華山松(song)(學名(ming):PinusarmandiiFranch.)是松(song)科中(zhong)(zhong)的著名(ming)常綠(lv)喬木(mu)品種(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)一(yi)。原產(chan)于中(zhong)(zhong)國,因集中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)于陜西的華山而得名(ming)。華山松(song)是一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)大喬木(mu),幼樹(shu)樹(shu)皮灰(hui)綠(lv)色或淡灰(hui)色,平滑,老時裂成方形(xing)或長方形(xing)厚(hou)塊片。球果幼時綠(lv)色成熟時淡黃褐色;種(zhong)(zhong)鱗先端不反曲或微反曲;鱗臍不明顯(xian)。種(zhong)(zhong)子無翅,兩側(ce)及(ji)頂端具(ju)棱脊。主產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)國中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)至西南部(bu)高山。喜溫(wen)涼濕潤氣(qi)候,不耐寒及(ji)濕熱(re),稍耐干燥瘠薄。可(ke)(ke)供建筑、家具(ju)及(ji)木(mu)纖維工(gong)業原料(liao)等用(yong)材(cai)。樹(shu)干可(ke)(ke)割取樹(shu)脂;樹(shu)皮可(ke)(ke)提(ti)取栲膠(jiao);針(zhen)葉(xie)可(ke)(ke)提(ti)煉芳香油;種(zhong)(zhong)子可(ke)(ke)食用(yong)也可(ke)(ke)榨(zha)油。
江西廬山(shan)及浙江杭州等地引種(zhong)栽(zai)培的(de)華山(shan)松(樹(shu)(shu)齡(ling)10余年)明顯地表現為兩種(zhong)類(lei)型。一類(lei)是(shi)樹(shu)(shu)皮平滑、較(jiao)(jiao)薄、不開裂,針葉較(jiao)(jiao)短、常(chang)向(xiang)上伸,樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)翠綠(lv)色,球(qiu)果(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)熟較(jiao)(jiao)早。另一類(lei)則樹(shu)(shu)皮較(jiao)(jiao)厚(hou)、開展(樹(shu)(shu)干2米(mi)以下(xia)顯著)、粗(cu)糙,針葉較(jiao)(jiao)長、下(xia)垂,樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)灰(hui)綠(lv)色,球(qiu)果(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)熟較(jiao)(jiao)晚。這兩種(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)生(sheng)長快慢(man)與其形(xing)(xing)態有(you)無(wu)聯系,壯齡(ling)樹(shu)(shu)及老樹(shu)(shu)的(de)形(xing)(xing)態區別是(shi)否明顯穩(wen)定,均待進一步研(yan)究(jiu)。
華山(shan)松產于中國山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)中條山(shan)(北至沁源海拔1200-1800米)、河南(nan)(nan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及嵩山(shan)、陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)秦(qin)嶺(東起華山(shan),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)至辛家山(shan),海拔1500-2000米)甘肅南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(洮(tao)河及白龍江(jiang)流域)、四川(chuan)、湖北西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、貴州(zhou)中部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、云南(nan)(nan)及西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)藏雅魯(lu)藏布江(jiang)下游海拔1000-3300米地(di)帶。江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)廬山(shan)、浙江(jiang)杭州(zhou)等地(di)有栽培。模(mo)式標本采(cai)自陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)秦(qin)嶺。
垂直分(fen)布(bu)中條山(shan)海(hai)拔1200~1800m,太行山(shan)、伏(fu)牛山(shan)海(hai)拔1200m以上,青海(hai)垂直分(fen)布(bu)海(hai)拔3000m。
