三球懸鈴木(mu)(PlatanusorientalisLinn.),又叫裂葉(xie)懸鈴木(mu)、鳩摩羅什樹(shu)(shu),懸鈴木(mu)屬落葉(xie)大喬(qiao)木(mu),是二球懸鈴木(mu)的(de)(de)親本,高可達(da)30米,是世(shi)界著名(ming)的(de)(de)優良庭蔭樹(shu)(shu)和行道樹(shu)(shu),有“行道樹(shu)(shu)之(zhi)王”之(zhi)稱。
原(yuan)產歐洲(zhou)東南部(bu)及亞(ya)洲(zhou)西部(bu),久經栽培(pei),據記載中(zhong)國(guo)晉代即已引種(zhong)。陜西省西安(an)市鄠邑區(qu)存(cun)有古(gu)樹,叫(jiao)祛汗樹或(huo)鳩摩羅什樹。
落葉大喬(qiao)木,高達30米,樹(shu)皮(pi)薄片狀脫落;嫩枝被黃褐(he)色(se)絨毛,老(lao)枝禿凈,干(gan)后紅褐(he)色(se),有細小皮(pi)孔。
葉大,輪廓闊卵形,寬(kuan)(kuan)9-18厘米(mi),長(chang)8-16厘米(mi),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)淺三角狀(zhuang)心形,或近于(yu)平截,上部(bu)(bu)(bu)掌狀(zhuang)5-7裂,稀(xi)為3裂,中央裂片深裂過半,長(chang)7-9厘米(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)4-6厘米(mi),兩側裂片稍短(duan),邊緣有(you)(you)少數(shu)裂片狀(zhuang)粗齒,上下(xia)兩面初時被(bei)灰(hui)黃(huang)色毛(mao)(mao)被(bei),以后脫落,僅在背脈上有(you)(you)毛(mao)(mao),掌狀(zhuang)脈5條或3條,從基(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)出(chu);葉柄長(chang)3-8厘米(mi),圓柱形,被(bei)絨(rong)毛(mao)(mao),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)膨大;托葉小,短(duan)于(yu)1厘米(mi),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)鞘狀(zhuang)。
花4數;雄性(xing)球(qiu)狀(zhuang)花序無(wu)柄(bing)(bing),基部有長絨(rong)毛,萼片(pian)短小,雄蕊遠(yuan)比花瓣為長,花絲(si)極短,花藥伸(shen)長,頂端(duan)(duan)盾片(pian)稍擴大;雌性(xing)球(qiu)狀(zhuang)花序常有柄(bing)(bing),萼片(pian)被毛,花瓣倒披針形,心皮4個,花柱伸(shen)長,先(xian)端(duan)(duan)卷曲。
果枝(zhi)長10-15厘米,有圓球形頭狀果序3-5個(ge),稀為2個(ge);頭狀果序直徑2-2.5厘米,宿存花柱突出(chu)呈刺(ci)狀,長3-4毫米,小堅果之間有黃色絨毛(mao),突出(chu)頭狀果序外(wai)。
喜光,喜濕潤溫(wen)暖氣(qi)(qi)候,較(jiao)(jiao)耐(nai)寒。對土壤要求不嚴,但適生(sheng)(sheng)于微酸性或中性、排水(shui)良好的(de)土壤,微堿性土壤雖能(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)長,但易發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)黃化。根系分布較(jiao)(jiao)淺,臺(tai)風(feng)時(shi)易受害而倒斜。抗空氣(qi)(qi)污染能(neng)力較(jiao)(jiao)強,葉片具吸收有(you)(you)毒氣(qi)(qi)體和滯積灰塵的(de)作(zuo)用。該種(zhong)樹干高(gao)大,枝葉茂盛,生(sheng)(sheng)長迅速,適應性強,易成活,耐(nai)修剪,抗煙塵,所(suo)以(yi)廣泛栽植作(zuo)行道綠化樹種(zhong),也為(wei)速生(sheng)(sheng)材用樹種(zhong);對二氧化琉、氯氣(qi)(qi)等有(you)(you)毒氣(qi)(qi)體有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)強的(de)抗性。
采集插條
在秋末(mo)冬初采集(ji)插條,以(yi)(yi)實(shi)生(sheng)苗干(gan)或(huo)生(sheng)長健壯的母樹干(gan)處(chu)萌生(sheng)的1年生(sheng)枝(zhi)條為好,樹冠處(chu)1年生(sheng)的萌發枝(zhi)條也可用。為保(bao)證插條供(gong)應,還可以(yi)(yi)用實(shi)生(sheng)苗建立采穗圃。
插穗剪取及處理
