華(hua)山(shan)(shan)松(song)(學(xue)名(ming)(ming):PinusarmandiiFranch.)是(shi)松(song)科中(zhong)(zhong)的著名(ming)(ming)常綠(lv)(lv)喬(qiao)木(mu)品種(zhong)之一(yi)。原產于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),因集中(zhong)(zhong)產于(yu)陜西(xi)的華(hua)山(shan)(shan)而得名(ming)(ming)。華(hua)山(shan)(shan)松(song)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)大喬(qiao)木(mu),幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)皮灰綠(lv)(lv)色(se)或淡灰色(se),平滑,老時裂成方(fang)形或長方(fang)形厚塊片。球果(guo)幼(you)時綠(lv)(lv)色(se)成熟時淡黃(huang)褐(he)色(se);種(zhong)鱗(lin)先端不反曲或微反曲;鱗(lin)臍(qi)不明顯。種(zhong)子無翅,兩側及(ji)(ji)頂端具棱脊。主產中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)部至(zhi)西(xi)南部高山(shan)(shan)。喜溫(wen)涼濕(shi)潤氣(qi)候(hou),不耐寒及(ji)(ji)濕(shi)熱(re),稍耐干燥瘠(ji)薄(bo)。可供建(jian)筑、家具及(ji)(ji)木(mu)纖維工業原料等用材。樹(shu)(shu)干可割取樹(shu)(shu)脂;樹(shu)(shu)皮可提(ti)取栲膠;針葉可提(ti)煉(lian)芳香油;種(zhong)子可食用也可榨油。
江西(xi)廬山及浙江杭州(zhou)等地引種栽培的(de)華山松(樹(shu)(shu)齡10余年(nian))明(ming)顯(xian)地表(biao)現(xian)為兩(liang)種類(lei)型(xing)。一(yi)類(lei)是樹(shu)(shu)皮平滑、較(jiao)薄、不(bu)開裂,針(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)短、常向上伸,樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)翠綠色,球果成熟較(jiao)早(zao)。另一(yi)類(lei)則樹(shu)(shu)皮較(jiao)厚(hou)、開展(樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)2米(mi)以下顯(xian)著)、粗糙(cao),針(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)長、下垂,樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)灰綠色,球果成熟較(jiao)晚。這兩(liang)種類(lei)型(xing)的(de)生(sheng)長快慢(man)與其(qi)形態有無聯系,壯(zhuang)齡樹(shu)(shu)及老樹(shu)(shu)的(de)形態區別是否明(ming)顯(xian)穩定,均待進一(yi)步(bu)研(yan)究。
華山(shan)松產于(yu)中國(guo)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)部(bu)中條山(shan)(北至沁源(yuan)海拔1200-1800米)、河(he)南(nan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)部(bu)及(ji)嵩山(shan)、陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)部(bu)秦嶺(東起華山(shan),西(xi)(xi)(xi)至辛家山(shan),海拔1500-2000米)甘肅南(nan)部(bu)(洮(tao)河(he)及(ji)白龍江流(liu)域)、四(si)川、湖北西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)、貴州中部(bu)及(ji)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北部(bu)、云南(nan)及(ji)西(xi)(xi)(xi)藏雅魯(lu)藏布江下(xia)游海拔1000-3300米地帶。江西(xi)(xi)(xi)廬山(shan)、浙江杭州等地有栽培(pei)。模式標本采自陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)秦嶺。
垂直分(fen)布中條山(shan)(shan)(shan)海拔(ba)(ba)1200~1800m,太行山(shan)(shan)(shan)、伏(fu)牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)海拔(ba)(ba)1200m以上,青(qing)海垂直分(fen)布海拔(ba)(ba)3000m。