在氣候溫涼而濕潤、酸性(xing)黃(huang)壤(rang)、黃(huang)褐壤(rang)土或鈣質(zhi)土上,組成單純(chun)林或與針(zhen)葉(xie)樹闊葉(xie)樹種混生。稍耐千燥瘠薄(bo)的土地,能生于石(shi)灰巖石(shi)縫間。
陽(yang)性樹,但幼(you)苗略喜一定庇蔭。喜溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)涼爽、濕潤(run)氣(qi)候,自然(ran)分布區年(nian)平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)多在15℃以下(xia),年(nian)降水(shui)量600-1500mm,年(nian)平均(jun)相對(dui)濕度大(da)于70%。耐(nai)寒(han)力強(qiang),在其分布區北部,甚至可耐(nai)-3l℃的(de)絕對(dui)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)。不(bu)(bu)耐(nai)炎熱,在高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)季節長(chang)的(de)地方生長(chang)不(bu)(bu)良。喜排水(shui)良好,能適應多種土(tu)壤(rang),最宜(yi)深(shen)厚、濕潤(run)、疏松的(de)中性或微酸(suan)性壤(rang)土(tu)。不(bu)(bu)耐(nai)鹽堿土(tu),耐(nai)瘠(ji)薄(bo)能力不(bu)(bu)如油松、白皮(pi)松。
華山松是(shi)喬木,高(gao)達35米,胸徑1米;幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)皮灰(hui)綠色(se)或(huo)(huo)淡灰(hui)色(se),平(ping)滑,老則呈灰(hui)色(se),裂成(cheng)方形或(huo)(huo)長方形厚塊片(pian)固著(zhu)于樹(shu)(shu)干上,或(huo)(huo)脫落;枝條平(ping)展,形成(cheng)圓錐形或(huo)(huo)柱(zhu)(zhu)狀塔(ta)形樹(shu)(shu)冠;一年生枝綠色(se)或(huo)(huo)灰(hui)綠色(se)(干后褐色(se)),無(wu)毛,微被白粉;冬芽(ya)近圓柱(zhu)(zhu)形,褐色(se),微具樹(shu)(shu)脂,芽(ya)鱗排列疏松。
針葉(xie)5針一束(shu),稀6-7針一束(shu),長(chang)8-15厘(li)米(mi),徑(jing)1-1.5毫米(mi),邊(bian)緣(yuan)具(ju)細(xi)(xi)鋸齒(chi),僅(jin)腹面(mian)(mian)兩(liang)側各具(ju)4-8條白色氣(qi)孔線;橫(heng)切面(mian)(mian)三角形(xing)(xing),單層皮下(xia)層細(xi)(xi)胞,樹脂道通(tong)常3個,中生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)背面(mian)(mian)2個邊(bian)生(sheng)(sheng)、腹面(mian)(mian)1個中生(sheng)(sheng),稀具(ju)4-7個樹脂道,則(ze)中生(sheng)(sheng)與(yu)邊(bian)生(sheng)(sheng)兼有(you)(you);葉(xie)鞘早落。子葉(xie)10-15枚,針形(xing)(xing),橫(heng)切面(mian)(mian)三角形(xing)(xing),長(chang)4-6.4厘(li)米(mi),徑(jing)約1毫米(mi),先端漸尖,全緣(yuan)或(huo)上(shang)(shang)部棱脊微具(ju)細(xi)(xi)齒(chi);初生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)條形(xing)(xing),長(chang)3.5-4.5厘(li)米(mi),寬約1毫米(mi),上(shang)(shang)下(xia)兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)均(jun)有(you)(you)氣(qi)孔線,邊(bian)緣(yuan)有(you)(you)細(xi)(xi)鋸齒(chi)。
雄(xiong)球花(hua)黃色,卵狀(zhuang)圓柱形,長約(yue)1.4厘米,基(ji)部圍有近10枚卵狀(zhuang)匙形的(de)鱗片,多數(shu)集(ji)生于新枝(zhi)下部成(cheng)穗狀(zhuang),排列較疏松(song)。
球果(guo)(guo)圓(yuan)錐狀長(chang)卵(luan)圓(yuan)形,長(chang)10-20厘米(mi),徑(jing)5-8厘米(mi),幼時(shi)綠色(se),成熟(shu)時(shi)黃色(se)或褐黃色(se),種鱗張開,種子脫(tuo)落,果(guo)(guo)梗長(chang)2-3厘米(mi);中部種鱗近(jin)斜方狀倒卵(luan)形,長(chang)3-4厘米(mi),寬(kuan)2.5-3厘米(mi),鱗盾近(jin)斜方形或寬(kuan)三(san)角狀斜方形,不具縱脊,先端(duan)鈍(dun)圓(yuan)或微尖,不反曲或微反曲,鱗臍不明顯(xian);種子黃褐色(se)、暗褐色(se)或黑色(se),倒卵(luan)圓(yuan)形,長(chang)1-1.5厘米(mi),徑(jing)6-10毫米(mi),無翅(chi)或兩側及頂端(duan)具棱脊,稀具極短的木質翅(chi);
