產于中國(guo)東北長白山(shan)(shan)區、吉(ji)林山(shan)(shan)區及(ji)小興安嶺愛輝以南海拔150-1800米、氣候溫寒(han)、濕潤、棕色森(sen)林土地(di)帶。分布(bu)于中國(guo)(黑龍江、吉(ji)林)、日本(ben)(本(ben)州)、朝(chao)鮮民(min)主(zhu)主(zhu)義人民(min)共和國(guo)、大韓民(min)國(guo)、俄羅斯(si)聯邦(阿(a)穆爾、哈(ha)巴羅夫斯(si)克、Primoryi)。
紅松(song)(song)是松(song)(song)科松(song)(song)屬的(de)常(chang)綠喬木,樹(shu)高可達30米,胸徑1米;幼樹(shu)樹(shu)皮灰(hui)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se),近平滑,大樹(shu)樹(shu)皮灰(hui)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se),縱裂成不規則的(de)長方(fang)鱗狀塊片(pian),裂片(pian)脫落后(hou)露(lu)出紅褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)內皮;樹(shu)干上部常(chang)分(fen)叉(cha),枝(zhi)近平展,樹(shu)冠圓錐形;一年生枝(zhi)密被(bei)黃褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)紅褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)柔毛;冬芽淡紅褐(he)色(se)(se)(se),矩圓狀卵(luan)圓形,先端尖,微被(bei)樹(shu)脂,芽鱗排列較(jiao)疏松(song)(song)。
針葉(xie)5針一束,長(chang)6-12厘米,粗硬,直,深綠色,邊(bian)緣具細(xi)鋸齒,背(bei)面(mian)通常(chang)無氣孔線(xian),腹面(mian)每(mei)側具6-8條淡(dan)藍灰色的氣孔線(xian);橫切(qie)面(mian)近(jin)三角(jiao)形,皮下(xia)層(ceng)細(xi)胞單層(ceng),但(dan)在(zai)背(bei)面(mian)兩樹脂道之間(jian)常(chang)出(chu)現(xian)斷續(xu)的分布著1-3或多(duo)至15個(ge)細(xi)胞寬(kuan)的第(di)二層(ceng)皮下(xia)層(ceng),樹脂道3個(ge),中生,位(wei)于三個(ge)角(jiao)部;葉(xie)鞘早落。
雄球花橢圓(yuan)狀圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing),紅(hong)黃色,長(chang)(chang)7-10毫米(mi),多數(shu)密(mi)集于新枝下部成(cheng)穗狀;雌(ci)球花綠(lv)褐色,圓(yuan)柱(zhu)狀卵(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),直立,單生或數(shu)個集生于新枝近頂端(duan),具(ju)粗長(chang)(chang)的梗(geng)(geng)。球果圓(yuan)錐(zhui)狀卵(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)錐(zhui)狀長(chang)(chang)卵(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或卵(luan)(luan)狀矩圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)9-14厘米(mi),稀更長(chang)(chang),徑6-8厘米(mi),梗(geng)(geng)長(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘米(mi),成(cheng)熟后種(zhong)鱗不張開,或稍微(wei)張開而露出種(zhong)子,但(dan)種(zhong)子不脫(tuo)落。
種鱗菱形(xing),上(shang)部漸窄(zhai)而開展,先端鈍,向外(wai)反曲,鱗盾黃褐色或(huo)(huo)微(wei)帶灰綠色,三角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)或(huo)(huo)斜方狀三角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing),下部底(di)邊(bian)截形(xing)或(huo)(huo)微(wei)成(cheng)寬(kuan)楔形(xing),表面(mian)有(you)皺紋,鱗臍不(bu)(bu)顯著;種子(zi)大,著生(sheng)于種鱗腹(上(shang))面(mian)下部的凹槽中,無翅(chi)或(huo)(huo)頂端及上(shang)部兩(liang)側微(wei)具(ju)棱脊,暗紫(zi)褐色或(huo)(huo)褐色,倒卵狀三角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing),微(wei)扁,長(chang)(chang)1.2-1.6厘米(mi)(mi),徑7-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);子(zi)葉13-16枚,針狀,橫切面(mian)三角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)3.8-5厘米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)1.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),先端尖,邊(bian)緣有(you)細鋸(ju)齒;初生(sheng)葉條形(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.3-1.6厘米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)不(bu)(bu)及1毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),邊(bian)緣有(you)細鋸(ju)齒。
花期6月,球(qiu)果(guo)第二年9-10月成熟。
紅松喜光性強,對土(tu)壤(rang)水分要求較(jiao)高,不宜過(guo)干(gan)、過(guo)濕的(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)及嚴寒(han)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)。在(zai)溫寒(han)多雨,相對濕度較(jiao)高的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)與深(shen)厚(hou)肥沃、排(pai)水良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)酸性棕(zong)色森(sen)林土(tu)上(shang)生(sheng)長最好(hao)。紅松屬半陽性樹種(zhong),淺根性,常生(sheng)于排(pai)水良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)濕潤山坡上(shang),幼樹耐(nai)庇(bi)蔭,對大氣(qi)(qi)濕度較(jiao)敏感(gan),濕潤度在(zai)0.7以(yi)上(shang)生(sheng)長良(liang)好(hao),在(zai)0.5以(yi)下生(sheng)長不良(liang)。