在氣候溫(wen)涼而(er)濕潤(run)、酸性黃(huang)(huang)壤、黃(huang)(huang)褐壤土(tu)(tu)或鈣質土(tu)(tu)上,組成單(dan)純林或與針(zhen)葉(xie)樹闊葉(xie)樹種混生(sheng)。稍耐千(qian)燥瘠薄的土(tu)(tu)地,能(neng)生(sheng)于(yu)石(shi)灰(hui)巖石(shi)縫(feng)間(jian)。
陽(yang)性(xing)(xing)樹,但(dan)幼苗略喜(xi)(xi)一定庇蔭(yin)。喜(xi)(xi)溫(wen)和(he)涼(liang)爽、濕(shi)潤氣(qi)候(hou),自然分(fen)布區年平均氣(qi)溫(wen)多在15℃以下,年降水(shui)量600-1500mm,年平均相對濕(shi)度大于(yu)70%。耐(nai)寒力強,在其分(fen)布區北部,甚至(zhi)可耐(nai)-3l℃的(de)絕對低溫(wen)。不耐(nai)炎熱(re),在高溫(wen)季節(jie)長的(de)地方生長不良。喜(xi)(xi)排水(shui)良好(hao),能(neng)(neng)適應多種土(tu)壤,最宜深厚、濕(shi)潤、疏松(song)(song)的(de)中性(xing)(xing)或微酸性(xing)(xing)壤土(tu)。不耐(nai)鹽堿土(tu),耐(nai)瘠薄能(neng)(neng)力不如油松(song)(song)、白皮松(song)(song)。
華山松是喬木,高達(da)35米,胸徑1米;幼樹樹皮灰(hui)綠色或(huo)淡灰(hui)色,平(ping)滑,老則(ze)呈灰(hui)色,裂成(cheng)(cheng)方形(xing)或(huo)長方形(xing)厚塊(kuai)片固(gu)著于樹干(gan)上,或(huo)脫落(luo);枝條(tiao)平(ping)展,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)圓(yuan)錐形(xing)或(huo)柱狀塔形(xing)樹冠;一(yi)年生枝綠色或(huo)灰(hui)綠色(干(gan)后褐色),無毛,微(wei)被(bei)白粉(fen);冬芽近圓(yuan)柱形(xing),褐色,微(wei)具樹脂,芽鱗(lin)排列疏松。
針(zhen)葉(xie)5針(zhen)一束,稀6-7針(zhen)一束,長(chang)(chang)8-15厘米(mi)(mi),徑1-1.5毫米(mi)(mi),邊(bian)緣(yuan)具細(xi)鋸(ju)齒,僅腹(fu)面兩側(ce)各具4-8條(tiao)(tiao)白(bai)色氣孔線;橫切面三(san)角形(xing)(xing),單層(ceng)皮下層(ceng)細(xi)胞(bao),樹(shu)脂(zhi)道通(tong)常3個,中生或(huo)背面2個邊(bian)生、腹(fu)面1個中生,稀具4-7個樹(shu)脂(zhi)道,則中生與邊(bian)生兼有;葉(xie)鞘早落。子葉(xie)10-15枚,針(zhen)形(xing)(xing),橫切面三(san)角形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)4-6.4厘米(mi)(mi),徑約(yue)1毫米(mi)(mi),先端漸尖,全緣(yuan)或(huo)上部(bu)棱脊微具細(xi)齒;初(chu)生葉(xie)條(tiao)(tiao)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3.5-4.5厘米(mi)(mi),寬約(yue)1毫米(mi)(mi),上下兩面均(jun)有氣孔線,邊(bian)緣(yuan)有細(xi)鋸(ju)齒。
雄球花(hua)黃色,卵狀圓柱形,長(chang)約1.4厘米(mi),基(ji)部(bu)圍有近10枚卵狀匙形的鱗片,多數(shu)集生于新(xin)枝下(xia)部(bu)成穗狀,排列較(jiao)疏松。
球果(guo)圓(yuan)錐狀長卵(luan)圓(yuan)形,長10-20厘米(mi),徑(jing)5-8厘米(mi),幼時(shi)綠(lv)色(se),成(cheng)熟(shu)時(shi)黃色(se)或(huo)(huo)褐(he)黃色(se),種(zhong)鱗(lin)張(zhang)開,種(zhong)子脫落,果(guo)梗長2-3厘米(mi);中部種(zhong)鱗(lin)近斜(xie)(xie)方(fang)狀倒卵(luan)形,長3-4厘米(mi),寬2.5-3厘米(mi),鱗(lin)盾近斜(xie)(xie)方(fang)形或(huo)(huo)寬三角狀斜(xie)(xie)方(fang)形,不(bu)(bu)具縱脊,先(xian)端鈍圓(yuan)或(huo)(huo)微(wei)尖,不(bu)(bu)反曲(qu)或(huo)(huo)微(wei)反曲(qu),鱗(lin)臍(qi)不(bu)(bu)明顯;種(zhong)子黃褐(he)色(se)、暗(an)褐(he)色(se)或(huo)(huo)黑色(se),倒卵(luan)圓(yuan)形,長1-1.5厘米(mi),徑(jing)6-10毫米(mi),無翅或(huo)(huo)兩側及頂(ding)端具棱脊,稀具極短的木質翅;
花期4-5月,球果第(di)二年9-10月成熟。