花期4-5月,球果第二(er)年9-10月成熟。
容器苗帶土移植,不傷根,具有造林(lin)成(cheng)活率高(gao),初(chu)期生長合快(kuai)的(de)優點,適(shi)宜土壤(rang)干旱貧瘠、裸根苗造林(lin)困(kun)難的(de)地區,同時可做到(dao)常年(nian)造林(lin)。
【苗圃地選擇】宜(yi)(yi)選取(qu)在(zai)地勢較(jiao)平坦(tan)、排灌條件良好(hao)、交通(tong)方(fang)便的地方(fang),便于降(jiang)低成(cheng)本(ben)。如就地取(qu)土,宜(yi)(yi)微酸至中(zhong)性、不(bu)粘(zhan)重(zhong)的土壤。
【容器選擇及營蕎配(pei)制】采用塑料薄膜容器,規格6厘米×14厘米。營養土(tu)(tu)按60%黃(huang)心土(tu)(tu)+30%火燒土(tu)(tu)+10%菌(jun)(jun)根(gen)(gen)土(tu)(tu),外加3%過磷(lin)酸鈣的比(bi)例配(pei)制,其中菌(jun)(jun)根(gen)(gen)土(tu)(tu)待營養土(tu)(tu)消(xiao)毒10日后再加入,以免菌(jun)(jun)根(gen)(gen)菌(jun)(jun)被消(xiao)毒藥(yao)劑所殺傷。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)消(xiao)毒每1立方米營養上加人敵克松(song)(song)0.2公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)、甲敵粉(fen)0.2公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。菌(jun)(jun)根(gen)(gen)土(tu)(tu)可用松(song)(song)林(lin)中表(biao)層土(tu)(tu)壤(rang),松(song)(song)類育苗不能缺(que)少菌(jun)(jun)根(gen)(gen)菌(jun)(jun),如缺(que)少菌(jun)(jun)根(gen)(gen)時,苗木針(zhen)葉發黃(huang),生(sheng)長不良。
【裝(zhuang)袋及擺(bai)放】圃地應開好(hao)排(pai)水(shui)溝(gou),防(fang)止暴雨(yu)后雨(yu)水(shui)沖擊。作(zuo)床1.2米(mi)寬,留(liu)40厘(li)米(mi)寬的步道(dao),在(zai)營養(yang)袋內裝(zhuang)滿基質,并填實,整齊(qi)排(pai)放在(zai)苗床上。
【播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)】播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行消毒和催芽(ya)處理(li),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)消毒用50%多菌靈800倍液;催芽(ya)用50℃溫(wen)水浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),自然冷卻后浸泡24小(xiao)時(shi),取出(chu)晾干,每袋播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2粒~3粒,播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)度約1厘米(mi),播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)間宜在清(qing)明前(qian)后。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后用塑料(liao)薄膜覆(fu)蓋保濕保溫(wen),出(chu)苗(miao)比較整(zheng)齊。
【苗期管理】
一(yi)、除(chu)草(cao):本著除(chu)早、除(chu)小、除(chu)了的(de)原則,做到(dao)容(rong)器內、床面和步道無雜草(cao),除(chu)草(cao)時要防(fang)止松(song)動苗(miao)根。
二、澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui):在種子發芽階段,要特別注(zhu)意保持(chi)基質濕潤,防止由(you)于缺水(shui)造成已發芽的種子回(hui)芽死(si)亡;由(you)于營(ying)養袋內土壤少,抗旱(han)力(li)弱,干旱(han)季(ji)節應及時補充水(shui)分,以滿足苗木正(zheng)常生長(chang)對水(shui)分的需(xu)求,澆(jiao)(jiao)要澆(jiao)(jiao)透,宜早、晚進(jin)行。