紅松(song)是雌雄(xiong)同株(zhu)異(yi)花的樹種(zhong),花期在6月中(zhong)下旬,自開(kai)花至球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)成熟歷時(shi)(shi)15個月,紅松(song)采種(zhong)期可(ke)(ke)長達4個月,前期可(ke)(ke)以從樹上采摘(zhai)或(huo)打落球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo),后期可(ke)(ke)從雪地(di)上拾取(qu)球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)。球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)采集后攤開(kai)晾(liang)曬或(huo)陰干數日,鱗片稍張(zhang)開(kai)時(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)人(ren)工棒打調制。天然(ran)林(lin)(lin)球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)的出種(zhong)率13%-14%,人(ren)工林(lin)(lin)球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)出種(zhong)率可(ke)(ke)達30%,千粒(li)重520克(ke)。在采種(zhong)工作中(zhong)應(ying)注意球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)的選擇,在種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)調制過(guo)程中(zhong)要篩(shai)去小粒(li)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi),以保證種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)質量和(he)苗木的優質高產。種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)要經過(guo)晾(liang)曬使其含水量降到10%時(shi)(shi)方可(ke)(ke)儲(chu)藏(zang)。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處理,首先要(yao)凈(jing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),紅(hong)(hong)松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粒大,單位面積播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量高,一(yi)般一(yi)級種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)每平方米(mi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.5公斤。一(yi)般是(shi)用清水侵種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi),除(chu)掉浮起(qi)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),留用沉(chen)底的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。其(qi)次種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)消(xiao)毒(du),紅(hong)(hong)松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)催芽(ya)時(shi)間長,如(ru)不(bu)進行消(xiao)毒(du),易引(yin)起(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)霉腐,在(zai)消(xiao)毒(du)前先進行浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),然(ran)后(hou)用0.5%硫(liu)酸(suan)水溶液浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)消(xiao)毒(du)3小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi),撈出種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)控干(gan),準(zhun)備(bei)混沙催芽(ya)。第三是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)催芽(ya),紅(hong)(hong)松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)休眠期長,不(bu)經過充分催芽(ya)處理,春(chun)季播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當年不(bu)出苗或(huo)出不(bu)齊。
室(shi)內(nei)自然溫度(du)堆積法。在8月中、下旬,將(jiang)種子浸水(shui)2天(tian),混沙兩(liang)倍,保持60%的濕度(du),放室(shi)內(nei)堆成30-40厘米(mi)(mi)高,隔日(ri)翻動(dong)(dong)一次(ci),干時(shi)澆水(shui),待天(tian)冷結凍時(shi),堆成60厘米(mi)(mi)高,并(bing)澆水(shui)封凍,至春季(ji)播種前將(jiang)其(qi)翻動(dong)(dong),使溫濕均勻。
快(kuai)速催(cui)芽(ya)法。在(zai)播種前40天(tian),用50度熱(re)水浸(jin)種,并充分攪動(dong),直至水溫(wen)下降到30度,經過(guo)24小時(shi)(shi)后,在(zai)換(huan)涼水,以后每(mei)兩天(tian)換(huan)涼水一次,浸(jin)10天(tian),當種仁變成乳白色時(shi)(shi),將(jiang)種子(zi)撈出,均勻地與3倍體積的濕沙混合,放(fang)在(zai)背風向陽處攤曬,每(mei)天(tian)晚將(jiang)種子(zi)堆成堆,蓋(gai)上草簾,第二(er)天(tian)再攤開(kai),如果為了加快(kuai)催(cui)芽(ya)時(shi)(shi)間,可放(fang)在(zai)室內適當加溫(wen),溫(wen)度保(bao)持20-30度,每(mei)日要翻動(dong)兩次并均勻澆水,以保(bao)持一定濕度。