容器(qi)苗帶土(tu)移(yi)植(zhi),不傷根,具有(you)造(zao)(zao)林成(cheng)活率高,初期(qi)生長合快的優點,適宜土(tu)壤干旱貧瘠、裸(luo)根苗造(zao)(zao)林困難的地區(qu),同時可做到常年造(zao)(zao)林。
【苗圃地(di)選(xuan)擇】宜選(xuan)取在(zai)地(di)勢較平坦、排(pai)灌條件良好、交通方便(bian)的地(di)方,便(bian)于降低成本。如就(jiu)地(di)取土(tu),宜微酸至中性、不粘重的土(tu)壤。
【容(rong)器(qi)選擇及營(ying)(ying)蕎配制】采用(yong)塑料(liao)薄(bo)膜(mo)容(rong)器(qi),規格6厘(li)米(mi)×14厘(li)米(mi)。營(ying)(ying)養土(tu)按60%黃(huang)心土(tu)+30%火燒(shao)土(tu)+10%菌(jun)根(gen)土(tu),外加3%過(guo)磷酸鈣的比例配制,其中菌(jun)根(gen)土(tu)待營(ying)(ying)養土(tu)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)10日后(hou)再加入,以免(mian)菌(jun)根(gen)菌(jun)被(bei)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)藥劑所殺(sha)傷。土(tu)壤消(xiao)毒(du)(du)每1立方米(mi)營(ying)(ying)養上加人敵(di)克松0.2公斤(jin)、甲敵(di)粉0.2公斤(jin)。菌(jun)根(gen)土(tu)可用(yong)松林中表層土(tu)壤,松類育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)不能缺少(shao)菌(jun)根(gen)菌(jun),如缺少(shao)菌(jun)根(gen)時,苗(miao)(miao)木針葉發(fa)黃(huang),生長不良。
【裝(zhuang)袋(dai)及擺放(fang)】圃(pu)地(di)應開好(hao)排(pai)水(shui)溝,防(fang)止暴(bao)雨后雨水(shui)沖擊。作床1.2米寬,留40厘米寬的步(bu)道,在營(ying)養袋(dai)內裝(zhuang)滿基質,并填實,整(zheng)齊排(pai)放(fang)在苗床上。
【播種(zhong)】播種(zhong)前對種(zhong)子進行消(xiao)毒和催(cui)芽處理,種(zhong)子消(xiao)毒用50%多菌靈800倍液;催(cui)芽用50℃溫水浸種(zhong),自然冷(leng)卻(que)后浸泡(pao)24小時(shi),取出(chu)晾干,每袋播種(zhong)2粒~3粒,播種(zhong)深度約1厘米(mi),播種(zhong)時(shi)間宜(yi)在清明前后。播種(zhong)后用塑料薄膜覆蓋保濕保溫,出(chu)苗比(bi)較(jiao)整齊(qi)。
【苗期管理】
一、除(chu)草:本著除(chu)早、除(chu)小、除(chu)了(le)的原則(ze),做到(dao)容器內、床面和步道無雜(za)草,除(chu)草時要防止松動(dong)苗根。
二、澆水(shui)(shui):在種子(zi)(zi)發芽(ya)階段,要特別注(zhu)意(yi)保持(chi)基質(zhi)濕潤(run),防止由于缺水(shui)(shui)造成(cheng)已發芽(ya)的種子(zi)(zi)回芽(ya)死亡;由于營養袋內土壤少,抗(kang)旱(han)力弱(ruo),干旱(han)季節應及時(shi)補(bu)充水(shui)(shui)分,以滿足苗木正常生(sheng)長對(dui)水(shui)(shui)分的需求(qiu),澆要澆透,宜(yi)早、晚進行(xing)。
三、施肥(fei)(fei):出苗(miao)后(hou)⒛天后(hou),施用磷(lin)酸(suan)二氫鉀銨,按(an)0.2%的濃(nong)度(du)噴(pen)施葉面(mian)肥(fei)(fei),前期(qi)不(bu)(bu)能直接施用顆(ke)粒(li)性肥(fei)(fei)料(liao),否(fou)則會燒根;速生期(qi)按(an)N∶P∶Κ=3∶2∶1配制混(hun)合肥(fei)(fei)料(liao),稀釋成0.6%的濃(nong)度(du)澆灌,追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)宜在傍晚進行(xing),不(bu)(bu)得(de)在中(zhong)午高溫時追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei),以免出現肥(fei)(fei)害;苗(miao)木硬化期(qi),只施磷(lin)鉀肥(fei)(fei),不(bu)(bu)再施氮肥(fei)(fei)。
四(si)、間苗(miao)(miao)、補蒔(shi):幼苗(miao)(miao)長到5厘米左右開始(shi)間苗(miao)(miao)、補苗(miao)(miao),每個容器內保留1株苗(miao)(miao)木,選擇(ze)在(zai)陰雨天進行,間苗(miao)(miao)、補苗(miao)(miao)后(hou)要隨即澆水。
五、遮(zhe)蔭(yin):6月~8月光照過強、氣溫過高時用50%遮(zhe)陽網(wang)遮(zhe)蔭(yin),防止土溫過高,引起立(li)枯病及其他病害(hai)。