種條采回后,立即(ji)截成15~20cm長的(de)插(cha)(cha)穗,每個插(cha)(cha)穗保(bao)留2個節3個飽滿芽(ya)苞,因為枝(zhi)條節上的(de)養分(fen)較(jiao)節間多。下(xia)切口(kou)要靠近(jin)節下(xia),一(yi)般離芽(ya)基部約1cm左(zuo)右,以利愈合生(sheng)根(gen),上切口(kou)距(ju)離芽(ya)先(xian)端0.5~1cm,以防頂芽(ya)失水枯萎。插(cha)(cha)穗每50~100根(gen)捆成1捆,然后在排水良好(hao)、背(bei)風向(xiang)陽處挖1個深60~80cm、寬80cm的(de)坑,坑長以插(cha)(cha)穗多少來(lai)確(que)定。坑底鋪一(yi)層虛土(tu),將插(cha)(cha)穗大頭(tou)朝下(xia),直立排放在虛土(tu)上,最后覆土(tu)掩蓋成圓球(qiu)形,以防雨(yu)水滲入,待第2年春季取(qu)出進行扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)。春季也可隨采隨插(cha)(cha),成活(huo)率也較(jiao)高。
扦插
扦(qian)(qian)插前要選(xuan)擇排水良(liang)好、疏松肥沃的地塊,進行(xing)深(shen)翻、消毒(du)、整(zheng)(zheng)平后(hou)(hou)做成(cheng)扦(qian)(qian)插床。待(dai)3月上(shang)、中(zhong)旬將扦(qian)(qian)插床大水漫灌1遍,等水滲完后(hou)(hou),整(zheng)(zheng)床覆蓋地膜。此時,取出沙藏的插穗(sui),置于生(sheng)根劑1000倍(bei)液中(zhong)浸泡(pao)2~3天,每24小時換(huan)生(sheng)根液1次。浸穗(sui)完成(cheng)后(hou)(hou),按株行(xing)距(ju)15cm×30cm進行(xing)扦(qian)(qian)插。插前先用(yong)(yong)與插穗(sui)粗細(xi)一致的硬(ying)棍打孔深(shen)約(yue)10cm,然后(hou)(hou)進行(xing)扦(qian)(qian)插,插穗(sui)露(lu)出地面約(yue)5cm左右,整(zheng)(zheng)床插完后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)細(xi)土(tu)封堵插穗(sui)周圍,使插穗(sui)與土(tu)壤緊密(mi)接(jie)觸。
育苗管理
懸鈴木插(cha)(cha)穗上主(zhu)芽(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)兩側有(you)(you)副芽(ya)(ya)和潛(qian)伏芽(ya)(ya),有(you)(you)時葉(xie)芽(ya)(ya)在未生(sheng)(sheng)根前萌發(fa),形(xing)成假活(huo)現(xian)象,但抽(chou)出(chu)的(de)(de)新(xin)枝不(bu)久就會枯(ku)死,約經(jing)(jing)10天左右,副芽(ya)(ya)又會萌發(fa),這標(biao)志(zhi)著(zhu)新(xin)的(de)(de)幼根已經(jing)(jing)長(chang)出(chu),插(cha)(cha)穗已經(jing)(jing)成活(huo)。生(sheng)(sheng)根后(hou),萌芽(ya)(ya)條高6~10cm時,留1個強壯枝培育主(zhu)干,其余均剪除(chu)(chu)(chu)。如發(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)萎芽(ya)(ya)現(xian)象,可摘去1~2片葉(xie),或摘去主(zhu)芽(ya)(ya)條,保(bao)(bao)留副芽(ya)(ya)條。生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期間(jian),枝葉(xie)過密(mi)時要(yao)適(shi)當(dang)剪去2次枝,摘除(chu)(chu)(chu)黃葉(xie),保(bao)(bao)持(chi)通風透光。同時要(yao)經(jing)(jing)常保(bao)(bao)持(chi)苗(miao)床(chuang)濕潤,以(yi)(yi)(yi)利插(cha)(cha)穗生(sheng)(sheng)根。插(cha)(cha)穗生(sheng)(sheng)根后(hou),在6~8月(yue)間(jian)適(shi)時施速效肥,以(yi)(yi)(yi)尿素為主(zhu)。除(chu)(chu)(chu)草對保(bao)(bao)苗(miao)也很重要(yao),不(bu)要(yao)等雜草長(chang)高再(zai)除(chu)(chu)(chu),盡量做到“除(chu)(chu)(chu)早、除(chu)(chu)(chu)小(xiao)、除(chu)(chu)(chu)了”。生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期的(de)(de)病害較少(shao),但要(yao)注意防治蚜蟲。若精心管(guan)理,當(dang)年(nian)苗(miao)高可達(da)1.5m以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,1年(nian)后(hou)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)定植(zhi)大(da)田,6年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)時可以(yi)(yi)(yi)出(chu)圃(pu)用于城(cheng)市綠(lv)化。