紅(hong)松的(de)出苗(miao)(miao)期約需20至30天,當(dang)氣溫高于16攝氏度(du)(du)時(shi),發芽(ya)最旺盛,應(ying)注意(yi)(yi)噴水防旱,并(bing)(bing)注意(yi)(yi)鳥類(lei)啄食危害。幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)期根(gen)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)較快,主根(gen)可達10厘米(mi)長(chang)(chang)(chang),約占(zhan)全年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)量的(de)40%,且能(neng)(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)4至5條側根(gen)。而苗(miao)(miao)高生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)量很(hen)小。所(suo)以(yi)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)抵抗力很(hen)差,應(ying)注意(yi)(yi)澆水降(jiang)(jiang)溫,防止(zhi)日(ri)灼(zhuo),并(bing)(bing)及時(shi)追肥(fei)和松土(tu)除(chu)草。自紅(hong)松幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)形成頂芽(ya)時(shi)起,至生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)速度(du)(du)下降(jiang)(jiang)為止(zhi),約持續2個(ge)月(yue)。葉量增(zeng)(zeng)大,苗(miao)(miao)莖加(jia)(jia)粗(cu),主根(gen)伸長(chang)(chang)(chang),側根(gen)大量生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang),并(bing)(bing)出現兩次側根(gen)。苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)需肥(fei)量增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia),應(ying)及時(shi)追肥(fei)。并(bing)(bing)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)中耕松土(tu)和除(chu)草等管理。當(dang)年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)紅(hong)松苗(miao)(miao)弱(ruo)小,一般不(bu)能(neng)(neng)出圃造林(lin)(常用(yong)2至3年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)造林(lin)),所(suo)以(yi)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)越冬保(bao)護(hu)極為重要。紅(hong)松更能(neng)(neng)耐(nai)寒,但怕干(gan)旱,特別是早春苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)地上都已萌動,但土(tu)壤尚未解(jie)凍(dong),不(bu)能(neng)(neng)及時(shi)供(gong)應(ying)水分(fen)而造成生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理干(gan)旱。因此,常用(yong)覆土(tu)埋(mai)(mai)苗(miao)(miao)法保(bao)護(hu)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)。其方法是:先(xian)將(jiang)步道土(tu)壤打碎埋(mai)(mai)沒苗(miao)(miao)莖,再(zai)將(jiang)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)傾向一側用(yong)土(tu)壓倒,厚約10厘米(mi),以(yi)不(bu)見苗(miao)(miao)葉為度(du)(du),并(bing)(bing)注意(yi)(yi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)透風。待來春土(tu)壤解(jie)凍(dong)深(shen)度(du)(du)達10厘米(mi)以(yi)上時(shi)再(zai)撤土(tu)。也(ye)有(you)應(ying)用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)溫劑(ji)噴灑(sa)葉面,控制葉面蒸騰,防止(zhi)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)干(gan)枯,效(xiao)果(guo)很(hen)好。
一般采用(yong)四(si)年生(sheng)紅松(song)苗(2-2紅松(song)苗),上山造(zao)林(lin)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)前實行(xing)穴狀或臺(tai)田整地,按1.5×1.5m或1.5×2.0m株行(xing)距栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi),初(chu)植(zhi)密度宜(yi)大,可采用(yong)林(lin)冠(guan)下混交(jiao)造(zao)林(lin),待紅松(song)長到1.0至(zhi)1.5m高(gao)時,逐步去掉影(ying)響紅松(song)生(sheng)長的(de)闊葉樹種,形成針闊混交(jiao)林(lin),栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)三年內(nei)進行(xing)撫育,割(ge)除影(ying)響紅松(song)生(sheng)長的(de)雜草,灌木,防治(zhi)松(song)毛蟲危害,主要(yao)采取綁扎毒條的(de)方法進行(xing)防治(zhi)。用(yong)種子繁(fan)殖,對(dui)其種子要(yao)在播(bo)種前進行(xing)催(cui)芽(ya)處理后(hou)育苗。造(zao)林(lin)時應采用(yong)4年生(sheng)苗木,選擇(ze)土層(ceng)深厚、排水良好的(de)山坡中下腹為宜(yi)。