一、土(tu)壤(rang)疏松(song),微(wei)酸,排水良好,以沙壤(rang)土(tu)為宜,忌鹽漬(zi)土(tu)。
二、燎荒地以(yi)及種過(guo)玉(yu)米(mi)、棉花、豆類、馬鈴薯等農作物(wu)和蔬菜的地方,一般不宜作華山松育苗地。
三、在苗圃中最好(hao)選(xuan)以(yi)前(qian)作為(wei)松(song)樹、云杉、冷(leng)杉等針葉(xie)樹或楊柳科、殼斗(dou)科樹種的(de)育(yu)苗地。未(wei)經(jing)處理(li)的(de)陰(yin)干的(de)華山(shan)松(song)種子(zi),可(ke)貯藏2-3年,3年后發芽率很快降(jiang)低。種子(zi)千(qian)粒重259-320g。一(yi)般(ban)播(bo)(bo)種要經(jing)3-4周才能發芽出土(tu)。通常(chang)在播(bo)(bo)種前(qian)進行沙藏層積(ji)催(cui)芽,也(ye)可(ke)用50-60℃溫水浸種催(cui)芽。條播(bo)(bo)行距20cm,播(bo)(bo)幅5-7cm,覆土(tu)厚(hou)度2-3cm。亦可(ke)撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)。北方(fang)的(de)1a生(sheng)苗,以(yi)20萬(wan)(wan)-25萬(wan)(wan)株/667平方(fang)米(mi)為(wei)目標,播(bo)(bo)種量(liang)50-75kg/667平方(fang)米(mi)。最好(hao)用火燒土(tu)蓋種,播(bo)(bo)后覆草。幼苗出土(tu)前(qian)要應保持(chi)土(tu)壤濕潤并(bing)搭棚遮(zhe)蔭。幼樹要防猝倒病,入(ru)冬前(qian)要埋土(tu)防寒。1年生(sheng)苗高6cm。
植(zhi)苗造(zao)(zao)林或直播造(zao)(zao)林。不宜在高寒或土(tu)(tu)壤瘠薄的(de)地方造(zao)(zao)林。植(zhi)苗造(zao)(zao)林密度為330~350株(zhu)/667平方米。在土(tu)(tu)壤、氣(qi)候干旱的(de)地方,3~5株(zhu)/穴生長(chang)較好。
一、取材培育
人(ren)工繁(fan)殖:華山松多用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子育苗(miao)繁(fan)殖,發芽率可(ke)高達90%以上(shang)。可(ke)在(zai)9月(yue)(yue)中旬至(zhi)10月(yue)(yue)中、下(xia)旬球(qiu)果成熟時及(ji)時采(cai)回(hui),先堆(dui)放5~7天,再曝曬(shai)3~4天,敲打翻(fan)動,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子脫出,及(ji)時水選,剔除空粒雜物,陰(yin)干后(hou)袋藏過冬。華山松種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮厚,發芽慢,宜早播(bo)(bo)。苗(miao)圃地選排水良好的微酸性土(tu),整地時施足基(ji)肥(fei)。播(bo)(bo)前進行催芽處理。用冷水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)3~7天(浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期間要(yao)換水),浸(jin)后(hou)用消(xiao)石(shi)灰(hui)拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮裂開后(hou),即可(ke)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。4月(yue)(yue)中、下(xia)旬開始發芽出土(tu),當年苗(miao)木可(ke)達8~12厘米。
山野采掘:從山野林地(di)內,選找桿形粗(cu)壯(zhuang)矮小的華(hua)山松野生(sheng)苗,以石隙、崖壁、溝旁生(sheng)長的小老(lao)樹樁(zhuang)為(wei)好。采掘時注意多保(bao)護副根和須(xu)根,再(zai)下地(di)養胚培育,翌(yi)年春后再(zai)上盆造(zao)型。
二、上盆過程
選盆(pen)(pen):華山松(song)宜用(yong)紫砂陶盆(pen)(pen),也可用(yong)釉陶盆(pen)(pen)。剛上盆(pen)(pen)栽培,可先用(yong)透氣性良好的(de)素燒瓦盆(pen)(pen),待服(fu)盆(pen)(pen)后再換入形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)優雅的(de)紫砂淺盆(pen)(pen)中(zhong)。除懸崖式(shi)用(yong)深千筒盆(pen)(pen)或較深的(de)四方和圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)盆(pen)(pen)外,一般以長方形(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)淺盆(pen)(pen)為(wei)宜。盆(pen)(pen)的(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)也可依樹形(xing)(xing)(xing)而定,如曲干式(shi)可用(yong)鼓形(xing)(xing)(xing)淺圓盆(pen)(pen),盆(pen)(pen)色選紫紅(hong)或淺黃均可。