三(san)、施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei):出苗(miao)(miao)后⒛天(tian)后,施(shi)(shi)用磷(lin)酸二氫(qing)鉀銨,按0.2%的濃(nong)度(du)噴施(shi)(shi)葉面肥(fei)(fei)(fei),前期(qi)不(bu)(bu)能直接施(shi)(shi)用顆粒性肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料,否則會(hui)燒(shao)根;速生期(qi)按N∶P∶Κ=3∶2∶1配制混合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料,稀釋(shi)成0.6%的濃(nong)度(du)澆灌,追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)宜在傍(bang)晚(wan)進行,不(bu)(bu)得在中(zhong)午高(gao)溫時追肥(fei)(fei)(fei),以免出現肥(fei)(fei)(fei)害;苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)硬化期(qi),只施(shi)(shi)磷(lin)鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei),不(bu)(bu)再施(shi)(shi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。
四(si)、間(jian)(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、補(bu)蒔:幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)長到5厘米左右開(kai)始間(jian)(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、補(bu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao),每個(ge)容器內保留1株苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu),選擇(ze)在陰雨天進(jin)行,間(jian)(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、補(bu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)后要隨即澆水。
五(wu)、遮蔭(yin):6月(yue)~8月(yue)光照過強、氣(qi)溫過高時(shi)用50%遮陽網遮蔭(yin),防止土(tu)溫過高,引起立枯病及其他病害。
一、土壤(rang)疏(shu)松,微酸(suan),排(pai)水良好,以沙壤(rang)土為(wei)宜,忌鹽漬土。
二(er)、燎荒(huang)地以及種過玉米、棉花、豆(dou)類(lei)、馬鈴薯等農(nong)作(zuo)物和蔬菜的地方,一般不宜作(zuo)華山松育苗(miao)地。
三、在苗(miao)圃中(zhong)最好選以前(qian)作為(wei)松樹(shu)、云杉(shan)、冷杉(shan)等針葉樹(shu)或楊(yang)柳科、殼斗科樹(shu)種(zhong)的(de)(de)育(yu)苗(miao)地。未經(jing)處理的(de)(de)陰干的(de)(de)華(hua)山(shan)松種(zhong)子,可(ke)貯藏2-3年,3年后發(fa)芽率(lv)很快降低。種(zhong)子千粒重259-320g。一般(ban)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)要經(jing)3-4周(zhou)才能發(fa)芽出土(tu)(tu)(tu)。通常(chang)在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)前(qian)進行(xing)沙藏層積催(cui)芽,也可(ke)用50-60℃溫水浸種(zhong)催(cui)芽。條播(bo)(bo)行(xing)距20cm,播(bo)(bo)幅(fu)5-7cm,覆土(tu)(tu)(tu)厚(hou)度2-3cm。亦可(ke)撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)。北(bei)方的(de)(de)1a生(sheng)苗(miao),以20萬-25萬株/667平(ping)方米為(wei)目標,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量50-75kg/667平(ping)方米。最好用火燒(shao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)蓋種(zhong),播(bo)(bo)后覆草。幼苗(miao)出土(tu)(tu)(tu)前(qian)要應保持土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤濕(shi)潤并搭(da)棚遮蔭。幼樹(shu)要防(fang)(fang)猝倒病,入冬前(qian)要埋(mai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)防(fang)(fang)寒(han)。1年生(sheng)苗(miao)高(gao)6cm。
植苗造(zao)(zao)林或直播造(zao)(zao)林。不宜在高寒或土壤瘠薄的(de)地方造(zao)(zao)林。植苗造(zao)(zao)林密度為330~350株(zhu)/667平方米。在土壤、氣候干旱的(de)地方,3~5株(zhu)/穴生長(chang)較(jiao)好。
一、取材培育
