吳越爭霸是指歷史上春秋時期吳越兩國互相征伐的一段時期。周景王元年(nian)(公元前544年(nian)),吳侵越(yue)時(shi)所獲戰俘剌死吳王余(yu)祭。周敬(jing)王十年(nian)(前510年(nian)),吳大舉(ju)攻楚(chu)前,為(wei)解除后顧之憂,又(you)曾攻越(yue),占領檇李(今(jin)浙江嘉興(xing)南)。
十五年,吳軍主力在楚(chu)都郢時,越乘(cheng)機侵入吳境,雙方矛盾日趨激化。從(cong)地緣上看吳國(guo)欲(yu)爭(zheng)霸中(zhong)原(yuan),必(bi)(bi)先征服越國(guo),以(yi)解(jie)除其后(hou)方威(wei)脅;而(er)越國(guo)欲(yu)北進(jin)中(zhong)原(yuan),更必(bi)(bi)先征服吳國(guo)才能夠(gou)打通(tong)北進(jin)中(zhong)原(yuan)的通(tong)道(dao),因而(er)引起延續二十余年的吳越戰爭(zheng)。
兩(liang)國相互(hu)征伐(fa)多年直至笠澤之(zhi)戰后,吳(wu)(wu)、越(yue)力量對比發生了根本變化,越(yue)已占有絕對優勢(shi)。周元王(wang)(wang)元年(前(qian)475年),越(yue)再度攻吳(wu)(wu)。吳(wu)(wu)軍無力迎(ying)戰,據都(dou)城防守。越(yue)于吳(wu)(wu)都(dou)西南郊筑城,謀長期圍困。吳(wu)(wu)數次遣使請和,均(jun)遭越(yue)拒絕。三年,城破,吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫差自殺(sha),吳(wu)(wu)國滅亡。
而越國(guo)通過此(ci)次(ci)吞(tun)并(bing)吳國(guo)國(guo)力大(da)增盛極一(yi)時,而越王勾踐也成為了春秋最(zui)后(hou)一(yi)位(wei)霸(ba)主。
周景王元年(公元前(qian)544年),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)侵越(yue)(yue)時所獲戰(zhan)(zhan)俘剌死吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王余祭。周敬(jing)王十(shi)年(前(qian)510年),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)大舉(ju)攻(gong)(gong)楚前(qian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)解除后顧之憂,又(you)曾攻(gong)(gong)越(yue)(yue),占(zhan)領檇李(今浙江(jiang)嘉興南。十(shi)五年,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)主力在楚都郢(ying)時,越(yue)(yue)乘機侵入(ru)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)境,雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)矛(mao)盾(dun)日趨激化(hua)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)欲(yu)爭霸中(zhong)原(yuan),必先征服越(yue)(yue)國(guo),以解除其(qi)后方(fang)(fang)威脅;越(yue)(yue)欲(yu)北進(jin)中(zhong)原(yuan),更必先服吳(wu)(wu)(wu)才有(you)可能,因(yin)而引起延續二(er)(er)十(shi)余年的吳(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)(yue)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)、越(yue)(yue)地處江(jiang)南水(shui)鄉,“以船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)車,以楫(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)馬”(《越(yue)(yue)絕(jue)書·記(ji)地傳》),雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)上(shang)作戰(zhan)(zhan)。此時作為(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)軍(jun)的“舟師”已成為(wei)(wei)(wei)新的兵種(zhong),能獨(du)立完成戰(zhan)(zhan)略、戰(zhan)(zhan)役任務。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)、越(yue)(yue)水(shui)軍(jun)有(you)樓(lou)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(指揮船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan))、大翼、中(zhong)翼、小翼三種(zhong)主要(yao)戰(zhan)(zhan)艦船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)及突冒(船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)首裝有(you)沖角)、橋船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(輕快戰(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan))等戰(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。主要(yao)戰(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)大翼船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)長(chang)(chang)20米,寬2.7米,載(zai)乘“戰(zhan)(zhan)士二(er)(er)十(shi)六人(ren),棹(手)五十(shi)人(ren),舳(zhu)艫(lu)(手)三人(ren),操(cao)長(chang)(chang)鉤矛(mao)、斧者(各)四(si)人(ren),吏、仆、射長(chang)(chang)各一人(ren)”,連同船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)長(chang)(chang)“凡九十(shi)一人(ren)”(《太平御(yu)覽》卷(juan)315引《伍子胥水(shui)戰(zhan)(zhan)兵法》)。水(shui)戰(zhan)(zhan)基本方(fang)(fang)式是(shi)先用(yong)弩射,再(zai)進(jin)行接舷戰(zhan)(zhan)斗,最后登船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)格斗,有(you)時亦(yi)用(yong)突冒撞擊敵(di)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。
吳勝越