用土(tu)(tu):華山松能適應多種土(tu)(tu)壤(rang),但(dan)不耐鹽(yan)堿,以(yi)深厚、濕潤、疏松、微(wei)酸性(xing)的沙(sha)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)為好(hao)。盆栽以(yi)熟化的田(tian)園土(tu)(tu)、腐葉土(tu)(tu),適量摻拌沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)使用。
栽種:華(hua)山(shan)(shan)松上(shang)盆(pen)栽種以3月份萌芽之前最好,秋季(ji)也可(ke)(ke)栽植(zhi),但不(bu)利發根。挖(wa)取樹(shu)苗時要帶宿土,可(ke)(ke)剪(jian)短(duan)伸展過長的直根,剪(jian)除枯根。如栽進淺盆(pen)中(zhong)(zhong),要注意樹(shu)干固定,可(ke)(ke)用鐵桿放盆(pen)底孔沿下,用略粗(cu)(cu)些金(jin)屬絲綁在(zai)較粗(cu)(cu)根部上(shang),從(cong)盆(pen)孔中(zhong)(zhong)穿出,再纏(chan)住鐵桿上(shang)扎(zha)緊,可(ke)(ke)免風吹搖晃,根系(xi)松動,影響成活。栽種技術可(ke)(ke)參照黃山(shan)(shan)松。
三、整姿技術
加(jia)(jia)工(gong):華山松的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)造(zao)型(xing)可(ke)(ke)以攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha)為主,修剪(jian)為輔(fu)。攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha)用金屬(shu)絲(si)或(huo)棕絲(si)。華山松枝(zhi)條較為柔軟(ruan),用金屬(shu)絲(si)攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha)簡便(bian)易行(xing)(xing),屈伸自如。如取2~3年生(sheng)幼樹苗為材料,將(jiang)主干(gan)作(zuo)一定的彎曲,剪(jian)去礙(ai)于造(zao)型(xing)的枝(zhi)干(gan),再將(jiang)保留的側(ce)枝(zhi)攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha)成水平狀或(huo)略下(xia)垂狀,生(sheng)長一年后再拆除(chu)金屬(shu)絲(si),重新調整角度,再行(xing)(xing)攀(pan)(pan)扎(zha),數年后即可(ke)(ke)成型(xing)。
如山(shan)野(ye)采掘的華山(shan)松樹樁,養胚一(yi)年后方可上盆加工。整(zheng)姿造型(xing)須因材(cai)處(chu)理,充分(fen)利用原材(cai)料的自然(ran)形態,稍(shao)加人工攀(pan)扎,使其具有(you)自然(ran)的野(ye)趣。
樹形:華山(shan)松(song)盆景可制成直干(gan)式(shi)(shi)、斜干(gan)式(shi)(shi)、曲干(gan)式(shi)(shi)、懸(xuan)崖式(shi)(shi)等(deng),各具(ju)韻味。直干(gan)式(shi)(shi),蒼勁挺拔古樸;斜干(gan)式(shi)(shi),瀟(xiao)灑(sa)蒼健遒勁;曲干(gan)式(shi)(shi),"曲屈(qu)彎(wan)(wan)彎(wan)(wan)回蟠(pan)勢,蜿蜒(yan)起(qi)伏蛟龍形";懸(xuan)崖式(shi)(shi),壑崖古松(song),臨危列險,蒼龍探(tan)首,欲潛四海(hai)等(deng)。
華(hua)山松(song)(song)的(de)常見病(bing)(bing)(bing)害有松(song)(song)瘤(liu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)枯病(bing)(bing)(bing)等,蟲(chong)害主(zhu)要有華(hua)山松(song)(song)大小(xiao)蠹、松(song)(song)葉(xie)(xie)蜂、油松(song)(song)毛蟲(chong)、松(song)(song)梢螟(ming)等。松(song)(song)瘤(liu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。受(shou)松(song)(song)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)的(de)危害,常引起枝葉(xie)(xie)變色,葉(xie)(xie)卷曲皺縮或(huo)形成蟲(chong)癭,影(ying)響林(lin)木生長;同時因(yin)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)大量分泌蜜露、玷污葉(xie)(xie)面,不但影(ying)響正常的(de)光合(he)作(zuo)用,還會誘(you)發煤污病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)發生。可用5%川保3號粉(fen)劑、2.5%溴(xiu)氰菊脂5000~1萬倍(bei)液或(huo)殺蟲(chong)優油劑1號150~500倍(bei)超低量噴(pen)霧防治。