人(ren)工繁殖(zhi):華山松(song)多用種子育苗(miao)繁殖(zhi),發芽(ya)率可(ke)(ke)高達(da)90%以上。可(ke)(ke)在9月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)至(zhi)10月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)、下旬(xun)球果成熟時(shi)及(ji)時(shi)采(cai)回,先堆放5~7天(tian),再曝曬3~4天(tian),敲打翻(fan)動,種子脫出(chu),及(ji)時(shi)水選,剔除空粒雜物,陰干后袋藏過冬。華山松(song)種皮厚(hou),發芽(ya)慢,宜早播。苗(miao)圃地(di)選排水良好(hao)的微酸性土(tu),整地(di)時(shi)施足基肥。播前進行催芽(ya)處理。用冷(leng)水浸種3~7天(tian)(浸種期間要換水),浸后用消(xiao)石灰(hui)拌種,待種皮裂開后,即可(ke)(ke)播種。4月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)、下旬(xun)開始發芽(ya)出(chu)土(tu),當年苗(miao)木可(ke)(ke)達(da)8~12厘米。
山野(ye)采掘:從山野(ye)林地內,選找(zhao)桿形粗(cu)壯(zhuang)矮小(xiao)(xiao)的華山松野(ye)生(sheng)苗(miao),以石隙、崖壁、溝(gou)旁生(sheng)長的小(xiao)(xiao)老樹樁為(wei)好。采掘時注意多保(bao)護副(fu)根(gen)和(he)須根(gen),再下地養胚培育,翌年(nian)春后再上(shang)盆造型。
二、上盆過程
選盆(pen):華山松宜(yi)用(yong)(yong)紫砂陶(tao)盆(pen),也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)釉(you)陶(tao)盆(pen)。剛上盆(pen)栽培(pei),可(ke)先用(yong)(yong)透氣性良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)素燒(shao)瓦盆(pen),待(dai)服盆(pen)后再換入形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態優(you)雅(ya)的(de)(de)(de)紫砂淺盆(pen)中。除(chu)懸(xuan)崖(ya)式用(yong)(yong)深千筒盆(pen)或較深的(de)(de)(de)四(si)方和圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)盆(pen)外,一般以(yi)長方形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中淺盆(pen)為宜(yi)。盆(pen)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態也可(ke)依樹形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而定(ding),如(ru)曲(qu)干(gan)式可(ke)用(yong)(yong)鼓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)淺圓盆(pen),盆(pen)色選紫紅或淺黃(huang)均可(ke)。
用土:華山松(song)能適應(ying)多種土壤(rang),但不耐(nai)鹽堿,以深厚、濕潤、疏松(song)、微酸性的沙壤(rang)土為(wei)好。盆(pen)栽以熟(shu)化的田園土、腐葉土,適量(liang)摻(chan)拌沙土使用。
栽種(zhong)(zhong):華山松(song)上盆(pen)栽種(zhong)(zhong)以3月份萌芽之(zhi)前最好(hao),秋季也可(ke)(ke)栽植(zhi),但不利(li)發根。挖(wa)取(qu)樹苗(miao)時要帶宿土,可(ke)(ke)剪(jian)短(duan)伸展過(guo)長的直根,剪(jian)除枯根。如栽進淺盆(pen)中(zhong),要注意樹干固定,可(ke)(ke)用(yong)鐵桿放盆(pen)底孔(kong)(kong)沿下,用(yong)略粗些(xie)金屬絲綁在較粗根部(bu)上,從盆(pen)孔(kong)(kong)中(zhong)穿出,再纏住鐵桿上扎緊,可(ke)(ke)免風吹搖晃,根系松(song)動,影響成活。栽種(zhong)(zhong)技術可(ke)(ke)參照黃(huang)山松(song)。
三、整姿技術
加工:華山(shan)松(song)的加工造(zao)型可以(yi)攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha)(zha)為(wei)主,修(xiu)剪為(wei)輔。攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha)(zha)用(yong)金屬(shu)絲(si)或棕絲(si)。華山(shan)松(song)枝條較為(wei)柔軟,用(yong)金屬(shu)絲(si)攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha)(zha)簡便易行,屈伸自如。如取2~3年(nian)(nian)生幼樹苗為(wei)材料,將(jiang)主干作一定的彎曲,剪去礙(ai)于造(zao)型的枝干,再將(jiang)保留的側(ce)枝攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha)(zha)成水平狀或略(lve)下垂(chui)狀,生長一年(nian)(nian)后再拆除金屬(shu)絲(si),重新調整角(jiao)度,再行攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha)(zha),數(shu)年(nian)(nian)后即可成型。