二十四年(公元(yuan)前496年),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王闔閭(lv)率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)攻越(yue),雙方主(zhu)力(li)戰(zhan)于(yu)檇李。越(yue)以(yi)死(si)罪刑徒陣前自(zi)刎,乘吳(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)注意力(li)分散之機發動猛攻,大敗吳(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)。闔閭(lv)負(fu)傷(shang)身(shen)死(si),夫差繼位為王。二十六年,越(yue)以(yi)水軍(jun)(jun)攻吳(wu)(wu)(wu),戰(zhan)于(yu)夫椒(今江蘇太湖中(zhong)洞庭山)。越(yue)軍(jun)(jun)戰(zhan)敗,主(zhu)力(li)被殲。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)乘勝追擊,占領越(yue)都會(hui)稽(今浙江紹興)。越(yue)王勾踐率(lv)(lv)余部5000人被圍于(yu)會(hui)稽山上。勾踐請降(jiang),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)大臣伍(wu)員建(jian)議勿許,認為“今不滅越(yue),后(hou)必悔(hui)之”。夫差因急于(yu)北(bei)上中(zhong)原爭(zheng)霸,未(wei)采納伍(wu)子胥建(jian)議,以(yi)越(yue)王質吳(wu)(wu)(wu)為條件,許降(jiang)撤(che)兵(參見《夫椒之戰(zhan)》條)。
越王臥薪嘗膽
勾踐夫(fu)(fu)婦為吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)“駕(jia)車養(yang)馬”,執役(yi)三(san)年(nian)(nian),贏得夫(fu)(fu)差信(xin)任(ren),獲釋回(hui)國(guo)。勾踐為興越(yue)(yue)滅吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),“臥薪嘗膽”,發(fa)憤圖強(qiang)(qiang)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)在謀臣文種、范蠡輔佐下(xia),制(zhi)定(ding)了“十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)生聚”、“十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)教訓(xun)”的長期戰(zhan)略(lve):在內(nei)政上(shang)實行(xing)發(fa)展生產、獎勵生育及(ji)尊重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)才等政策(ce),以安定(ding)民(min)生,充裕兵(bing)(bing)(bing)源,收攬人(ren)(ren)心,鞏(gong)固(gu)團(tuan)結(jie),從而增強(qiang)(qiang)綜合國(guo)力(li);在軍(jun)事上(shang),實行(xing)精(jing)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)政策(ce),加強(qiang)(qiang)訓(xun)練(lian),嚴格(ge)紀律(lv),以提高戰(zhan)斗力(li)。當時弩已用于(yu)(yu)作(zuo)戰(zhan)。戰(zhan)車、戰(zhan)船(chuan)均“頓(dun)于(yu)(yu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)弩”,戰(zhan)斗勝敗關鍵又(you)取決于(yu)(yu)最(zui)(zui)后之(zhi)沖鋒。勾踐聘請精(jing)于(yu)(yu)弓(gong)弩射(she)法的陳(chen)音教授用弩技(ji)術(shu)(shu),包括(kuo)瞄準、連續(xu)發(fa)射(she)及(ji)掌握弩力(li)與箭重(zhong)最(zui)(zui)佳比例(拉力(li)一石,箭重(zhong)一兩)等方法,使(shi)“軍(jun)士皆(jie)能用弓(gong)弩之(zhi)巧”,聘請善于(yu)(yu)“劍戟之(zhi)術(shu)(shu)”的越(yue)(yue)女(nv)教授“手戰(zhan)”格(ge)斗技(ji)術(shu)(shu),使(shi)軍(jun)士“一人(ren)(ren)當百(bai),百(bai)人(ren)(ren)當萬”。越(yue)(yue)地(di)民(min)風(feng)是“悅兵(bing)(bing)(bing)敢死”,慣于(yu)(yu)各自(zi)為戰(zhan)。為此,勾踐反(fan)對“匹(pi)夫(fu)(fu)之(zhi)勇”,強(qiang)(qiang)調紀律(lv)性,要求作(zuo)戰(zhan)單位在統一號令下(xia)統一戰(zhan)斗行(xing)動,以發(fa)揮整(zheng)體作(zuo)戰(zhan)能力(li)。規定(ding)服從指(zhi)揮者有賞,違犯者“身(shen)斬(zhan),妻子(zi)鬻”。在外(wai)交上(shang),針(zhen)對“吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)加于(yu)(yu)齊晉,而怨(yuan)結(jie)于(yu)(yu)楚(chu)”的情況(kuang),采(cai)用“親于(yu)(yu)齊,深結(jie)于(yu)(yu)晉,陰固(gu)于(yu)(yu)楚(chu),而厚(hou)事于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”的方針(zhen)(《吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)(yue)春秋·勾踐歸(gui)國(guo)外(wai)傳》)。厚(hou)事于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),即(ji)效法周(zhou)文王(wang)(wang)對商紂(zhou)王(wang)(wang)“文伐”之(zhi)謀略(lve),以非戰(zhan)爭(zheng)手段(duan)瓦解、削(xue)弱敵人(ren)(ren)。主(zhu)要措施(shi)有,佯示(shi)忠誠,使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)放(fang)松(song)對越(yue)(yue)戒備(bei),放(fang)手北上(shang)中原爭(zheng)霸,縱其(qi)(qi)(qi)所欲(yu),助長吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)愛(ai)好宮(gong)室、女(nv)色之(zhi)欲(yu)望,使(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)大興土(tu)木,耗費國(guo)力(li);并(bing)行(xing)賄用間,擴大吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)統治集團(tuan)內(nei)部(bu)矛盾(dun),破(po)壞其(qi)(qi)(qi)團(tuan)結(jie)。施(shi)行(xing)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian),使(shi)得越(yue)(yue)“荒無遺土(tu),百(bai)姓親附”,國(guo)力(li)復興。越(yue)(yue)軍(jun)亦成為一支裝備(bei)精(jing)良、訓(xun)練(lian)有素且(qie)“人(ren)(ren)有致死之(zhi)心”的精(jing)銳(rui)部(bu)隊。
吳攻陳魯齊
吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王夫(fu)差在征服越國(guo)后,即積極作北(bei)(bei)(bei)進準備。伍(wu)員再(zai)次(ci)(ci)建議“定越而(er)后圖齊(qi)”,認為越是(shi)“腹心之(zhi)病”,而(er)“齊(qi)魯諸侯不過疥(jie)癬”之(zhi)疾。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王仍未采(cai)納。三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(前489年(nian)(nian)),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)先(xian)攻(gong)(gong)陳(今(jin)(jin)河南淮陽).以解(jie)除(chu)其(qi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)進時來自側翼的(de)威脅。三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)攻(gong)(gong)魯,打開(kai)進軍(jun)中原的(de)大門。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)為建立北(bei)(bei)(bei)進戰(zhan)略基(ji)地及打通(tong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)進軍(jun)事運輸交通(tong)線,于三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)在長江北(bei)(bei)(bei)岸營建了(le)(le)規模宏大的(de)邗城(今(jin)(jin)江蘇揚(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)),開(kai)鑿(zao)了(le)(le)由今(jin)(jin)揚(yang)州(zhou)(zhou)經射陽湖(hu)至淮安之(zhi)邗溝(gou),溝(gou)通(tong)江、淮水(shui)(shui)域,并進而(er)與泗、沂、濟水(shui)(shui)聯結。三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)率(lv)(lv)魯、邾、郯(tan)等(deng)國(guo)聯軍(jun)由陸上攻(gong)(gong)齊(qi);派大夫(fu)徐承率(lv)(lv)水(shui)(shui)軍(jun)由長江入海,向山(shan)東(dong)半島迂回,攻(gong)(gong)齊(qi)側后。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)軍(jun)海上作戰(zhan)失利,陸上聯軍(jun)遂退回(參見(jian)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)魯邾郯(tan)攻(gong)(gong)齊(qi)之(zhi)戰(zhan))。三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)再(zai)次(ci)(ci)攻(gong)(gong)齊(qi),在艾陵(ling)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)萊蕪(wu)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei))全殲齊(qi)軍(jun)精銳(參見(jian)艾陵(ling)之(zhi)戰(zhan))。三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(前482年(nian)(nian)),夫(fu)差率(lv)(lv)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)主力進至黃(huang)池(今(jin)(jin)河南封丘(qiu)西南),與晉及中原諸侯會盟,“欲(yu)霸(ba)中國(guo)”。此時吳(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)霸(ba)業達于頂點。
越滅吳
當(dang)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)夫差在(zai)黃池與(yu)(yu)晉(jin)定公爭(zheng)作(zuo)盟主(zhu)時,越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)勾踐(jian)(jian)分兵兩路(lu)攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。一(yi)(yi)部兵力自海入淮,斷吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主(zhu)力回援之(zhi)路(lu),掩(yan)護(hu)主(zhu)力作(zuo)戰(zhan);其(qi)自率主(zhu)力直趨吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)(dou),在(zai)郊區泓水殲滅迎戰(zhan)之(zhi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun),并(bing)乘勢(shi)(shi)攻(gong)入吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)(dou)。夫差南歸,恐因(yin)國(guo)(guo)都(dou)(dou)失(shi)守(shou)士氣下(xia)降及遠(yuan)程奔返造成部隊疲憊、決戰(zhan)不(bu)利,派人請(qing)和。勾踐(jian)(jian)亦以吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)主(zhu)力未損,不(bu)愿進行(xing)無(wu)把握的(de)決戰(zhan),遂(sui)與(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)訂和約(yue)后(hou)撤軍(jun)(jun)。四十二年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)發生(sheng)(sheng)災荒(huang)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)乘機(ji)發動進攻(gong),與(yu)(yu)迎戰(zhan)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)在(zai)笠澤(ze)(在(zai)今江(jiang)(jiang)蘇吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)江(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)(yi)帶)隔江(jiang)(jiang)相峙。越(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)利用夜暗,以兩翼佯渡(du)(du)誘使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)分兵,然(ran)后(hou)集中(zhong)精銳(rui),實施敵前潛渡(du)(du)、中(zhong)間突破(po),并(bing)連續進攻(gong),擴大戰(zhan)果,創造了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)史(shi)上(shang)較早(zao)的(de)河川(chuan)進攻(gong)的(de)成功戰(zhan)例(參見(jian)笠澤(ze)之(zhi)戰(zhan))。笠澤(ze)之(zhi)戰(zhan)后(hou),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、越(yue)(yue)(yue)力量(liang)對比發生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)根本(ben)變化,越(yue)(yue)(yue)已占有絕對優勢(shi)(shi)。周元王(wang)(wang)(wang)元年(nian)(前475年(nian)),越(yue)(yue)(yue)再度攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)無(wu)力迎戰(zhan),據(ju)都(dou)(dou)城防守(shou)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)于(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)(dou)西南郊筑(zhu)城,謀長(chang)期(qi)圍(wei)困。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)八(ba)次遣使(shi)請(qing)和,均遭越(yue)(yue)(yue)拒絕。三年(nian),城破(po),夫差自殺,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)亡(參見(jian)《越(yue)(yue)(yue)滅吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)戰(zhan)》條)。勾踐(jian)(jian)率軍(jun)(jun)“北渡(du)(du)江(jiang)(jiang)淮,與(yu)(yu)齊、晉(jin)諸(zhu)侯會于(yu)徐(xu)州”。周元王(wang)(wang)(wang)封勾踐(jian)(jian)為(wei)伯(bo)。“越(yue)(yue)(yue)兵橫行(xing)于(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)淮東,諸(zhu)侯畢賀(he),號稱霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)”(《史(shi)記·越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)勾踐(jian)(jian)世家(jia)》),越(yue)(yue)(yue)終于(yu)成為(wei)春秋時期(qi)的(de)最后(hou)一(yi)(yi)任霸(ba)主(zhu)。