種子處理
法桐的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)不(bu)像(xiang)其他樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)成(cheng)熟就會落地。它的果球成(cheng)熟后,可以樹(shu)上掛整(zheng)個冬天都(dou)不(bu)會掉下(xia)來。因此可以在第二(er)年春天來到(dao)之前,把果球采接下(xia)來,放在麻(ma)袋中,然(ran)后再用(yong)木棍(gun)輕輕敲(qiao)打麻(ma)袋,把果球都(dou)打碎,這(zhe)樣(yang)就把種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)全都(dou)打出來了。但法桐的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)外(wai)常常會粘著絨(rong)毛,必須把這(zhe)些絨(rong)毛和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)剝(bo)離獲得(de)凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),否(fou)則這(zhe)些絨(rong)毛的附著會使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)不(bu)著土。具體(ti)方法是:破(po)碎果球后,撿除(chu)破(po)碎果球中間的小(xiao)圓球心,用(yong)手在鐵篩上反復搓篩,將(jiang)絨(rong)毛和針狀種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)分開,然(ran)后經風選(xuan),將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)與絨(rong)毛分離,便可取得(de)凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),裝袋待播(bo)。
苗床準備
苗床最好選在土(tu)質肥(fei)(fei)沃(wo)不板結的農(nong)(nong)耕地,要避風、排水(shui)(shui)(shui)通(tong)暢、灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)備(bei)完善且取水(shui)(shui)(shui)方便(bian),土(tu)地無鹽堿。選好苗床后(hou),要先灌(guan)透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui),然后(hou)施足(zu)基肥(fei)(fei),一般選用腐熟(shu)農(nong)(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)。施完肥(fei)(fei)要把(ba)苗床深耕平(ping)整,開出淺溝(gou)(gou)做出壟(long),壟(long)向應與(yu)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)方向一致(zhi),壟(long)與(yu)壟(long)相通(tong),壟(long)長10米(mi)(mi),壟(long)高0.15米(mi)(mi),壟(long)底(di)寬0.6米(mi)(mi),壟(long)面(mian)寬0.3~0.4米(mi)(mi),灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溝(gou)(gou)底(di)寬0.3米(mi)(mi),口寬0.6米(mi)(mi),壟(long)坡拍打結實,壟(long)面(mian)細平(ping),為保證壟(long)溝(gou)(gou)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)均勻,每壟(long)兩端高差力(li)求一致(zhi)。
播種時間
一般以(yi)春季(ji)最(zui)好(hao),具(ju)體(ti)時間要(yao)根據(ju)當(dang)地的氣(qi)候情況來定(ding),一般日均溫度(du)連續穩定(ding)在15℃左右以(yi)上,便可以(yi)播種了,北方地區在4月(yue)下旬及5月(yue)初(chu)為適播期(qi),當(dang)然要(yao)看具(ju)體(ti)的氣(qi)候情況,如果(guo)提前(qian)或推(tui)遲,都會對出(chu)苗及生(sheng)長產生(sheng)很大影響,要(yao)注意把握。
種子處理