如山(shan)野(ye)采掘的(de)華(hua)山(shan)松樹樁,養胚一年后方(fang)可上盆加(jia)工。整姿造(zao)型(xing)須因材(cai)處理,充分利(li)用原材(cai)料(liao)的(de)自(zi)然形態(tai),稍(shao)加(jia)人工攀扎(zha),使(shi)其(qi)具有自(zi)然的(de)野(ye)趣。
樹形:華(hua)山(shan)松盆景可(ke)制成直干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)、斜(xie)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)、曲(qu)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)、懸(xuan)崖(ya)式(shi)(shi)等(deng),各具韻味。直干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi),蒼(cang)勁挺(ting)拔古(gu)樸;斜(xie)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi),瀟灑蒼(cang)健遒勁;曲(qu)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi),"曲(qu)屈彎(wan)彎(wan)回蟠勢(shi),蜿(wan)蜒起伏蛟(jiao)龍(long)形";懸(xuan)崖(ya)式(shi)(shi),壑崖(ya)古(gu)松,臨危列險(xian),蒼(cang)龍(long)探首(shou),欲(yu)潛四海等(deng)。
華(hua)山(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)常見病害(hai)有松(song)(song)(song)瘤(liu)病、葉(xie)枯病等,蟲(chong)害(hai)主(zhu)要(yao)有華(hua)山(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)(song)大小蠹(du)、松(song)(song)(song)葉(xie)蜂、油(you)松(song)(song)(song)毛(mao)蟲(chong)、松(song)(song)(song)梢(shao)螟等。松(song)(song)(song)瘤(liu)病。受松(song)(song)(song)蚜蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)危害(hai),常引(yin)起(qi)枝葉(xie)變色,葉(xie)卷曲皺縮(suo)或形成蟲(chong)癭(ying),影響林木生長;同(tong)時因蚜蟲(chong)大量分泌蜜露、玷(dian)污(wu)葉(xie)面,不但影響正(zheng)常的(de)(de)(de)光合作用,還會誘發煤污(wu)病的(de)(de)(de)發生。可用5%川保3號粉劑(ji)、2.5%溴氰菊脂5000~1萬倍液或殺蟲(chong)優油(you)劑(ji)1號150~500倍超低量噴(pen)霧防(fang)治(zhi)。
葉枯病可剪除(chu)重(zhong)病枝(zhi),噴(pen)灑65%可濕(shi)性福美鐵或福美鋅(xin)的300倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)。華山松大小蠹、油松毛蟲可用50%敵(di)敵(di)畏乳劑1000~1500倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)射。松梢螟(ming)可用25%乙酰甲胺(an)磷(lin)乳油或50%殺螟(ming)松300倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)殺。松葉蜂可用敵(di)百蟲或馬拉松1000~1500倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)殺防(fang)治(zhi)。防(fang)治(zhi)立枯病可用1∶1∶100波(bo)爾多液(ye)或50%多菌靈1000倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)施(shi)。預防(fang)病蟲害,平時就(jiu)要(yao)加(jia)強監管,防(fang)患(huan)于未(wei)然,早(zao)(zao)發(fa)現(xian),早(zao)(zao)預防(fang),早(zao)(zao)治(zhi)理。