此戰(zhan)(zhan),吳(wu)王(wang)夫差(cha)不(bu)聽伍員(yuan)之(zhi)言(yan),養虎為(wei)患,終(zhong)遭(zao)滅國。而越王(wang)勾(gou)踐(jian)則臥(wo)薪嘗膽,養精蓄銳,并聽取謀(mou)(mou)臣文種、范蠡之(zhi)言(yan),主要靠謀(mou)(mou)略(lve)(lve)制勝(sheng);親齊(qi)、結晉、聯楚的外交策略(lve)(lve),在戰(zhan)(zhan)爭中發揮了(le)重要作(zuo)用。這說明春秋末期(qi)的戰(zhan)(zhan)爭,已(yi)發展(zhan)為(wei)智戰(zhan)(zhan)。當時人即認為(wei)“夫戰(zhan)(zhan),智為(wei)始,仁次之(zhi),勇次之(zhi)。”(《國語·吳(wu)語》記楚將申(shen)包胥(xu)言(yan))戰(zhan)(zhan)爭中還出(chu)現了(le)早期(qi)入海(hai)遠航作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)及河川進攻(gong)等新的作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)方法。
大國爭霸
大(da)國爭霸是春秋(qiu)時代的顯著特征(zheng)。在(zai)齊桓公(gong)首霸之(zhi)后,晉(jin)、楚兩國相(xiang)(xiang)繼而起,逐(zhu)鹿中原,爭當盟主(zhu),但終因旗鼓相(xiang)(xiang)當,勢(shi)均力敵,在(zai)春秋(qiu)中葉(xie)以后,出(chu)現并霸的局面。在(zai)這樣的形勢(shi)下(xia),晉(jin)景公(gong)采納申公(gong)巫臣的意見(jian),開(kai)始聯(lian)合吳國,企圖利用吳國牽制(zhi)楚國的右翼,使(shi)楚國不能騰出(chu)手(shou)來招駕晉(jin)國的攻勢(shi),從而謀利。
爭霸過程
吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)偏居東南沿海(hai)地(di)區,與越(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)鄰,有斷發(fa)文(wen)(wen)身之(zhi)(zhi)俗。據《吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)春(chun)秋(qiu)》記(ji)載,當時吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)“險(xian)阻(zu)潤濕,又(you)有江海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)害,君(jun)(jun)無(wu)守御,民(min)無(wu)所(suo)依,倉(cang)庫(ku)不設(she),田疇不墾。”嚴格地(di)說(shuo),它還不能(neng)算是(shi)一(yi)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),只是(shi)一(yi)個部落(luo)群體。在中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)列國(guo)(guo)(guo)眼(yan)里,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)一(yi)個經濟(ji)、文(wen)(wen)化十分落(luo)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠻(man)夷(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)五(wu)(wu)八四年,晉(jin)景公(gong)(gong)派申公(gong)(gong)巫臣(chen)到吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)傳授車戰(zhan)(zhan)射御的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術,并唆使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)背叛楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)不斷侵伐楚國(guo)(guo)(guo),又(you)攻(gong)打(da)巢、徐等吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)楚之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小國(guo)(guo)(guo),弄得楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)忙(mang)于(yu)(yu)應戰(zhan)(zhan),疲于(yu)(yu)奔命。在晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)扶(fu)植下,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事力(li)量發(fa)展(zhan)得很快,國(guo)(guo)(guo)土日益擴展(zhan),聲望日益提高。中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)和吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)開(kai)始(shi)建立了(le)(le)聯系(xi)。公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)五(wu)(wu)二(er)二(er)年,伍(wu)子(zi)(zi)胥從(cong)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)逃到吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo),做(zuo)了(le)(le)相國(guo)(guo)(guo)。他(ta)教給吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv)(lv)“立城(cheng)郭,設(she)守備、實倉(cang)廩,治府庫(ku)”等“安君(jun)(jun)治民(min),興(xing)霸(ba)成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)”之(zhi)(zhi)道(《吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)春(chun)秋(qiu)》),使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)由極為(wei)(wei)落(luo)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠻(man)夷(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)邦(bang),一(yi)躍而(er)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)軍事強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。