎(shen)益氣、養血(xue)(xue)潤(run)腸、滋補健(jian)身(shen)的(de)作用(yong)。治療燥咳、吐(tu)血(xue)(xue)、便(bian)秘(mi)等(deng)病。《日(ri)華子本草》載“逐(zhu)(zhu)風痹寒氣,虛羸少氣,補不足,潤(run)皮膚,肥五臟”。《玉楸藥解(jie)》載“潤(run)肺止咳,滑(hua)腸通便(bian),開關逐(zhu)(zhu)痹,澤膚榮毛”。可(ke)見常(chang)(chang)食松(song)于能延年、美容。凡(fan)脾虛便(bian)溏、腎(shen)虧(kui)遺精、濕痰甚者均(jun)不宜(yi)多食。

工業

紅(hong)松(song)是著名的珍貴(gui)經濟樹(shu)木(mu),紅(hong)松(song)為優(you)良(liang)的用(yong)材樹(shu)種,邊材淡黃白色(se),心材淡黃褐(he)色(se)或淡褐(he)紅(hong)色(se),質(zhi)輕軟,紋理直,結構細,比(bi)重0.38-0.46,耐腐力強,易加工。可(ke)供(gong)建筑、舟車、橋梁、枕(zhen)木(mu)、電桿、家具、板(ban)材及(ji)木(mu)纖維(wei)工業(ye)原(yuan)料等用(yong)材。木(mu)材及(ji)樹(shu)根(gen)可(ke)提松(song)節油(you)。樹(shu)皮可(ke)提栲(kao)膠。種子大,可(ke)食,含脂肪油(you)及(ji)蛋白質(zhi),可(ke)榨油(you)供(gong)食用(yong),或供(gong)制肥皂(zao)、油(you)漆、潤(run)滑油(you)等用(yong)。

紅松(song)(song)(song)材質輕(qing)軟,結構(gou)細膩,紋(wen)理密直通達,形(xing)色美觀又(you)不容(rong)易變形(xing),并且耐腐朽力強,所以是建筑、橋(qiao)梁、枕木、家具制作的(de)上等木料(liao)。即(ji)使是紅松(song)(song)(song)的(de)枝丫(ya)、樹(shu)皮、樹(shu)根也可用來制造紙漿和纖維板。從松(song)(song)(song)根、松(song)(song)(song)葉、松(song)(song)(song)脂中還能(neng)撮(cuo)松(song)(song)(song)節油(you)、松(song)(song)(song)針(zhen)油(you)、松(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)等工(gong)業原料(liao)。

生態

據專家測算(suan)紅(hong)松(song)的生(sheng)(sheng)態價(jia)值是它經(jing)濟價(jia)值的1300多(duo)(duo)倍(bei)。紅(hong)松(song)的生(sheng)(sheng)態價(jia)值主(zhu)要包括(kuo):吸碳吐氧、調節氣候(hou)、涵(han)養水源、防(fang)風固沙(sha)、保護(hu)物種多(duo)(duo)樣性、和(he)保護(hu)國土安全(quan)等。

闊(kuo)葉紅松林的植被就像一(yi)塊巨大(da)的吸收(shou)雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)的海面,紅松的樹根牢(lao)牢(lao)地(di)(di)抓著大(da)地(di)(di)固定土壤(rang),樹根把雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)輸送到地(di)(di)下形(xing)成一(yi)個天(tian)然的大(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku),使(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)土不流失,山(shan)體不滑坡。

以(yi)一公頃(qing)紅松(song)林(lin)為例(li),每(mei)年可(ke)吸收(shou)二氧(yang)化碳13噸,同時排放(fang)除氧(yang)器(qi)9.5噸,并釋(shi)放(fang)出(chu)大量的(de)(de)負(fu)氧(yang)離(li)子(zi),高于(yu)城市5-8倍,非常有益于(yu)人的(de)(de)健康(kang)、消(xiao)除有害的(de)(de)病菌和塵埃、凈化空(kong)氣。可(ke)使660多噸雨水(shui)存(cun)入土(tu)壤,有效(xiao)地(di)調節江河的(de)(de)水(shui)量,從而(er)防止山洪(hong)的(de)(de)形成和爆(bao)發。森林(lin)地(di)面的(de)(de)枯(ku)枝(zhi)落(luo)葉(xie)重達26噸,在(zai)雨季可(ke)是78噸的(de)(de)雨水(shui)被(bei)吸收(shou)和緩釋(shi)。紅松(song)是小興(xing)安嶺森林(lin)中的(de)(de)綠色使者,為林(lin)都伊春撐起一片(pian)藍天。