【藏(zang)藥(yao)】唐(tang)興:松(song)枝(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)“黃(huang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)”病(bing)(bing)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong)病(bing)(bing)、蟲病(bing)(bing);煅炭后研細,治(zhi)(zhi)肛門濕疹,皮膚瘙癢(yang):松(song)香治(zhi)(zhi)“龍(long)”病(bing)(bing),“培根”病(bing)(bing),“黃(huang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)”病(bing)(bing),風(feng)濕性(xing)關(guan)節(jie)炎(yan),腰腎疼痛,筋骨疼痛,堿(jian)中毒(du),瘡瘍久(jiu)潰不(bu)愈;松(song)球果(guo)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)咳嗽痰喘,氣管炎(yan),咽喉疼痛;松(song)針治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)風(feng)濕關(guan)節(jie)痛,跌打瘀痛,流行性(xing)感冒,高血(xue)壓,神經衰弱;松(song)樹皮用(yong)于骨折,外傷(shang)(shang)出血(xue);松(song)枝(zhi)嫩尖(jian)配(pei)少許波(bo)棱瓜子,治(zhi)(zhi)膽囊炎(yan);松(song)花粉外用(yong)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)癰癤(jie)毒(du)瘡,久(jiu)潰不(bu)斂,外傷(shang)(shang)出血(xue)《藏(zang)本草》。仲象(xiang):節(jie)木(mu)用(yong)于風(feng)寒濕痹,關(guan)節(jie)積(ji)黃(huang)水(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)腫(zhong),龍(long)與培根并發(fa)癥;球果(guo)用(yong)于咽喉疾病(bing)(bing),肺部疾病(bing)(bing);松(song)脂用(yong)于風(feng)寒濕痹,瘡癤(jie)潰爛(lan),關(guan)節(jie)積(ji)黃(huang)水(shui)(shui)(shui),筋絡扭傷(shang)(shang)《中國藏(zang)藥(yao)》。
【彝(yi)藥】特瑪:種子治療斯(si)(哮喘(chuan)病),脖(bo)子啞(扁桃體炎(yan))《彝(yi)植藥續》。
【僳僳藥(yao)(yao)】土(tu)刷,徒耍(shua):樹(shu)干(gan)生(sheng)病后長出(chu)的瘤狀物(松(song)節(jie)(jie))治(zhi)風(feng)濕關節(jie)(jie)痛(tong),腰(yao)腿痛(tong),轉筋攣急,鶴膝(xi)風(feng),跌打腫痛(tong);種(zhong)仁(松(song)子仁)治(zhi)肺(fei)燥咳嗽,習慣性便秘;花粉治(zhi)胃,十(shi)二指腸潰瘍,中耳炎(yan),鼻(bi)炎(yan),外傷(shang)出(chu)血,濕疹,皮膚(fu)潰瘍;松(song)針治(zhi)流行(xing)性感冒,風(feng)濕關節(jie)(jie)炎(yan),夜盲癥,高血壓(ya),神經衰弱《滇省志》、《滇藥(yao)(yao)錄》。
華山(shan)(shan)松不僅是風(feng)景名樹及薪炭(tan)林(lin),還能涵(han)養水(shui)源,保(bao)持水(shui)土,防止風(feng)沙。華山(shan)(shan)松高大(da)挺拔(ba),樹皮灰綠色,葉(xie)(xie)5針(zhen)一束(shu),冠(guan)形優(you)美(mei),姿態(tai)奇特,為良好的(de)綠化風(feng)景樹。為點(dian)綴庭(ting)院、公(gong)園(yuan)、校園(yuan)的(de)珍品。植于假(jia)山(shan)(shan)旁、流水(shui)邊更(geng)富有詩情(qing)畫(hua)意。針(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)蒼翠,生長迅速,是優(you)良的(de)庭(ting)院綠化樹種(zhong)(zhong)。華山(shan)(shan)松在園(yuan)林(lin)中可(ke)用(yong)作園(yuan)景樹、庭(ting)蔭樹、行(xing)道樹及林(lin)帶(dai)樹、亦可(ke)用(yong)于叢(cong)植、群植,并(bing)系高山(shan)(shan)風(feng)景區之優(you)良風(feng)景林(lin)樹種(zhong)(zhong)。
華山松(song)(song)(song)(song)是(shi)很好的(de)(de)(de)建筑木(mu)材(cai)(cai)和工業原料。松(song)(song)(song)(song)木(mu)材(cai)(cai)質輕軟,紋理細致,易于加工,而且耐水(shui)(shui)、耐腐,有(you)“水(shui)(shui)浸千年松(song)(song)(song)(song)”的(de)(de)(de)聲譽。是(shi)名副其實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)棟梁(liang)之材(cai)(cai)。可(ke)作家具(ju)、雕刻、膠合板(ban)、枕木(mu)、電桿、車船和橋梁(liang)用材(cai)(cai)。粗鋸屑可(ke)作紙漿原料。它的(de)(de)(de)花粉,在(zai)醫學上叫作“松(song)(song)(song)(song)黃”,浸酒溫服,有(you)醫治(zhi)創(chuang)傷出(chu)血,頭旋腦脹(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)功效,還可(ke)作預(yu)防汗疹的(de)(de)(de)爽身粉。