公(gong)(gong)元五(wu)(wu)○六(liu)年,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv)(lv)以孫(sun)武(wu)為(wei)(wei)大將(jiang)伍(wu)子(zi)(zi)胥為(wei)(wei)副(fu)將(jiang),聯合蔡(cai)、唐兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)興(xing)師(shi)伐楚。孫(sun)武(wu)是(shi)杰(jie)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事家(jia),為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)切斷楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)本(ben)部與方(fang)(fang)城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi),他(ta)采(cai)取(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)突(tu)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)略,率(lv)領吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍從(cong)淮(huai)河流域西進(jin),至淮(huai)汭(rui)舍舟(zhou)(zhou)登陸,翻(fan)越(yue)大別山(shan),與此同時,唐軍東進(jin)襲取(qu)(qu)大隧、直(zhi)轅、冥(ming)厄三(san)隘(在今(jin)武(wu)勝關(guan)一(yi)帶),蔡(cai)軍循汝水(shui)(shui)至淮(huai)河、南下直(zhi)取(qu)(qu)訾梁(在今(jin)固(gu)始(shi)縣)。這(zhe)兩支偏師(shi)堵住(zhu)了(le)(le)楚軍北上(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),東通齊(qi)、魯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)道,從(cong)側翼牽制住(zhu)楚軍,使(shi)楚軍不敢正面迎擊吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍,而(er)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍卻乘機(ji)掃蕩楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)東境(jing)沿途的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)鎮,從(cong)容西進(jin),跟蔡(cai)、唐兩路軍隊(dui)會師(shi),將(jiang)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)攔腰截為(wei)(wei)兩段,隔(ge)漢水(shui)(shui)同楚軍對峙。楚司馬沈系(xi)戍發(fa)現問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重性,向令(ling)尹(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)常(chang)建議(yi):“請(qing)令(ling)尹(yin)(yin)封鎖(suo)漢水(shui)(shui),自己以方(fang)(fang)城(cheng)外人(ren)毀掉(diao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍舍棄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舟(zhou)(zhou)船,回過頭來封住(zhu)大隧、直(zhi)轅、冥(ming)厄三(san)隘,然后夾擊吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍,一(yi)定能(neng)勝利。”令(ling)尹(yin)(yin)子(zi)(zi)常(chang)接受了(le)(le)這(zhe)個建議(yi)。可惜(xi),當他(ta)聽楚大夫史(shi)皇說(shuo):“現在楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)都怨惡令(ling)尹(yin)(yin),喜歡司馬,假使(shi)采(cai)取(qu)(qu)司馬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建議(yi),那(nei)么戰(zhan)(zhan)勝吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)績就全(quan)歸司馬了(le)(le)。”就斷然改變主意,輕率(lv)地(di)領兵(bing)渡漢水(shui)(shui),與吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍對陣于(yu)(yu)柏舉(ju)(今(jin)湖水(shui)(shui)麻(ma)城(cheng)),結果一(yi)敗涂地(di)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍乘勝窮追猛(meng)打(da),五(wu)(wu)戰(zhan)(zhan)五(wu)(wu)勝,攻(gong)古(gu)了(le)(le)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)郢(ying)都。
楚國的慘敗有內外兩方(fang)面原(yuan)因。
外因
晉、吳聯合力量超過楚國;
內因
楚國政治腐敗。
而起決(jue)定作用的是內因。楚(chu)國(guo)的政治腐(fu)敗突出表(biao)現于(yu)(yu)用人(ren)問題上。楚(chu)國(guo)出人(ren)才(cai),可楚(chu)平(ping)王專信奸邪,加害賢(xian)良,后來楚(chu)昭王上臺,也胸無大志,只勉強立國(guo),致使大批人(ren)才(cai)有的消沉,有的流(liu)走。象范蠡,出身于(yu)(yu)布衣之家,有匡世(shi)奇才(cai),而“時人(ren)盡(jin)以(yi)為狂(kuang)”(《越(yue)絕書》)。他(ta)琢(zhuo)磨,楚(chu)國(guo)不(bu)用,自(zi)己不(bu)能直接(jie)報效于(yu)(yu)父母(mu)之邦,不(bu)如東去助(zhu)越(yue),以(yi)越(yue)制吳,消除(chu)楚(chu)國(guo)東顧之憂(you),將全部的才(cai)智曲折地貢獻給生(sheng)養自(zi)己的故國(guo)。于(yu)(yu)是,他(ta)邀(yao)好友文種一(yi)起告別了家鄉(xiang),踏上東去越(yue)國(guo)的道(dao)路。
越國