紅(hong)松(song)對立地(di)(di)條件要(yao)(yao)求較(jiao)(jiao)高,一般需要(yao)(yao)選擇地(di)(di)勢較(jiao)(jiao)低、但又不能積水(shui)(shui)的(de)平坦地(di)(di)帶。要(yao)(yao)在(zai)短期內(nei)取(qu)得(de)較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)經濟(ji)效益,可(ke)(ke)采(cai)用4mX4m或(huo)(huo)5mX5m株行距(ju),挖長、寬(kuan)各40cm,深(shen)50cm的(de)坑,將嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)好的(de)容(rong)器苗(miao)除(chu)去塑(su)料袋放(fang)在(zai)坑內(nei),填土踩(cai)實,然后(hou)修(xiu)60cmX60cm的(de)水(shui)(shui)盤,灌水(shui)(shui)以確(que)保成(cheng)(cheng)活。栽植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間可(ke)(ke)在(zai)春季(ji)或(huo)(huo)秋季(ji),亦可(ke)(ke)在(zai)雨季(ji)。雨季(ji)栽植(zhi)可(ke)(ke)節省大量勞(lao)力(li),但要(yao)(yao)把握好時(shi)(shi)機(ji),由于(yu)雨季(ji)苗(miao)木(mu)正(zheng)處于(yu)生長旺盛時(shi)(shi)期,一但水(shui)(shui)分供應(ying)不足,則很容(rong)易造成(cheng)(cheng)萎蔫或(huo)(huo)枯(ku)萎死亡。在(zai)造林地(di)(di)進行嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)的(de)苗(miao)木(mu),成(cheng)(cheng)活后(hou)應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)控制(zhi)其它非嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)枝的(de)生長,一但發現有超過(guo)嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)枝的(de)枝條要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)除(chu)掉。紅(hong)松(song)經嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)一般6-7a就可(ke)(ke)以結實,但此(ci)時(shi)(shi)由于(yu)雄(xiong)花粉(fen)較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao),種子多為批粒,應(ying)根據當(dang)地(di)(di)的(de)氣候條件進行人工輔(fu)助授粉(fen)。
用(yong)(yong)(yong)當年(nian)新采(cai)的(de)紅松種(zhong)子(zi)進(jin)行變溫催芽處理(li)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)這種(zhong)方法處理(li)后的(de)紅松種(zhong)子(zi),播種(zhong)后3-5天(tian)(tian)就(jiu)出土,7天(tian)(tian)左右全部出齊,每年(nian)的(de)出苗率(lv)均達90%以上。一、準備工作一是在種(zhong)子(zi)處理(li)室內鋪設地板,地板離地面30厘(li)米高,做好保(bao)溫工作;二是準備充足的(de)河(he)砂(sha),河(he)砂(sha)的(de)體積為處理(li)種(zhong)子(zi)體積的(de)2倍;三是準備好取暖設施(shi);四是用(yong)(yong)(yong)甲醛對種(zhong)子(zi)處理(li)室進(jin)行醺蒸(zheng)消毒,用(yong)(yong)(yong)0.5%的(de)高錳酸鉀對河(he)砂(sha)進(jin)行消毒待(dai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
當(dang)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)有(you)30%以上(shang)裂嘴時,即(ji)為催芽良好(hao),可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。當(dang)春季地下5厘米處溫(wen)度達到8度以上(shang)時即(ji)可(ke)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量(按(an)干種(zhong)計(ji)算)每畝(mu)200-250公斤,用(yong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機將種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)播(bo)(bo)在床(chuang)面上(shang),然后(hou)加以鎮壓(ya),使種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)與土壤緊密接觸,再覆(fu)以種(zhong)粒兩倍后(hou)的腐殖土或鋸(ju)末,并再鎮壓(ya)一次。如覆(fu)鋸(ju)末時,必須(xu)澆(jiao)透水。
一般栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)紅(hong)(hong)松(song)嫁(jia)接苗有三種方(fang)式:一是(shi)在(zai)(zai)苗圃(pu)地(di)培(pei)(pei)育的(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)松(song)砧木(mu)苗上嫁(jia)接,一年(nian)(nian)后,將嫁(jia)接苗裸根上山栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi);二(er)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)造林地(di)上按(an)3×3M、4×4M或3×5M等不同(tong)株行距,定植(zhi)4-5年(nian)(nian)生的(de)(de)砧木(mu)苗,實行現(xian)地(di)嫁(jia)接;三是(shi)在(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)育好(hao)的(de)(de)營養杯(bei)苗上嫁(jia)接,實行移栽(zai)(zai)定植(zhi)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)前(qian)兩(liang)種方(fang)式,成本低(di),方(fang)法簡便易行。
