吳越爭霸是指歷史上春秋時期吳越兩國互相征伐的一段時期。周(zhou)景王元年(nian)(公元前544年(nian)),吳(wu)侵越時所獲戰(zhan)俘剌死吳(wu)王余祭。周(zhou)敬王十(shi)年(nian)(前510年(nian)),吳(wu)大舉攻楚前,為解除后(hou)顧(gu)之(zhi)憂,又曾攻越,占(zhan)領檇李(今浙江嘉興南)。
十(shi)五年(nian),吳軍(jun)主力在楚都郢時,越乘機侵入(ru)吳境,雙(shuang)方(fang)矛盾(dun)日趨激化。從(cong)地緣上看(kan)吳國(guo)(guo)欲爭(zheng)霸中原,必(bi)先征服越國(guo)(guo),以解除其后方(fang)威脅;而(er)(er)越國(guo)(guo)欲北進中原,更(geng)必(bi)先征服吳國(guo)(guo)才能夠(gou)打通北進中原的(de)(de)通道(dao),因(yin)而(er)(er)引起(qi)延續二(er)十(shi)余(yu)年(nian)的(de)(de)吳越戰爭(zheng)。
兩國相互征伐多年(nian)(nian)直至(zhi)笠澤之戰后,吳(wu)(wu)、越(yue)力量對比發生了根(gen)本變化,越(yue)已(yi)占有絕(jue)對優勢。周元王元年(nian)(nian)(前475年(nian)(nian)),越(yue)再度攻吳(wu)(wu)。吳(wu)(wu)軍無(wu)力迎戰,據都城(cheng)防守。越(yue)于吳(wu)(wu)都西南郊筑城(cheng),謀長期圍困。吳(wu)(wu)數次遣使請(qing)和,均遭越(yue)拒絕(jue)。三年(nian)(nian),城(cheng)破(po),吳(wu)(wu)王夫差自(zi)殺(sha),吳(wu)(wu)國滅亡。
而越國通過此次吞并吳國國力大增(zeng)盛極一時,而越王勾踐也成為(wei)了春秋最后一位霸(ba)主。
周(zhou)景王(wang)元年(nian)(公元前(qian)544年(nian)),吳(wu)(wu)侵越(yue)時所獲戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)俘剌死(si)吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)余祭。周(zhou)敬王(wang)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(前(qian)510年(nian)),吳(wu)(wu)大舉攻楚(chu)前(qian),為(wei)(wei)解(jie)除(chu)后(hou)顧之(zhi)憂,又曾(ceng)攻越(yue),占領(ling)檇(zui)李(今浙江(jiang)嘉興南。十(shi)(shi)五年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)主力在楚(chu)都郢時,越(yue)乘機侵入(ru)吳(wu)(wu)境,雙(shuang)方(fang)矛盾日趨激化。吳(wu)(wu)欲爭霸中(zhong)原,必(bi)先(xian)征(zheng)服(fu)越(yue)國,以(yi)解(jie)除(chu)其后(hou)方(fang)威脅(xie);越(yue)欲北進中(zhong)原,更必(bi)先(xian)服(fu)吳(wu)(wu)才有(you)(you)可能,因而引(yin)起延續二十(shi)(shi)余年(nian)的吳(wu)(wu)越(yue)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭。吳(wu)(wu)、越(yue)地處江(jiang)南水(shui)(shui)鄉,“以(yi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)車,以(yi)楫(ji)為(wei)(wei)馬(ma)”(《越(yue)絕書(shu)·記地傳》),雙(shuang)方(fang)多為(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)上作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。此時作為(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)軍(jun)的“舟師”已成為(wei)(wei)新的兵(bing)種(zhong),能獨(du)立完(wan)成戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)、戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役任務(wu)。吳(wu)(wu)、越(yue)水(shui)(shui)軍(jun)有(you)(you)樓(lou)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(指揮船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan))、大翼、中(zhong)翼、小翼三種(zhong)主要戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)艦(jian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)及突冒(船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)首裝有(you)(you)沖角(jiao))、橋船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(輕快戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan))等(deng)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。主要戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)大翼船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)長(chang)20米(mi),寬2.7米(mi),載乘“戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士二十(shi)(shi)六人(ren),棹(手)五十(shi)(shi)人(ren),舳艫(手)三人(ren),操長(chang)鉤矛、斧者(zhe)(各)四人(ren),吏、仆、射(she)長(chang)各一人(ren)”,連同船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)長(chang)“凡(fan)九十(shi)(shi)一人(ren)”(《太(tai)平御覽》卷315引(yin)《伍子胥水(shui)(shui)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)兵(bing)法》)。