葉枯(ku)病可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)剪(jian)除重病枝(zhi),噴(pen)(pen)灑65%可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)濕性福美(mei)鐵(tie)或(huo)(huo)福美(mei)鋅的(de)300倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)。華山松(song)大小蠹(du)、油(you)(you)松(song)毛(mao)蟲(chong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)50%敵敵畏乳(ru)劑(ji)1000~1500倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)(pen)射。松(song)梢螟可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)25%乙酰(xian)甲胺磷乳(ru)油(you)(you)或(huo)(huo)50%殺螟松(song)300倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)(pen)殺。松(song)葉蜂可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)敵百蟲(chong)或(huo)(huo)馬(ma)拉松(song)1000~1500倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)(pen)殺防(fang)治(zhi)。防(fang)治(zhi)立枯(ku)病可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)1∶1∶100波爾多(duo)液(ye)(ye)或(huo)(huo)50%多(duo)菌靈1000倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)(pen)施。預防(fang)病蟲(chong)害(hai),平時就要(yao)加強監管,防(fang)患于(yu)未然,早發現(xian),早預防(fang),早治(zhi)理(li)。
【藏(zang)藥(yao)】唐興:松(song)(song)枝治(zhi)“黃(huang)(huang)水(shui)(shui)”病(bing)(bing)、水(shui)(shui)腫病(bing)(bing)、蟲(chong)病(bing)(bing);煅炭(tan)后研(yan)細,治(zhi)肛(gang)門濕(shi)(shi)疹,皮膚瘙癢:松(song)(song)香治(zhi)“龍”病(bing)(bing),“培(pei)根”病(bing)(bing),“黃(huang)(huang)水(shui)(shui)”病(bing)(bing),風濕(shi)(shi)性(xing)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)炎(yan),腰(yao)腎疼痛,筋(jin)骨疼痛,堿中(zhong)毒,瘡(chuang)瘍久潰不(bu)愈;松(song)(song)球果治(zhi)療咳嗽(sou)痰喘,氣管炎(yan),咽(yan)喉(hou)疼痛;松(song)(song)針治(zhi)療風濕(shi)(shi)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)痛,跌打瘀痛,流行(xing)性(xing)感冒,高(gao)血壓,神經衰弱;松(song)(song)樹皮用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)骨折(zhe),外(wai)傷(shang)出血;松(song)(song)枝嫩尖配(pei)少(shao)許波棱瓜(gua)子(zi),治(zhi)膽囊(nang)炎(yan);松(song)(song)花粉(fen)外(wai)用(yong)治(zhi)療癰癤(jie)(jie)毒瘡(chuang),久潰不(bu)斂,外(wai)傷(shang)出血《藏(zang)本草》。仲象:節(jie)木(mu)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)風寒(han)濕(shi)(shi)痹,關(guan)(guan)節(jie)積(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)腫,龍與培(pei)根并發(fa)癥;球果用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)咽(yan)喉(hou)疾病(bing)(bing),肺(fei)部疾病(bing)(bing);松(song)(song)脂用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)風寒(han)濕(shi)(shi)痹,瘡(chuang)癤(jie)(jie)潰爛(lan),關(guan)(guan)節(jie)積(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)水(shui)(shui),筋(jin)絡(luo)扭(niu)傷(shang)《中(zhong)國藏(zang)藥(yao)》。