用快刀(dao)切開(kai)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)皮層(ceng),就流出(chu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)脂(zhi),松(song)(song)(song)(song)脂(zhi)經分餾,分離出(chu)揮發性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)節油后,剩下堅硬透明呈琥珀色(se)的(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)香。
松(song)(song)香、松(song)(song)節(jie)油(you)(you)在工業上(shang)也(ye)是重要(yao)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)。樹皮含(han)(han)單寧12%~23%,可提(ti)煉(lian)栲膠。沉積的(de)(de)(de)(de)天然松(song)(song)渣,還(huan)可提(ti)煉(lian)柴油(you)(you)、凡士林(lin)、人(ren)(ren)造石油(you)(you)等。種(zhong)(zhong)子粒大,長(chang)l~15厘(li)米,含(han)(han)油(you)(you)量42.8%(出(chu)油(you)(you)率22.24%),仁內(nei)還(huan)含(han)(han)蛋白(bai)質(zhi)17.83%,常作干(gan)果炒食,味(wei)美(mei)清香。松(song)(song)籽榨油(you)(you),屬干(gan)性油(you)(you),是工業上(shang)制皂、硬化油(you)(you)、調(diao)制漆和(he)(he)潤滑(hua)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)。針葉(xie)綜合利用可蒸餾提(ti)煉(lian)芳香油(you)(you)(其(qi)精油(you)(you)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍腦脂含(han)(han)量比馬尾松(song)(song)油(you)(you)高(gao),味(wei)香)、造酒、制隔音板、造紙、人(ren)(ren)造棉毛和(he)(he)制繩(sheng)。華(hua)山(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)下如(ru)許多林(lin)副產(chan)品,如(ru)茯苓和(he)(he)松(song)(song)草。因此,說它(ta)“粉(fen)身碎骨”為(wei)人(ren)(ren)類,是一點也(ye)不夸張的(de)(de)(de)(de)。就拿小小的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)針葉(xie)來(lai)說,過(guo)去我們不了(le)解它(ta),常常把它(ta)拋在山(shan)(shan)林(lin)中,白(bai)白(bai)浪費(fei)掉。70年代,中國研(yan)究解決了(le)松(song)(song)針葉(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利用問題,開(kai)始把它(ta)制成松(song)(song)針粉(fen),作家畜飼(si)料(liao)(liao)。據分析測定:松(song)(song)針內(nei)含(han)(han)有畜禽生長(chang)所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)20多種(zhong)(zhong)有效營養成分,其(qi)中粗蛋白(bai)含(han)(han)量接近10%,胡蘿卜素(su)和(he)(he)維生素(su)C、E、D、葉(xie)綠(lv)素(su)等含(han)(han)量均極豐富。還(huan)含(han)(han)有一定量的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗脂防、礦物(wu)質(zhi)、有機(ji)酸和(he)(he)抗(kang)菌素(su)。每公斤松(song)(song)針的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)值近5000大卡。在蛋雞飼(si)料(liao)(liao)中添加5%的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)針粉(fen),產(chan)蛋率提(ti)高(gao)13.4%;在奶牛飼(si)料(liao)(liao)中添加10%的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)針粉(fen),牛奶產(chan)量提(ti)高(gao)7.4%。隨著科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,松(song)(song)樹對人(ren)(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻越來(lai)越大,這是毫無(wu)疑問的(de)(de)(de)(de)。