水(shui)(shui)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)基本方(fang)式是先(xian)用(yong)弩射(she),再進行接舷(xian)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗,最(zui)后(hou)登(deng)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)格斗,有(you)(you)時亦用(yong)突冒撞擊敵船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。
吳勝越
二十(shi)四年(公元前496年),吳(wu)王(wang)闔閭率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)攻越(yue),雙方主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)戰(zhan)(zhan)于(yu)(yu)檇(zui)李。越(yue)以死(si)罪刑徒陣(zhen)前自刎,乘吳(wu)軍(jun)注意(yi)力(li)分(fen)散之機發動猛攻,大敗吳(wu)軍(jun)。闔閭負傷身(shen)死(si),夫(fu)差(cha)繼位為(wei)(wei)王(wang)。二十(shi)六(liu)年,越(yue)以水軍(jun)攻吳(wu),戰(zhan)(zhan)于(yu)(yu)夫(fu)椒(今(jin)江蘇太湖(hu)中洞庭山)。越(yue)軍(jun)戰(zhan)(zhan)敗,主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)被殲。吳(wu)軍(jun)乘勝追(zhui)擊,占領(ling)越(yue)都會稽(ji)(今(jin)浙江紹興)。越(yue)王(wang)勾踐率(lv)(lv)余部5000人被圍(wei)于(yu)(yu)會稽(ji)山上(shang)。勾踐請(qing)降,吳(wu)大臣伍(wu)員(yuan)建議勿許,認(ren)為(wei)(wei)“今(jin)不滅(mie)越(yue),后必悔之”。夫(fu)差(cha)因(yin)急于(yu)(yu)北上(shang)中原爭(zheng)霸,未采納伍(wu)子胥建議,以越(yue)王(wang)質吳(wu)為(wei)(wei)條件,許降撤兵(參見《夫(fu)椒之戰(zhan)(zhan)》條)。
越王臥薪嘗膽
勾(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)夫婦為(wei)吳(wu)王(wang)“駕車養馬”,執役三年,贏得(de)夫差信任,獲釋回國(guo)。勾(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)興(xing)越(yue)滅(mie)吳(wu),“臥薪嘗膽”,發憤圖強(qiang)。其(qi)在謀臣(chen)文(wen)種(zhong)、范蠡(li)輔(fu)佐下(xia),制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)“十(shi)年生聚”、“十(shi)年教(jiao)訓”的長(chang)期戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略(lve):在內(nei)政(zheng)上(shang)實行(xing)發展生產、獎勵生育及(ji)尊重(zhong)人(ren)才(cai)等(deng)政(zheng)策,以(yi)(yi)安(an)定(ding)民生,充裕兵源,收攬人(ren)心(xin),鞏固團(tuan)結(jie),從而(er)增(zeng)強(qiang)綜(zong)合(he)國(guo)力(li)(li)(li);在軍事上(shang),實行(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)兵政(zheng)策,加強(qiang)訓練,嚴格(ge)紀(ji)律(lv),以(yi)(yi)提高戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)力(li)(li)(li)。當(dang)時弩(nu)(nu)已用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)車、戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)船均(jun)“頓于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)兵弩(nu)(nu)”,戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)勝敗關鍵又取決(jue)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)最(zui)后(hou)之(zhi)沖鋒。勾(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)聘(pin)請(qing)(qing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)弓弩(nu)(nu)射法(fa)的陳音教(jiao)授用(yong)弩(nu)(nu)技(ji)術,包括瞄準、連續發射及(ji)掌(zhang)握弩(nu)(nu)力(li)(li)(li)與箭重(zhong)最(zui)佳比例(拉力(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)石(shi),箭重(zhong)一(yi)(yi)兩)等(deng)方(fang)法(fa),使(shi)(shi)“軍士皆(jie)能(neng)用(yong)弓弩(nu)(nu)之(zhi)巧(qiao)”,聘(pin)請(qing)(qing)善于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“劍戟之(zhi)術”的越(yue)女教(jiao)授“手戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)”格(ge)斗(dou)(dou)技(ji)術,使(shi)(shi)軍士“一(yi)(yi)人(ren)當(dang)百(bai),百(bai)人(ren)當(dang)萬(wan)”。