樸樹多生長于海(hai)拔100-1500米的路(lu)旁(pang)、山坡(po)、林緣處。喜光,稍耐(nai)(nai)陰,耐(nai)(nai)寒。適(shi)(shi)(shi)溫(wen)暖濕潤氣候,適(shi)(shi)(shi)生于肥沃平坦之地。對(dui)土(tu)壤要求不嚴(yan),有一定耐(nai)(nai)干(gan)旱能力,亦(yi)耐(nai)(nai)水(shui)濕及瘠薄土(tu)壤,適(shi)(shi)(shi)應力較強(qiang)。
樸樹(shu)對土(tu)(tu)地要求(qiu)不是很嚴格。除(chu)低洼積水地以外不能(neng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植,其它(ta)土(tu)(tu)地均可種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植。樸樹(shu)能(neng)適應不同的土(tu)(tu)壤,有微酸性、微堿性、中(zhong)性和石灰性土(tu)(tu)壤。為了能(neng)使樸樹(shu)長得高、樹(shu)枝茂盛,則在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植前(qian)就選用土(tu)(tu)質疏松、肥沃、排水良好的土(tu)(tu)地種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植為好。
分(fen)布于中(zhong)國山(shan)東(dong)(青(qing)島、嶗山(shan))、河南、江蘇、安徽、浙江、福建、江西、湖南、湖北、四川、貴州、廣西、廣東(dong)、臺灣。在越(yue)南、老撾也有(you)所分(fen)布。
落葉喬木,高達20米(mi)。樹皮平滑,灰色(se)。一年(nian)生(sheng)枝(zhi)被(bei)密(mi)毛(mao)。葉互生(sheng),革質,寬(kuan)卵形至(zhi)狹卵形,長3-10厘米(mi),寬(kuan)1.5-4厘米(mi),先端(duan)急尖(jian)至(zhi)漸(jian)尖(jian),基部(bu)圓形或闊楔形,偏(pian)斜(xie),中部(bu)以上邊緣有淺鋸齒,三出脈(mo),上面(mian)(mian)無毛(mao),下(xia)面(mian)(mian)沿脈(mo)及脈(mo)腋(ye)疏被(bei)毛(mao)。花雜性(兩性花和(he)單性花同株),1-3朵生(sheng)于當年(nian)枝(zhi)的葉腋(ye);花被(bei)片4枚,被(bei)毛(mao);雄(xiong)蕊4枚,柱頭2個。核果單生(sheng)或2個并生(sheng),近球形,直徑4-5毫米(mi),熟時紅褐(he)色(se),果核有穴和(he)突(tu)肋。花期(qi)4-5月(yue)(yue),果期(qi)9-11月(yue)(yue)。
樸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培過(guo)程一(yi)般包括三個步(bu)驟:選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)盆(pen)、選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、栽(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)盆(pen),樸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)盆(pen)景(jing)較為古(gu)典雅致,一(yi)般采用(yong)紫砂陶(tao)盆(pen)或(huo)釉(you)陶(tao)盆(pen)為宜。在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇盆(pen)形(xing)(xing)時,根(gen)(gen)據(ju)樸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang),最好(hao)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇長方形(xing)(xing)、正(zheng)方形(xing)(xing)或(huo)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)的(de)盆(pen)子(zi)(zi)。在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇盆(pen)子(zi)(zi)的(de)顏(yan)色(se)時,宜選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)淺(qian)黃或(huo)赭褐(he)色(se)的(de)盆(pen)子(zi)(zi),樸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)葉片茂密(mi),葉色(se)濃綠,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皮灰(hui)呈褐(he)色(se),較為粗糙(cao),選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)淺(qian)黃或(huo)赭褐(he)色(se)的(de)盆(pen)子(zi)(zi),可以起到對比襯(chen)托的(de)作(zuo)用(yong);選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu),樸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)適(shi)(shi)應性較強,對土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)不大(da),可選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇肥(fei)沃疏(shu)松(song)、排(pai)水(shui)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)砂壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)。