播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)之前,可用冷水把種(zhong)子浸(jin)一晝夜,12小時(shi)換一次清(qing)水,然后(hou)再把浸(jin)過的種(zhong)子放(fang)在無風(feng)的條件下(xia)進行光照升溫(wen),也可以放(fang)在大棚中增溫(wen),經升溫(wen)催芽(ya),種(zhong)子受(shou)熱均勻能(neng)快速發芽(ya),且整齊(qi)一致,最(zui)好(hao)保(bao)證(zheng)種(zhong)子的存放(fang)環(huan)(huan)境溫(wen)度(du)達到28℃~30℃這樣的溫(wen)度(du)環(huan)(huan)境,能(neng)促使種(zhong)子在一兩天之內就露白發芽(ya),然后(hou)就可以立即(ji)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)了(le)。
播種技術
播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)宜(yi)在傍(bang)晚時間,最好(hao)(hao)是陰天。把種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)均勻撒播(bo)在壟面上,密度大些,然后(hou)再用清河沙(sha)蓋上。河沙(sha)要(yao)事先準備好(hao)(hao),要(yao)無堿。蓋河沙(sha)的厚度以看(kan)不(bu)見梧(wu)桐種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)為準,不(bu)能(neng)太(tai)厚,否則(ze)會(hui)影(ying)響種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的發(fa)芽(ya),也(ye)(ye)不(bu)能(neng)太(tai)少,太(tai)少了蓋不(bu)完全(quan)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),這樣(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)容易干燥少水(shui),也(ye)(ye)不(bu)利(li)于發(fa)芽(ya)。蓋好(hao)(hao)后(hou)輕輕鎮壓(ya)一下,保證種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)和壟面土密合,對扎根有(you)利(li)。
田間管理
播種(zhong)(zhong)完了,要(yao)(yao)對苗(miao)地進(jin)行灌(guan)(guan)水(shui),灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)時要(yao)(yao)細流緩淌,切忌大水(shui)急(ji)流,避免把(ba)(ba)壟(long)(long)面沖(chong)斷。灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)深(shen)度以(yi)(yi)能慢(man)(man)慢(man)(man)浸潤壟(long)(long)面為(wei)準。灌(guan)(guan)完水(shui)以(yi)(yi)后(hou),要(yao)(yao)時時觀察(cha)壟(long)(long)面的濕度,每(mei)(mei)天分兩(liang)次(ci)進(jin)行噴水(shui),可以(yi)(yi)早(zao)晚進(jin)行,噴時要(yao)(yao)緩慢(man)(man)進(jin)行,不(bu)要(yao)(yao)太急(ji),防止把(ba)(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)子沖(chong)露出來,影響發(fa)芽。一(yi)周后(hou)開始出苗(miao),正常(chang)條件下(xia)兩(liang)周內就(jiu)會出齊苗(miao)。在(zai)播種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)45天內,除播后(hou)溝(gou)灌(guan)(guan)外(wai),以(yi)(yi)后(hou)每(mei)(mei)隔7天左(zuo)右溝(gou)灌(guan)(guan)1次(ci),并(bing)堅持每(mei)(mei)天早(zao)、晚給壟(long)(long)面各噴1次(ci)。
6~8月(yue),是懸鈴木幼苗旺盛(sheng)生長時期,必須做好適時追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)、灌水、抹除側(ce)枝、中耕除草、病蟲(chong)害防治等(deng)各項管理工作(zuo)。追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)可以(yi)從6月(yue)中旬開(kai)始。第一次(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)可順苗壟兩側(ce)坡底開(kai)溝,追(zhui)施腐熟(shu)好的廄肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為主,另加速效化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。每次(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)后即行灌水,從第一次(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)到8月(yue)底共灌水6~7次(ci)。