越(yue)地民風是“悅兵敢死”,慣(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)各自為(wei)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。為(wei)此,勾(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)反(fan)對“匹夫之(zhi)勇”,強(qiang)調(diao)紀(ji)律(lv)性,要(yao)求(qiu)作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)單位在統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)號令下(xia)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)行(xing)動(dong),以(yi)(yi)發揮整體作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)。規定(ding)服從指揮者(zhe)有(you)賞,違(wei)犯者(zhe)“身(shen)斬,妻子鬻”。在外交上(shang),針對“吳(wu)王(wang)兵加于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)齊晉(jin),而(er)怨結(jie)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)楚(chu)”的情(qing)況,采用(yong)“親(qin)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)齊,深結(jie)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)晉(jin),陰固于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)楚(chu),而(er)厚事于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吳(wu)”的方(fang)針(《吳(wu)越(yue)春秋·勾(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)歸(gui)國(guo)外傳》)。厚事于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吳(wu),即效法(fa)周(zhou)文(wen)王(wang)對商紂(zhou)王(wang)“文(wen)伐”之(zhi)謀略(lve),以(yi)(yi)非(fei)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭手段瓦解、削弱敵(di)人(ren)。主要(yao)措施(shi)(shi)有(you),佯示忠誠,使(shi)(shi)吳(wu)王(wang)放松(song)對越(yue)戒(jie)備,放手北(bei)上(shang)中(zhong)原爭霸,縱其(qi)所欲,助長(chang)吳(wu)王(wang)愛好宮(gong)室、女色之(zhi)欲望(wang),使(shi)(shi)其(qi)大(da)興(xing)土木,耗費國(guo)力(li)(li)(li);并行(xing)賄(hui)用(yong)間(jian),擴大(da)吳(wu)統(tong)(tong)治(zhi)集團(tuan)內(nei)部矛(mao)盾,破(po)壞其(qi)團(tuan)結(jie)。施(shi)(shi)行(xing)十(shi)年,使(shi)(shi)得(de)越(yue)“荒無遺土,百(bai)姓(xing)親(qin)附”,國(guo)力(li)(li)(li)復(fu)興(xing)。越(yue)軍亦(yi)成為(wei)一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)裝(zhuang)備精(jing)(jing)(jing)良、訓練有(you)素且“人(ren)有(you)致(zhi)死之(zhi)心(xin)”的精(jing)(jing)(jing)銳部隊。
吳攻陳魯齊
吳(wu)(wu)王夫(fu)差在征服越國后(hou),即積極(ji)作北(bei)進(jin)(jin)準備。伍(wu)員再次(ci)建議“定(ding)越而(er)后(hou)圖齊(qi)(qi)”,認為越是“腹心之(zhi)(zhi)病”,而(er)“齊(qi)(qi)魯(lu)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯不(bu)過(guo)疥癬”之(zhi)(zhi)疾。吳(wu)(wu)王仍未采(cai)納(na)。三十(shi)一年(nian)(前(qian)489年(nian)),吳(wu)(wu)先攻陳(chen)(今(jin)河(he)南淮(huai)陽).以解除其北(bei)進(jin)(jin)時來(lai)自側翼的威脅。三十(shi)三年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)攻魯(lu),打開進(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中原的大(da)門。吳(wu)(wu)為建立北(bei)進(jin)(jin)戰(zhan)略基地及打通北(bei)進(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事運(yun)輸(shu)交通線,于三十(shi)四年(nian)在長(chang)江(jiang)北(bei)岸(an)營(ying)建了(le)規模宏大(da)的邗(han)城(今(jin)江(jiang)蘇揚(yang)州),開鑿了(le)由(you)今(jin)揚(yang)州經(jing)射陽湖至淮(huai)安之(zhi)(zhi)邗(han)溝(gou),溝(gou)通江(jiang)、淮(huai)水(shui)域,并進(jin)(jin)而(er)與泗、沂、濟水(shui)聯(lian)結(jie)。