在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)行盆(pen)景(jing)培育時,將(jiang)田(tian)園(yuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)摻拌(ban)沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)或(huo)礱糠(kang)灰(hui)進(jin)(jin)行配制成土(tu)(tu)(tu);栽(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),栽(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)秋(qiu)后或(huo)春(chun)季樸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萌(meng)芽前進(jin)(jin)行栽(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時對根(gen)(gen)系(xi)要(yao)(yao)做適(shi)(shi)當(dang)修剪整(zheng)理,將(jiang)過(guo)長的(de)主干減去,多留側(ce)根(gen)(gen)及須根(gen)(gen),選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇疏(shu)松(song)肥(fei)土(tu)(tu)(tu),另外對枝葉也進(jin)(jin)行適(shi)(shi)當(dang)疏(shu)剪。在(zai)(zai)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時,防止樸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)根(gen)(gen)部過(guo)深,可以采用(yong)中淺(qian)盆(pen)栽(zai)(zai)(zai),加土(tu)(tu)(tu)覆蓋,栽(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時要(yao)(yao)將(jiang)根(gen)(gen)部搗實,使根(gen)(gen)部和土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)密(mi)切緊貼,防止根(gen)(gen)部潰爛發霉。同時,要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)水(shui)分管(guan)理工作(zuo),每天早、晚都要(yao)(yao)給樸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)噴水(shui)一(yi)次,使樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)樁(zhuang)周圍泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)保持(chi)濕潤。
樸(pu)(pu)樹的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理主要(yao)包括(kuo)養護(hu)管(guan)理和整(zheng)姿管(guan)理。樸(pu)(pu)樹在(zai)(zai)定(ding)植之后,要(yao)保持好(hao)適宜的(de)(de)(de)溫度和濕(shi)度,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)要(yao)用(yong)地(di)膜(mo)進行覆(fu)蓋(gai)。每天早、晚給樸(pu)(pu)樹噴一(yi)(yi)次水,樸(pu)(pu)樹一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)一(yi)(yi)個月左右可(ke)以(yi)萌(meng)芽(ya),新(xin)(xin)芽(ya)生長(chang)到10厘(li)米時(shi),需在(zai)(zai)地(di)膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)上方(fang)挖(wa)一(yi)(yi)個小洞,將樸(pu)(pu)樹苗漏(lou)出,保持地(di)膜(mo)內通(tong)風(feng)(feng)透(tou)氣(qi)。待(dai)新(xin)(xin)芽(ya)長(chang)到15厘(li)米時(shi),可(ke)以(yi)將地(di)膜(mo)揭(jie)掉,增(zeng)加噴水量。樸(pu)(pu)樹喜光耐(nai)陰、耐(nai)寒(han)冷,因此在(zai)(zai)放(fang)置時(shi),選擇通(tong)風(feng)(feng)透(tou)氣(qi)良好(hao)、陽光充足的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang),夏季(ji)高溫時(shi),適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)做好(hao)遮蔭工(gong)(gong)作,冬季(ji)可(ke)將其放(fang)在(zai)(zai)向陽背風(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)。另(ling)外,在(zai)(zai)樸(pu)(pu)樹生長(chang)過(guo)程中(zhong),要(yao)做好(hao)施肥工(gong)(gong)作。
整姿管(guan)理一般包括兩個(ge)步(bu)驟:加工和整形(xing)(xing)。在(zai)進行樸(pu)樹修剪(jian)時,可(ke)采(cai)用粗扎細剪(jian)法,將(jiang)樸(pu)樹的整個(ge)樹身先用繩子(zi)(zi)整體包扎,然(ran)后再修剪(jian)枝干和葉子(zi)(zi)。修剪(jian)好的樁(zhuang)景,不僅能(neng)枝葉茂盛姿勢優美,而且在(zai)葉落冬季時,依舊風姿婀(e)娜。樸(pu)樹盆(pen)景形(xing)(xing)態(tai)多采(cai)用直(zhi)干式(shi)(shi)、斜干式(shi)(shi)、曲(qu)干式(shi)(shi)、臥干式(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)。可(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)樹葉修剪(jian)成(cheng)橢(tuo)圓狀、球形(xing)(xing)等形(xing)(xing)態(tai)。