越(yue)(yue)國(guo)是(shi)(shi)古代越(yue)(yue)族建(jian)立的(de)(de)國(guo)家。傳說(shuo)其先祖乃(nai)大禹的(de)(de)后(hou)裔,被(bei)(bei)封(feng)于(yu)會稽(今浙江紹興),“文(wen)身斷發,被(bei)(bei)草(cao)萊(lai)而(er)(er)邑”(《史記·越(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)踐世家》),歷二(er)十余世而(er)(er)至允(yun)常。公元前五一○年,吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)(he)閭(lv)攻越(yue)(yue),正是(shi)(shi)允(yun)常在位時(shi)。吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)(he)閭(lv)攻占郢都后(hou),慶功作樂,流連忘返,國(guo)內很空虛。越(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)允(yun)常乘機襲(xi)吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)。吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)(he)閭(lv)之弟夫概也悄悄溜回吳(wu)(wu)國(guo),自立為(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)。恰巧這時(shi),楚(chu)大夫申(shen)包胥(xu)哭(ku)秦庭(ting)七日,求來(lai)救兵(bing),吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)(he)閭(lv)被(bei)(bei)迫跟(gen)楚(chu)國(guo)講(jiang)和,匆忙回師,趕跑夫概,保住王(wang)(wang)位,而(er)(er)楚(chu)國(guo)也僥幸復活。楚(chu)昭王(wang)(wang)接(jie)受(shou)了(le)痛苦的(de)(de)教(jiao)訓,開(kai)始(shi)勵精圖治。為(wei)(wei)了(le)解除吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)對楚(chu)國(guo)的(de)(de)威脅,他(ta)采取聯(lian)越(yue)(yue)制吳(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)策略。
吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)(he)(he)(he)閭(lv)決心(xin)打敗越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)四(si)九六(liu)年(nian)越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)允常死,其(qi)子(zi)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)繼位。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)起兵(bing)攻(gong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)戰(zhan)于檇李(今浙(zhe)江嘉(jia)興南(nan)(nan))。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)陣(zhen)(zhen)列整齊(qi)嚴肅,越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)派敢(gan)死隊(dui)(dui)(dui)沖鋒失(shi)敗,就改(gai)用(yong)罪(zui)人在陣(zhen)(zhen)前(qian)集(ji)(ji)體自殺(sha),吸引吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)意(yi)力,然后(hou)空襲吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),越(yue)(yue)(yue)將(jiang)靈姑浮揮戈刺傷(shang)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)(he)(he)(he)閭(lv),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)敗退(tui),闔(he)(he)(he)(he)閭(lv)死于途中,其(qi)子(zi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)繼位。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)將(jiang)闔(he)(he)(he)(he)閭(lv)葬于虎丘(qiu)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)派專(zhuan)人侍(shi)立宮門,每逢夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)出入,便發(fa)問:“夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha),越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)殺(sha)害你父親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仇恨你忘掉了(le)(le)嗎(ma)?”夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)則(ze)回(hui)(hui)答:“不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)忘,不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)忘!”過了(le)(le)兩年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出動精兵(bing)攻(gong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)椒(jiao)(古山(shan)名(ming),在今江蘇(su)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)縣西(xi)南(nan)(nan)太(tai)(tai)湖中)一戰(zhan),越(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)敗。越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)僅剩五千人,被吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)包(bao)圍于會(hui)稽山(shan)。文仲、范蠡(li)(li)說(shuo)服(fu)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)忍辱圖存,厚(hou)賂吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寵臣伯嚭,向吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)求(qiu)和(he)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)伍子(zi)胥(xu)表示反(fan)對,他(ta)舉夏(xia)代少康(kang)中興的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事,勸告吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang),消滅(mie)越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),以(yi)(yi)絕后(hou)患(huan)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)太(tai)(tai)宰伯嚭既貪圖越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財貨,又嫉妒(du)相(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)伍子(zi)胥(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功勞(lao),極力慫恿吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)答應越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