三十(shi)五(wu)年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)率(lv)魯(lu)、邾(zhu)、郯等國聯(lian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)由(you)陸上(shang)攻齊(qi)(qi);派大(da)夫(fu)徐承率(lv)水(shui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)由(you)長(chang)江(jiang)入海(hai),向(xiang)山(shan)東(dong)半(ban)島迂回,攻齊(qi)(qi)側后(hou)。吳(wu)(wu)水(shui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)上(shang)作戰(zhan)失利,陸上(shang)聯(lian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)遂退回(參(can)見吳(wu)(wu)魯(lu)邾(zhu)郯攻齊(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan))。三十(shi)六(liu)年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)再次(ci)攻齊(qi)(qi),在艾(ai)陵(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)萊(lai)蕪東(dong)北(bei))全殲(jian)齊(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)精銳(參(can)見艾(ai)陵之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan))。三十(shi)八年(nian)(前(qian)482年(nian)),夫(fu)差率(lv)吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主力進(jin)(jin)至黃池(今(jin)河(he)南封(feng)丘西南),與晉及中原諸(zhu)(zhu)侯會盟,“欲霸(ba)中國”。此時吳(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)霸(ba)業(ye)達于頂點。
越滅吳
當(dang)吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫差在(zai)黃池與晉定(ding)公爭作盟(meng)主時(shi),越(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾踐分兵(bing)兩(liang)路(lu)攻吳(wu)(wu)。一(yi)部(bu)(bu)兵(bing)力(li)自海入淮(huai),斷吳(wu)(wu)主力(li)回(hui)援之路(lu),掩護主力(li)作戰(zhan)(zhan);其自率主力(li)直趨吳(wu)(wu)都,在(zai)郊區泓水殲(jian)滅迎戰(zhan)(zhan)之吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun),并乘(cheng)勢攻入吳(wu)(wu)都。夫差南歸,恐因國(guo)都失守士(shi)氣下降及(ji)遠程奔返造(zao)成部(bu)(bu)隊疲憊、決戰(zhan)(zhan)不利,派(pai)人請和(he)(he)。勾踐亦以吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)主力(li)未損(sun),不愿(yuan)進(jin)行(xing)無把握的(de)(de)(de)決戰(zhan)(zhan),遂與吳(wu)(wu)訂和(he)(he)約后(hou)(hou)撤軍(jun)。四(si)十二(er)年(nian)(nian),吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)發(fa)生災(zai)荒。越(yue)(yue)乘(cheng)機發(fa)動(dong)進(jin)攻,與迎戰(zhan)(zhan)吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)在(zai)笠澤(ze)(在(zai)今江(jiang)(jiang)蘇吳(wu)(wu)江(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)帶(dai))隔江(jiang)(jiang)相峙。越(yue)(yue)軍(jun)利用(yong)夜(ye)暗,以兩(liang)翼佯渡(du)誘使吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)分兵(bing),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)集中(zhong)精銳(rui),實施敵前潛渡(du)、中(zhong)間突破,并連續進(jin)攻,擴大(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)果,創造(zao)了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭史上(shang)較早的(de)(de)(de)河川進(jin)攻的(de)(de)(de)成功戰(zhan)(zhan)例(參見笠澤(ze)之戰(zhan)(zhan))。笠澤(ze)之戰(zhan)(zhan)后(hou)(hou),吳(wu)(wu)、越(yue)(yue)力(li)量(liang)對比發(fa)生了(le)根本變(bian)化(hua),越(yue)(yue)已占有絕對優勢。周(zhou)元王(wang)(wang)元年(nian)(nian)(前475年(nian)(nian)),越(yue)(yue)再度(du)攻吳(wu)(wu)。吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)無力(li)迎戰(zhan)(zhan),據(ju)都城防守。越(yue)(yue)于(yu)吳(wu)(wu)都西南郊筑城,謀長(chang)期圍困(kun)。吳(wu)(wu)八次遣使請和(he)(he),均遭(zao)越(yue)(yue)拒絕。三年(nian)(nian),城破,夫差自殺,吳(wu)(wu)亡(參見《越(yue)(yue)滅吳(wu)(wu)之戰(zhan)(zhan)》條(tiao))。勾踐率軍(jun)“北(bei)渡(du)江(jiang)(jiang)淮(huai),與齊、晉諸(zhu)侯會于(yu)徐州(zhou)”。周(zhou)元王(wang)(wang)封勾踐為伯。“越(yue)(yue)兵(bing)橫行(xing)于(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)淮(huai)東,諸(zhu)侯畢賀,號稱霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)”(《史記·越(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾踐世家(jia)》),越(yue)(yue)終于(yu)成為春秋時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)最后(hou)(hou)一(yi)任霸(ba)主。