樸(pu)(pu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)植(zhi)通常以(yi)播(bo)種(zhong)繁殖為主(zhu)。樸(pu)(pu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)子(zi)一般9月份(fen)成熟,采收后(hou)(hou)應將(jiang)種(zhong)子(zi)擦洗(xi)干(gan)凈,陰(yin)干(gan)砂(sha)藏(zang)。第二年3-4月份(fen)進行(xing)分床培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu),播(bo)種(zhong)前(qian)先澆足底(di)墑水,然后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)先前(qian)的種(zhong)子(zi)洗(xi)凈后(hou)(hou)埋(mai)入土中(zhong),播(bo)種(zhong)不(bu)宜(yi)太深,1.5-2厘米為宜(yi)。在(zai)進行(xing)育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗(miao)時,需(xu)在(zai)土壤表面覆蓋一層地(di)膜,保持(chi)土壤有適合(he)的溫度和(he)濕度,一般 10天左右可(ke)以(yi)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)好樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)苗(miao),樸(pu)(pu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)要(yao)將(jiang)地(di)膜揭開,對樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)苗(miao)進行(xing)拔(ba)苗(miao)、除(chu)草、施肥等管理措施。在(zai)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)期間(jian),要(yao)注(zhu)意對樸(pu)(pu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)苗(miao)進行(xing)整(zheng)形(xing)(xing)修剪(jian),使其干(gan)形(xing)(xing)通直、冠形(xing)(xing)勻(yun)美。大苗(miao)移植(zhi)時要(yao)帶土,防(fang)止因缺少水分枯萎(wei)而死。在(zai)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)要(yao)注(zhu)意沙樸(pu)(pu)棉蚜(ya)、沙樸(pu)(pu)木虱等主(zhu)要(yao)蟲(chong)害,并做好防(fang)蟲(chong)治理工作。
選用母樹一年生枝(zhi)條(tiao)的(de)上部半木質化枝(zhi)條(tiao),剪成18-20厘米長(chang)的(de)插穗(sui),基部用200毫克/升的(de)萘(nai)乙酸(suan)溶液浸(jin)泡3小時后(hou)扦插,澆透水(shui),生根率可達90%以上。
相比(bi)其(qi)他樹種(zhong)來說(shuo),樸樹的種(zhong)植相對簡單,但其(qi)在生長過(guo)程中,遇到的病(bing)蟲(chong)也(ye)非常嚴重(zhong)。樸樹常見的病(bing)蟲(chong)害有(you)木虱、紅蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)、白粉(fen)病(bing)、煤污(wu)病(bing)、葉(xie)斑病(bing)等。木虱病(bing)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)氧化(hua)樂(le)(le)果1000-1500倍(bei)(bei)液進行(xing)噴殺,紅蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)1000倍(bei)(bei)樂(le)(le)果乳(ru)(ru)油液進行(xing)噴殺,白粉(fen)病(bing)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)2000倍(bei)(bei)的粉(fen)銹(xiu)寧乳(ru)(ru)液進行(xing)噴殺,煤污(wu)病(bing)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)500倍(bei)(bei)的多菌靈進行(xing)噴殺等。
樸樹(shu)(shu)的(de)枝葉、樹(shu)(shu)根以(yi)及樹(shu)(shu)皮都(dou)是很好的(de)藥材(cai),它能(neng)夠(gou)消腫(zhong)止痛,治(zhi)療(liao)燙傷(shang),也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用(yong)來(lai)治(zhi)療(liao)蕁麻疹等。日常感冒時,也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)服用(yong)樸樹(shu)(shu)的(de)根莖,感冒癥狀會得到(dao)減輕。
樸樹在工業領域的用途(tu)非常廣泛,可以將(jiang)其根(gen)莖(jing)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)人造(zao)棉,果實壓榨出潤(run)滑油(you),枝干做成(cheng)各種家具(ju),另(ling)外,莖(jing)皮也可以制(zhi)(zhi)作為人造(zao)纖(xian)維。
樸樹(shu)樹(shu)冠圓滿寬廣、樹(shu)蔭濃密繁茂,適(shi)合公園、庭院、街(jie)道、公路等作(zuo)為蔭樹(shu),是(shi)很好的綠(lv)化(hua)樹(shu)種,也(ye)可以用(yong)(yong)來防風固堤。樸樹(shu)具有(you)極強(qiang)(qiang)的適(shi)應性,且壽命長,因整體形態(tai)古雅別致,是(shi)人們所(suo)(suo)喜(xi)愛和接受(shou)的盆景和行道樹(shu)種,栽植于(yu)草坪(ping)、曠地或街(jie)道兩旁。且在(zai)現代化(hua)的環境狀態(tai)下,其對二氧化(hua)硫、氯氣等有(you)毒氣體具有(you)極強(qiang)(qiang)的吸附性,對粉塵(chen)也(ye)有(you)極強(qiang)(qiang)的吸滯能力(li),具有(you)明(ming)顯的綠(lv)化(hua)效果,且造價低廉,所(suo)(suo)以在(zai)城市、工(gong)礦區(qu)、農村(cun)等得到了廣泛(fan)的應用(yong)(yong)。