接(jie)(jie)穗與砧木嫁接(jie)(jie)部位是用塑料條(tiao)纏綁(bang)(bang)的,成活(huo)后(hou),適時解(jie)綁(bang)(bang),有利于嫁接(jie)(jie)苗(miao)生長。采(cai)用苗(miao)圃地嫁接(jie)(jie)的,在嫁接(jie)(jie)的當年(nian)(nian),以(yi)不(bu)(bu)解(jie)開塑料條(tiao)為(wei)宜,翌年(nian)(nian)上山定植后(hou)再(zai)進行解(jie)綁(bang)(bang);采(cai)用現地嫁接(jie)(jie)的,最好在嫁接(jie)(jie)后(hou)的第二(er)年(nian)(nian)5月份(fen)解(jie)條(tiao)為(wei)宜,而對嫁接(jie)(jie)當年(nian)(nian)切口完全(quan)愈合且接(jie)(jie)穗生長良好的,也可以(yi)在7月份(fen)解(jie)綁(bang)(bang)。一般嫁接(jie)(jie)當年(nian)(nian)多數切口愈合不(bu)(bu)牢固,易遭人畜(chu)或自然災害危害,致使接(jie)(jie)穗折斷,劈裂,降(jiang)低成活(huo)率,故適時解(jie)綁(bang)(bang),有利于嫁接(jie)(jie)苗(miao)的成活(huo)和生長。
掌握正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)修剪(jian)(jian)方法,對(dui)嫁(jia)接(jie)苗的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)活(huo)和生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)有很大(da)影響。嫁(jia)接(jie)苗栽植后(hou)需要連續5-7年的(de)(de)(de)(de)樹勢管理(li),即在每年的(de)(de)(de)(de)2-3月份對(dui)樹體進行一次全面修剪(jian)(jian)整形(xing),剪(jian)(jian)去(qu)(qu)影響接(jie)穗生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)砧木(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)頂(ding)端,以確保接(jie)穗生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)始終(zhong)處于(yu)主枝(zhi)地位。在定(ding)植后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾年內,接(jie)穗高(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量(liang)小于(yu)砧木(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量(liang),接(jie)穗的(de)(de)(de)(de)主枝(zhi)地位易被(bei)砧木(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)所取代。所以,在修剪(jian)(jian)過程(cheng)中,前幾年只剪(jian)(jian)去(qu)(qu)砧木(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)主梢,控(kong)制其(qi)(qi)高(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),保留(liu)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)營養枝(zhi)。隨著(zhu)接(jie)穗主體地位的(de)(de)(de)(de)確定(ding),并形(xing)成(cheng)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多層(ceng)營養枝(zhi)時,再逐漸剪(jian)(jian)去(qu)(qu)砧木(mu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)枝(zhi)。當嫁(jia)接(jie)苗接(jie)穗形(xing)成(cheng)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)一株幼(you)樹時,樹體修剪(jian)(jian)工作(zuo)結束。
插前防止措施
采(cai)集(ji)的插(cha)穗(sui)距離(li)遠近直接影(ying)響插(cha)穗(sui)水分(fen)狀(zhuang)態,因此(ci)營建(jian)采(cai)穗(sui)圃(pu)時應建(jian)在離(li)扦插(cha)床較近的地方。插(cha)穗(sui)采(cai)集(ji)離(li)插(cha)床距離(li)遠時,應注意運(yun)輸過程中(zhong)插(cha)穗(sui)的保存。紅松(song)插(cha)穗(sui)采(cai)用木箱子。麻袋作包裝。具(ju)體做法是一層濕(shi)沙子一層插(cha)穗(sui),運(yun)輸時間(jian)中(zhong)途應適量(liang)落水,這(zhe)樣可以保持插(cha)穗(sui)正常狀(zhuang)態2-3。
選擇適宜的采穗季節
不同類型插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)進行扦穗(sui)(sui)應選擇適(shi)宜的(de)采(cai)穗(sui)(sui),實踐證明,春插(cha)(cha)時采(cai)穗(sui)(sui)期(qi)(qi)為休眠期(qi)(qi),嫩枝扦插(cha)(cha)注意(yi)的(de)成熟(shu)度,紅(hong)松新葉長(chang)到8-12cm。韌皮部與木質部能分離(li)出(chu),是紅(hong)松插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)(sui)可(ke)采(cai)的(de)時期(qi)(qi),時間大約是7月10日-7月15日。
培育抗旱性插穗
插穗(sui)(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)質量好壞直(zhi)接影響抗(kang)旱能力和成(cheng)活,在采(cai)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)圃采(cai)集采(cai)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)提前1個月施(shi)磷酸(suan)二氫鉀,其濃(nong)度為1:200倍(bei),施(shi)液量200ml/m,并(bing)以樹葉表(biao)面被液膜充分覆(fu)蓋為主(zhu)。培育健壯插穗(sui)(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)第二種措施(shi)是采(cai)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)前3個月插穗(sui)(sui)(sui)基(ji)部進行環割,在母株上形成(cheng)愈傷(shang)組織,其插穗(sui)(sui)(sui)進行扦插,插穗(sui)(sui)(sui)可直(zhi)接從插壤(rang)中(zhong)吸收水(shui)分,很(hen)短時(shi)間內即能適應插床的(de)(de)環境,生根(gen)率可提高10%-30%。
選擇庇蔭的環境處理插穗
將(jiang)采集(ji)的(de)(de)插穗處(chu)理后立即用水浸泡,這(zhe)是保存健(jian)壯插穗的(de)(de)一種簡便的(de)(de)方法。插穗處(chu)理的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)應在庇蔭(yin)條件下(xia)進(jin)行,插穗在庇蔭(yin)下(xia)放置6-8h,其失(shi)水程(cheng)(cheng)度相當于陽光直射下(xia)旋轉2-4h,庇蔭(yin)措施是防止插穗干旱的(de)(de)有效措施。