)請(qing)求(qiu)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)終于允許(xu)求(qiu)和(he),但條件是(shi)越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必(bi)須臣服(fu)于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),并要(yao)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)到(dao)(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)奴三(san)(san)年(nian)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)帶范蠡(li)(li)來(lai)到(dao)(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)當(dang)馬夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。每天(tian)(tian)早上(shang)喂(wei)馬擦車,以(yi)(yi)備(bei)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)田獵,游玩;晚上(shang)棲(qi)身于石(shi)屋,守在闔(he)(he)(he)(he)閭(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墳旁,期待三(san)(san)年(nian)一過,重返越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),最使(shi)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)君臣提心(xin)吊膽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伍子(zi)胥(xu),他(ta)常常勸吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)殺(sha)掉勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)。因(yin)此,勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)必(bi)須裝出萬分(fen)忠于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現,而(er)且不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)讓(rang)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)發(fa)覺半(ban)點矯飾做作。范蠡(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)此煞(sha)費苦心(xin),他(ta)聽到(dao)(dao)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)病了(le)(le),就動員勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)嘗(chang)溲辨疾,以(yi)(yi)感動他(ta)。這招果(guo)然靈驗,夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)誤以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)確實屈服(fu)了(le)(le),便如期放他(ta)回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou),身邊總放著一個苦膽,坐臥(wo)飲食不(bu)(bu)(bu)忘先嘗(chang)苦膽,借(jie)以(yi)(yi)牢記會(hui)稽之辱。范蠡(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)制(zhi)定(ding)一套保民(min)、富(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、強兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方針。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)親自耕田,夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人親自織布,食不(bu)(bu)(bu)加肉(rou),衣不(bu)(bu)(bu)重彩,禮(li)賢下士,賑(zhen)貧恤死,深得民(min)心(xin),越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)很快(kuai)富(fu)起來(lai)。相(xiang)反(fan),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)因(yin)勝利而(er)驕傲自滿,腐化墮落,偏(pian)信奸佞術(shu)宰伯嚭,殺(sha)害忠誠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)子(zi)胥(xu),政治日趨腐敗。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)看不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)腹之患(huan),一心(xin)想北(bei)上(shang)爭霸。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)四(si)八年(nian),他(ta)乘(cheng)齊(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)新(xin)死之機(ji),伐(fa)齊(qi),在艾陵打敗齊(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)四(si)八二年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)通知中原諸侯到(dao)(dao)黃(huang)池(今河南(nan)(nan)封丘(qiu)縣西(xi)南(nan)(nan))開會(hui)。會(hui)上(shang),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、晉兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)爭當(dang)盟(meng)主,結(jie)果(guo)歃血時(shi),先吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)后(hou)晉,魯、邾等小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也分(fen)別“賦于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)八百(bai)(bai)乘(cheng)”和(he)“六(liu)百(bai)(bai)乘(cheng)”(《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)語(yu)·楚(chu)語(yu)》)。黃(huang)池之會(hui)使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)達到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)北(bei)上(shang)稱霸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但也標志著吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)霸業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終結(jie)。 