危害(hai)懸鈴木的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)有星(xing)天牛(niu)、光肩星(xing)天牛(niu)、六星(xing)黑點蠹(du)蛾(e)和褐(he)邊綠剌蛾(e)等(deng)(deng)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。防治上(shang)多(duo)采用(yong)(yong)人工捕捉(zhuo)或(huo)(huo)黑光燈誘殺(sha)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、殺(sha)卵、剪除蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)枝,集(ji)(ji)中處理等(deng)(deng)方法。大量發(fa)生(sheng)時在成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)及(ji)初(chu)孵幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發(fa)生(sheng)期,可(ke)用(yong)(yong)化學藥劑噴(pen)涂枝干或(huo)(huo)樹冠,40%氧(yang)化樂果乳油、50%辛硫磷(lin)乳油、90%敵(di)百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)晶體(ti)、25%溴(xiu)氰菊酯(zhi)乳油等(deng)(deng)100~500倍(bei)液。用(yong)(yong)注(zhu)射、堵孔法防治已蛀(zhu)入木質部的(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。對(dui)于多(duo)數天牛(niu)、木蠹(du)蛾(e)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可(ke)采用(yong)(yong):用(yong)(yong)注(zhu)射器(qi)或(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)藥棉沾敵(di)敵(di)畏、氧(yang)化樂果、溴(xiu)氰菊酯(zhi)等(deng)(deng)1~50倍(bei)液塞(sai)入蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)孔;用(yong)(yong)磷(lin)化鋁片或(huo)(huo)磷(lin)化鋅毒簽塞(sai)入蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)孔,外用(yong)(yong)黃(huang)泥封口,效(xiao)果均很好。法桐霉斑病(bing)是主(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)害(hai),防治可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)換茬育(yu)苗,嚴禁重茬;秋季(ji)收集(ji)(ji)留床苗落葉(xie)燒去,減(jian)少越冬菌源(yuan);5月下(xia)旬~7月,對(dui)播(bo)種培育(yu)的(de)實生(sheng)苗噴(pen)1:2:200倍(bei)波爾(er)多(duo)液2~3次,有防病(bing)效(xiao)果,藥液要(yao)噴(pen)到實生(sheng)苗葉(xie)背面。
樹形(xing)雄(xiong)偉(wei)(wei)端莊(zhuang),葉(xie)大蔭膿,干皮光滑,適應(ying)性(xing)強(qiang),各地廣為栽培,為優(you)良是世界著名的(de)(de)優(you)良庭蔭樹和行道樹。適應(ying)性(xing)強(qiang),又耐(nai)修(xiu)剪整形(xing),是優(you)良的(de)(de)行道樹種,廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)(yu)城市綠化,在園林中孤植于(yu)(yu)草(cao)坪(ping)或曠地,列(lie)植于(yu)(yu)甬道兩旁(pang),尤為雄(xiong)偉(wei)(wei)壯觀。
又因其對多種有毒氣(qi)體(ti)抗性較強,并能吸(xi)收有害氣(qi)體(ti),對夏季降溫、滯塵、降噪音、吸(xi)收有害氣(qi)體(ti),提高(gao)空氣(qi)相對濕度(du),調節二(er)氧化(hua)碳與氧氣(qi)的平(ping)衡(heng),改(gai)進大氣(qi)質量效果(guo)顯著(zhu)。作為街坊、廠礦綠(lv)化(hua)頗為合適。
果可(ke)入(ru)藥。木材(cai)可(ke)制作(zuo)家具。