【彝(yi)藥(yao)】特瑪:種子治療斯(si)(哮(xiao)喘病),脖子啞(扁桃體炎)《彝(yi)植藥(yao)續》。
【僳僳藥(yao)(yao)】土刷,徒耍:樹干(gan)生病后(hou)長(chang)出的瘤(liu)狀物(wu)(松節)治(zhi)風濕(shi)(shi)關(guan)節痛(tong),腰(yao)腿痛(tong),轉筋(jin)攣急(ji),鶴膝風,跌打腫痛(tong);種仁(松子仁)治(zhi)肺燥(zao)咳嗽,習(xi)慣性(xing)便(bian)秘;花粉治(zhi)胃,十二指腸潰瘍,中耳(er)炎,鼻炎,外傷出血(xue),濕(shi)(shi)疹(zhen),皮膚潰瘍;松針治(zhi)流行性(xing)感冒,風濕(shi)(shi)關(guan)節炎,夜(ye)盲(mang)癥,高(gao)血(xue)壓,神經衰(shuai)弱《滇(dian)省志(zhi)》、《滇(dian)藥(yao)(yao)錄(lu)》。
華山(shan)松不(bu)僅是(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)景名樹(shu)(shu)(shu)及(ji)薪炭林(lin)(lin),還(huan)能涵養水源,保持水土(tu),防止風(feng)(feng)沙。華山(shan)松高(gao)大挺拔,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮灰綠(lv)色(se),葉5針一束,冠(guan)形優(you)美(mei),姿態奇特,為(wei)良(liang)好(hao)的綠(lv)化風(feng)(feng)景樹(shu)(shu)(shu)。為(wei)點綴庭院(yuan)、公園、校園的珍品(pin)。植(zhi)于假(jia)山(shan)旁、流(liu)水邊(bian)更富有詩情畫意。針葉蒼(cang)翠,生長(chang)迅速,是(shi)(shi)優(you)良(liang)的庭院(yuan)綠(lv)化樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種。華山(shan)松在(zai)園林(lin)(lin)中可(ke)用作園景樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、庭蔭樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、行道(dao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)及(ji)林(lin)(lin)帶(dai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、亦可(ke)用于叢(cong)植(zhi)、群(qun)植(zhi),并系高(gao)山(shan)風(feng)(feng)景區之優(you)良(liang)風(feng)(feng)景林(lin)(lin)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種。
華(hua)山松(song)(song)(song)是很(hen)好的(de)(de)建筑木材(cai)和(he)工業(ye)原料(liao)。松(song)(song)(song)木材(cai)質輕軟,紋理細致(zhi),易于加工,而且(qie)耐水、耐腐,有(you)“水浸千年(nian)松(song)(song)(song)”的(de)(de)聲譽。是名副其實(shi)的(de)(de)棟梁之材(cai)。可(ke)作(zuo)家具、雕(diao)刻(ke)、膠(jiao)合板、枕(zhen)木、電桿、車船和(he)橋梁用材(cai)。粗鋸(ju)屑(xie)可(ke)作(zuo)紙漿原料(liao)。它的(de)(de)花(hua)粉,在醫(yi)學上叫作(zuo)“松(song)(song)(song)黃”,浸酒溫服,有(you)醫(yi)治(zhi)創傷出血,頭(tou)旋腦脹(zhang)的(de)(de)功效,還可(ke)作(zuo)預(yu)防(fang)汗疹的(de)(de)爽身粉。用快(kuai)刀切(qie)開松(song)(song)(song)樹干的(de)(de)皮(pi)層,就(jiu)流出松(song)(song)(song)脂,松(song)(song)(song)脂經分餾,分離(li)出揮(hui)發(fa)性的(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)節油(you)后,剩(sheng)下堅硬透(tou)明呈(cheng)琥珀色的(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)香(xiang)。