就在吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)參加黃(huang)池之會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)率兵(bing)攻(gong)進(jin)(jin)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都,俘虜了(le)(le)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)友。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)聞訊后(hou),急忙從(cong)北(bei)方撤軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。但吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)長途跋(ba)涉,疲(pi)勞(lao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)堪,無法抵抗越(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)只得派伯嚭攜帶豐(feng)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)物去(qu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)求(qiu)和(he)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)估(gu)量(liang)眼下還不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)滅(mie)掉吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),就答應同吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)講和(he)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)四(si)七(qi)八年(nian),越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)再次攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)在笠(li)澤夾水(shui)對陣(zhen)(zhen)。夜里,越(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)左(zuo)右(you)兩小隊(dui)(dui)(dui)兵(bing)卒或左(zuo)或右(you),擊鼓吶喊,佯(yang)攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)兩翼。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)分(fen)兵(bing)防御,而(er)越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)三(san)(san)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主力暗暗涉水(shui),猛攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)敗。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)四(si)七(qi)三(san)(san)年(nian),越(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)第三(san)(san)次大(da)規(gui)模進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),將(jiang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)包(bao)圍在姑蘇(su)山(shan)上(shang)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)正派公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)雄肉(rou)袒膝行,向越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)求(qiu)和(he)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)想答應,范蠡(li)(li)說(shuo):“過去(qu)天(tian)(tian)意(yi)叫吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅(mie)掉越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),可(ke)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)偏(pian)偏(pian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)干;現在天(tian)(tian)意(yi)叫越(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅(mie)掉吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),難道大(da)王(wang)(wang)要(yao)違背天(tian)(tian)意(yi)嗎(ma)?”吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)使(shi)聞聽淚如雨下。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)遂(sui)說(shuo):“請(qing)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)遷到(dao)(dao)甬江以(yi)(yi)東,讓(rang)他(ta)管理(li)一百(bai)(bai)戶人家(jia)。”夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)羞愧交集(ji)(ji),對勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)說(shuo):“我真沒臉見(jian)子(zi)胥(xu)呀?”
這時(shi),越國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已成(cheng)為地跨江、淮(huai)的東(dong)方大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。越王(wang)勾踐(jian)率(lv)領軍(jun)隊北渡(du)淮(huai)河,在徐州(zhou)(今(jin)山東(dong)滕(teng)州(zhou)市)與齊、宋、晉、魯等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)諸侯(hou)會盟。各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)聽越的號令。周元王(wang)正式(shi)派人(ren)賜給勾踐(jian)祭肉,命他為霸(ba)主。此(ci)后,勾踐(jian)為長(chang)期稱霸(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan),遷都(dou)瑯琊(今(jin)山東(dong)諸城市)。直(zhi)到戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)期,越國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)才被楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打(da)敗(bai)。