庭蔭樹(shu),行道(dao)樹(shu),風景林,馬路綠(lv)(lv)化,景園綠(lv)(lv)化。人造的紅(hong)松(song)林也在山區(qu)、半山區(qu)和林場培(pei)育成材。并且作為綠(lv)(lv)化樹(shu)種,它已從(cong)偏(pian)僻的山川,走進了(le)喧囂的城鎮街市了(le)。
松(song)(song)(song)(song)籽是紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),是紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹的(de)果實,又(you)稱海(hai)松(song)(song)(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。松(song)(song)(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)含脂肪、蛋白(bai)質、碳水化合物等。松(song)(song)(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)既是重要的(de)中藥,久食(shi)(shi)健身心,滋潤(run)皮膚,延年益壽。明(ming)朝李時珍對松(song)(song)(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)藥用曾給(gei)予(yu)很高的(de)評價(jia),他在《本(ben)草綱目》中寫道:“海(hai)松(song)(song)(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi),釋(shi)名新羅松(song)(song)(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi),氣味甘小無毒(du);主治(zhi)骨節風,頭眩、去死肌、變白(bai)、散(san)水氣、潤(run)五(wu)臟(zang)(zang)、逐風痹寒(han)氣,虛羸少氣補不足,肥五(wu)臟(zang)(zang),散(san)諸風、濕腸胃(wei),久服(fu)身輕(qing),延年不老。”可(ke)(ke)食(shi)(shi)用,可(ke)(ke)做糖(tang)果、糕(gao)點輔(fu)料,還(huan)可(ke)(ke)代植物油食(shi)(shi)用。松(song)(song)(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)油可(ke)(ke)食(shi)(shi)用,炒食(shi)(shi)、煮食(shi)(shi)為(wei)主。
松(song)子仁性味(wei):松(song)子,性平,味(wei)甘。具有(you)補腎益氣、養血(xue)潤(run)腸、滑腸通便、潤(run)肺止咳等作用。
營養:松子(zi)的營養價值很高,在每百克(ke)(ke)(ke)松子(zi)肉(rou)中(zhong),含蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)16.7克(ke)(ke)(ke),脂(zhi)肪63.5克(ke)(ke)(ke),碳水化合(he)物(wu)9.8克(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)及礦物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)鈣78毫克(ke)(ke)(ke)、磷236毫克(ke)(ke)(ke)、鐵6.7毫克(ke)(ke)(ke)和不(bu)飽和脂(zhi)肪酸等營養物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。
功效:松子(zi)內含有大量的不飽(bao)和(he)脂肪酸(suan),常(chang)食(shi)(shi)松子(zi),可以(yi)強身健體(ti),特別對老年體(ti)弱、腰痛、便秘、眩暈、小兒生長發(fa)育遲緩均有補腎益氣(qi)、養血潤腸、滋(zi)補健身的作用。治療燥咳(ke)、吐血、便秘等病。《日華子(zi)本草》載“逐風痹寒(han)氣(qi),虛羸少氣(qi),補不足,潤皮(pi)膚,肥五(wu)臟(zang)”。《玉楸藥(yao)解(jie)》載“潤肺(fei)止咳(ke),滑(hua)腸通便,開關逐痹,澤(ze)膚榮毛”。可見常(chang)食(shi)(shi)松于能延年、美(mei)容(rong)。凡脾(pi)虛便溏、腎虧遺(yi)精(jing)、濕(shi)痰甚者均不宜多食(shi)(shi)。
紅松是著名的(de)珍貴經(jing)濟(ji)樹(shu)木,紅松為優良的(de)用材樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong),邊材淡黃白色,心材淡黃褐(he)色或(huo)淡褐(he)紅色,質輕軟,紋(wen)理直,結構細(xi),比重0.38-0.46,耐腐(fu)力強(qiang),易加工。可(ke)(ke)供建(jian)筑、舟車(che)、橋梁、枕木、電(dian)桿、家(jia)具、板材及木纖(xian)維工業原料等用材。木材及樹(shu)根(gen)可(ke)(ke)提松節油(you)(you)。樹(shu)皮(pi)可(ke)(ke)提栲膠。種(zhong)(zhong)子大,可(ke)(ke)食,含脂肪油(you)(you)及蛋白質,可(ke)(ke)榨(zha)油(you)(you)供食用,或(huo)供制肥皂、油(you)(you)漆、潤滑(hua)油(you)(you)等用。
紅松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)質(zhi)輕軟,結構(gou)細膩,紋理密直通達,形色美觀又不(bu)容易變形,并且耐腐朽力強,所以是(shi)(shi)建筑、橋梁、枕(zhen)木、家具(ju)制作的(de)(de)上等木料。即使是(shi)(shi)紅松(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)枝丫、樹皮、樹根(gen)也(ye)可用來(lai)制造紙漿和纖維(wei)板。從松(song)(song)(song)根(gen)、松(song)(song)(song)葉、松(song)(song)(song)脂中還能撮松(song)(song)(song)節油、松(song)(song)(song)針(zhen)油、松(song)(song)(song)香等工業(ye)原(yuan)料。
據專家測(ce)算紅(hong)松(song)的(de)生態(tai)價(jia)值是它經濟價(jia)值的(de)1300多倍(bei)。紅(hong)松(song)的(de)生態(tai)價(jia)值主要包(bao)括:吸碳吐(tu)氧、調節氣(qi)候、涵養水源、防風固(gu)沙、保護(hu)物種多樣性、和保護(hu)國土安全等。
闊葉紅(hong)松林的(de)植被就(jiu)像一塊巨大(da)的(de)吸(xi)收雨(yu)水的(de)海面,紅(hong)松的(de)樹根牢牢地抓著大(da)地固定土壤(rang),樹根把雨(yu)水輸送(song)到地下(xia)形成一個天然的(de)大(da)水庫,使水土不流失,山體不滑坡。