松(song)(song)(song)香、松(song)(song)(song)節油(you)(you)(you)在(zai)工業上也是重(zhong)要原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)。樹皮含(han)單寧(ning)12%~23%,可提(ti)(ti)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)栲膠。沉(chen)積(ji)的(de)(de)天然(ran)松(song)(song)(song)渣,還可提(ti)(ti)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)柴油(you)(you)(you)、凡士(shi)林、人(ren)造(zao)石油(you)(you)(you)等。種(zhong)子粒大(da),長l~15厘米,含(han)油(you)(you)(you)量(liang)(liang)42.8%(出油(you)(you)(you)率(lv)22.24%),仁(ren)內還含(han)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)17.83%,常(chang)作干(gan)果炒食,味(wei)(wei)美清香。松(song)(song)(song)籽(zi)榨油(you)(you)(you),屬干(gan)性油(you)(you)(you),是工業上制(zhi)皂、硬化油(you)(you)(you)、調制(zhi)漆(qi)和潤滑油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)。針(zhen)葉綜合(he)利用(yong)可蒸餾(liu)提(ti)(ti)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)芳香油(you)(you)(you)(其精油(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)的(de)(de)龍(long)腦脂含(han)量(liang)(liang)比馬尾松(song)(song)(song)油(you)(you)(you)高,味(wei)(wei)香)、造(zao)酒、制(zhi)隔音板、造(zao)紙、人(ren)造(zao)棉毛和制(zhi)繩。華山(shan)松(song)(song)(song)下如許多(duo)林副產(chan)(chan)品,如茯苓和松(song)(song)(song)草。因此,說它(ta)“粉身碎骨(gu)”為人(ren)類,是一點也不夸張的(de)(de)。就(jiu)拿小小的(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)針(zhen)葉來說,過(guo)去我們不了(le)解(jie)它(ta),常(chang)常(chang)把它(ta)拋在(zai)山(shan)林中(zhong),白白浪費掉。70年代,中(zhong)國研究解(jie)決了(le)松(song)(song)(song)針(zhen)葉的(de)(de)利用(yong)問(wen)題,開始把它(ta)制(zhi)成(cheng)松(song)(song)(song)針(zhen)粉,作家畜(chu)飼料(liao)。據分析測(ce)定(ding):松(song)(song)(song)針(zhen)內含(han)有畜(chu)禽生(sheng)長所(suo)需的(de)(de)20多(duo)種(zhong)有效營養成(cheng)分,其中(zhong)粗(cu)(cu)蛋(dan)白含(han)量(liang)(liang)接近10%,胡蘿卜素和維生(sheng)素C、E、D、葉綠素等含(han)量(liang)(liang)均極豐富。還含(han)有一定(ding)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)粗(cu)(cu)脂防、礦(kuang)物(wu)質(zhi)、有機(ji)酸(suan)和抗菌(jun)素。每公(gong)斤松(song)(song)(song)針(zhen)的(de)(de)熱值(zhi)近5000大(da)卡。在(zai)蛋(dan)雞(ji)飼料(liao)中(zhong)添(tian)加5%的(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)針(zhen)粉,產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)率(lv)提(ti)(ti)高13.4%;在(zai)奶(nai)牛飼料(liao)中(zhong)添(tian)加10%的(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)針(zhen)粉,牛奶(nai)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)提(ti)(ti)高7.4%。隨著科學的(de)(de)發展,松(song)(song)(song)樹對(dui)人(ren)類的(de)(de)貢獻越來越大(da),這是毫無疑問(wen)的(de)(de)。