紅(hong)松(song)(song)屬于其(qi)所(suo)在森(sen)林(lin)系(xi)統中的(de)頂級群落,是(shi)支撐性的(de)樹種。紅(hong)松(song)(song)籽是(shi)許多(duo)森(sen)林(lin)動(dong)物的(de)主(zhu)要糧(liang)食(shi),例如(ru)松(song)(song)鼠、星鴨(ya)、飛(fei)龍(long)、黑(hei)熊、野(ye)豬等(deng)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物都要取食(shi)大量(liang)的(de)紅(hong)松(song)(song)籽。如(ru)果沒有紅(hong)松(song)(song),許多(duo)以松(song)(song)子(zi)為食(shi)的(de)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物將(jiang)會絕跡,所(suo)以,保護(hu)紅(hong)松(song)(song)也是(shi)保護(hu)生(sheng)物的(de)多(duo)樣性資(zi)源,保護(hu)小興安(an)嶺的(de)生(sheng)物鏈(lian)安(an)全。

造林

紅(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)為(wei)小興安嶺、張廣才嶺、長白山區及沈陽丹東線以北(bei)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要造(zao)林(lin)(lin)樹(shu)(shu)種。與落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)相(xiang)比,紅(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)在造(zao)林(lin)(lin)后(hou)前10年(nian)(nian)生長較慢,林(lin)(lin)齡10年(nian)(nian)時(shi),樹(shu)(shu)高可達(da)(da)4.2米(mi)(mi),胸(xiong)(xiong)徑2.7厘米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),僅為(wei)落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)50%。到林(lin)(lin)齡20年(nian)(nian)時(shi),紅(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)高可達(da)(da)8.6米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),胸(xiong)(xiong)徑11.9厘米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),與同(tong)等立(li)(li)(li)(li)地(di)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)相(xiang)比,樹(shu)(shu)高比落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)矮3.2米(mi)(mi),胸(xiong)(xiong)徑超(chao)過(guo)落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)2厘米(mi)(mi),單株(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)積(ji)超(chao)出落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)0.011立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)。到26年(nian)(nian)時(shi),紅(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)高可達(da)(da)10米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),胸(xiong)(xiong)徑15.5厘米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),在公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)株(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)1939株(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下,公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)蓄積(ji)達(da)(da)148立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi),比相(xiang)同(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)林(lin)(lin)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)蓄積(ji)超(chao)出35立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)。到林(lin)(lin)齡49年(nian)(nian)時(shi),紅(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)高在17.4米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),胸(xiong)(xiong)徑27.5左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)株(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)585株(zhu)(zhu),公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)蓄積(ji)296立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi),而相(xiang)同(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)14林(lin)(lin)班(ban)11小班(ban)落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)林(lin)(lin)樹(shu)(shu)高27.2米(mi)(mi),胸(xiong)(xiong)徑25.5厘米(mi)(mi),公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)株(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)540株(zhu)(zhu),公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)蓄積(ji)318立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi)。紅(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)林(lin)(lin)經過(guo)次撫育間(jian)伐(fa),每公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)獲(huo)間(jian)伐(fa)材(cai)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi);落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)林(lin)(lin)經過(guo)次撫育間(jian)伐(fa),獲(huo)間(jian)伐(fa)材(cai)立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)(mi);紅(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)林(lin)(lin)從林(lin)(lin)齡25年(nian)(nian)開始結實(shi),累計每公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)結實(shi)15000枚。

紅松(song)(song)不僅是(shi)(shi)優良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)用材樹(shu)種(zhong)和(he)(he)經濟樹(shu)種(zhong),還是(shi)(shi)水土(tu)(tu)保持(chi)、水源(yuan)涵養林最(zui)佳選擇樹(shu)種(zhong)。據主要森林植被類(lei)型土(tu)(tu)壤水源(yuan)涵養功能的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu),紅松(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)林枯(ku)落(luo)物平均厚度4.2厘米,每公(gong)頃枯(ku)落(luo)物累(lei)計(ji)量78.53噸(dun),每公(gong)頃持(chi)水量115.44噸(dun),分別(bie)是(shi)(shi)落(luo)葉松(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)林的(de)(de)(de)1.35倍(bei)、1.30倍(bei)和(he)(he)1.2倍(bei);分別(bie)是(shi)(shi)雜木(mu)林的(de)(de)(de)0.89倍(bei)、1.80倍(bei)和(he)(he)2.13倍(bei);紅松(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)林的(de)(de)(de)每公(gong)頃有效(xiao)蓄(xu)水量1505.8噸(dun),飽和(he)(he)蓄(xu)水量4740.2噸(dun),分別(bie)是(shi)(shi)落(luo)葉松(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)林的(de)(de)(de)1.29倍(bei)和(he)(he)1.64倍(bei);分別(bie)是(shi)(shi)雜木(mu)林的(de)(de)(de)1.36倍(bei)和(he)(he)1.41倍(bei)。

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