以一公頃紅(hong)松林(lin)為(wei)例,每年可(ke)吸收二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳13噸(dun)(dun)(dun),同時排放除氧(yang)(yang)器9.5噸(dun)(dun)(dun),并釋放出大量的(de)(de)負氧(yang)(yang)離(li)子(zi),高于城市5-8倍,非常有(you)(you)益(yi)于人的(de)(de)健(jian)康(kang)、消(xiao)除有(you)(you)害的(de)(de)病菌和塵埃、凈化(hua)空(kong)氣。可(ke)使(shi)(shi)660多噸(dun)(dun)(dun)雨(yu)水(shui)存入土壤,有(you)(you)效(xiao)地(di)調節江河的(de)(de)水(shui)量,從而防(fang)止山洪的(de)(de)形成和爆發。森林(lin)地(di)面(mian)的(de)(de)枯枝落葉重達26噸(dun)(dun)(dun),在雨(yu)季可(ke)是78噸(dun)(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)雨(yu)水(shui)被吸收和緩釋。紅(hong)松是小興安嶺森林(lin)中的(de)(de)綠色使(shi)(shi)者,為(wei)林(lin)都伊春撐起一片藍天。
紅(hong)松屬(shu)于(yu)其所(suo)在森(sen)林(lin)系統中的(de)(de)頂級群落,是(shi)支撐性的(de)(de)樹種。紅(hong)松籽(zi)是(shi)許多(duo)森(sen)林(lin)動物(wu)的(de)(de)主要糧食,例如(ru)松鼠(shu)、星鴨(ya)、飛龍、黑熊(xiong)、野豬等野生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)都要取食大量的(de)(de)紅(hong)松籽(zi)。如(ru)果沒(mei)有紅(hong)松,許多(duo)以松子為食的(de)(de)野生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)將(jiang)會絕(jue)跡,所(suo)以,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)紅(hong)松也是(shi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)多(duo)樣性資源,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)小(xiao)興(xing)安(an)嶺的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)鏈安(an)全。
紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)為小(xiao)興安嶺、張廣才嶺、長(chang)白山(shan)區及沈陽(yang)丹(dan)東線以北地(di)區的(de)主要造(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)樹(shu)(shu)種。與(yu)落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)相(xiang)比(bi),紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)在(zai)造(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)后前10年(nian)(nian)生長(chang)較慢,林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)齡10年(nian)(nian)時(shi)(shi),樹(shu)(shu)高可達4.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),胸(xiong)徑(jing)2.7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you),僅為落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)的(de)50%。到(dao)(dao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)齡20年(nian)(nian)時(shi)(shi),紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)高可達8.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you),胸(xiong)徑(jing)11.9厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you),與(yu)同(tong)等立(li)(li)(li)地(di)條(tiao)件的(de)落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)相(xiang)比(bi),樹(shu)(shu)高比(bi)落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)矮(ai)3.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),胸(xiong)徑(jing)超(chao)(chao)過落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),單株材(cai)積(ji)超(chao)(chao)出落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)0.011立(li)(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。到(dao)(dao)26年(nian)(nian)時(shi)(shi),紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)高可達10米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you),胸(xiong)徑(jing)15.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you),在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)株數1939株的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia),公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)蓄積(ji)達148立(li)(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),比(bi)相(xiang)同(tong)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)的(de)落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)蓄積(ji)超(chao)(chao)出35立(li)(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。到(dao)(dao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)齡49年(nian)(nian)時(shi)(shi),紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)高在(zai)17.4米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you),胸(xiong)徑(jing)27.5左右(you),公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)株數585株,公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)蓄積(ji)296立(li)(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),而相(xiang)同(tong)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)的(de)14林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)班11小(xiao)班落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)人(ren)工林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)樹(shu)(shu)高27.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),胸(xiong)徑(jing)25.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)株數540株,公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)蓄積(ji)318立(li)(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)人(ren)工林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)經過次撫(fu)育(yu)間(jian)伐,每公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)獲間(jian)伐材(cai)立(li)(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi);落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)人(ren)工林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)經過次撫(fu)育(yu)間(jian)伐,獲間(jian)伐材(cai)立(li)(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi);紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)人(ren)工林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)從(cong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)齡25年(nian)(nian)開(kai)始結實,累(lei)計每公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)結實15000枚。
紅(hong)(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)不僅是(shi)優良(liang)的(de)(de)用(yong)材樹種(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)經濟樹種(zhong),還(huan)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)土保持(chi)、水(shui)(shui)源涵養(yang)林(lin)(lin)最佳選擇樹種(zhong)。據主(zhu)要森林(lin)(lin)植被類型土壤水(shui)(shui)源涵養(yang)功能(neng)的(de)(de)研究,紅(hong)(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)人工林(lin)(lin)枯(ku)落(luo)物(wu)平均(jun)厚度4.2厘米(mi),每公(gong)(gong)頃枯(ku)落(luo)物(wu)累計(ji)量(liang)78.53噸(dun),每公(gong)(gong)頃持(chi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)115.44噸(dun),分(fen)別(bie)(bie)是(shi)落(luo)葉松(song)(song)人工林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)1.35倍(bei)(bei)、1.30倍(bei)(bei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)1.2倍(bei)(bei);分(fen)別(bie)(bie)是(shi)雜木林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)0.89倍(bei)(bei)、1.80倍(bei)(bei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)2.13倍(bei)(bei);紅(hong)(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)人工林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)每公(gong)(gong)頃有效蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)1505.8噸(dun),飽和(he)(he)(he)(he)蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)4740.2噸(dun),分(fen)別(bie)(bie)是(shi)落(luo)葉松(song)(song)人工林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)1.29倍(bei)(bei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)1.64倍(bei)(bei);分(fen)別(bie)(bie)是(shi)雜木林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)1.36倍(bei)(bei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)1.41倍(bei)(bei)。