此(ci)戰(zhan)(zhan),吳王夫(fu)差不聽伍(wu)員之(zhi)言(yan),養(yang)虎(hu)為患,終(zhong)遭滅國。而越王勾(gou)踐則臥薪嘗膽,養(yang)精蓄銳,并聽取謀(mou)(mou)臣文種、范蠡之(zhi)言(yan),主要靠謀(mou)(mou)略制勝;親齊、結晉、聯楚的(de)(de)外交策略,在戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)中發揮了重要作用(yong)。這說明春秋末期(qi)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng),已發展(zhan)為智戰(zhan)(zhan)。當時人(ren)即認為“夫(fu)戰(zhan)(zhan),智為始,仁次之(zhi),勇(yong)次之(zhi)。”(《國語·吳語》記(ji)楚將(jiang)申包胥言(yan))戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)中還出現了早(zao)期(qi)入海遠航作戰(zhan)(zhan)及河(he)川進攻等新的(de)(de)作戰(zhan)(zhan)方法。
大國爭霸
大國(guo)爭(zheng)霸是春秋(qiu)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)顯著特征(zheng)。在齊(qi)桓公(gong)首霸之后,晉、楚(chu)兩(liang)國(guo)相繼而(er)起(qi),逐鹿中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan),爭(zheng)當盟主,但終因旗鼓相當,勢(shi)(shi)均(jun)力敵,在春秋(qiu)中(zhong)(zhong)葉以(yi)后,出(chu)現(xian)并(bing)霸的(de)局面。在這樣的(de)形勢(shi)(shi)下,晉景(jing)公(gong)采納申公(gong)巫臣的(de)意(yi)見(jian),開始聯合吳國(guo),企圖利用吳國(guo)牽(qian)制(zhi)楚(chu)國(guo)的(de)右翼,使楚(chu)國(guo)不能(neng)騰出(chu)手來招(zhao)駕晉國(guo)的(de)攻勢(shi)(shi),從而(er)謀利。
爭霸過程
吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國偏(pian)居東南沿海地區,與(yu)越(yue)(yue)國為(wei)鄰,有(you)斷(duan)發(fa)文(wen)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)俗。據《吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)(yue)春(chun)秋》記(ji)載,當(dang)時吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國“險阻潤濕(shi),又有(you)江海之(zhi)(zhi)害,君(jun)無(wu)守(shou)御(yu),民(min)(min)無(wu)所依,倉庫不設,田疇(chou)不墾。”嚴格地說(shuo)(shuo),它還不能(neng)(neng)算(suan)是一(yi)個(ge)國家(jia),只是一(yi)個(ge)部落群體(ti)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)中原(yuan)列(lie)國眼里,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是一(yi)個(ge)經濟、文(wen)化(hua)十(shi)分落后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠻夷之(zhi)(zhi)國。公(gong)元前(qian)五八四年(nian),晉景(jing)公(gong)派申公(gong)巫臣(chen)到(dao)(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國傳授車(che)戰(zhan)射御(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術,并(bing)唆使(shi)(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國背叛楚(chu)國。于(yu)是吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國不斷(duan)侵伐(fa)楚(chu)國,又攻(gong)打巢、徐等(deng)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)楚(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)國,弄得楚(chu)國忙(mang)于(yu)應戰(zhan),疲于(yu)奔(ben)命(ming)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)晉國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)扶植下(xia),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)事力量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)得很(hen)快,國土(tu)日(ri)益(yi)擴(kuo)展(zhan),聲望日(ri)益(yi)提高。中原(yuan)諸侯國家(jia)和吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國開始建立(li)了(le)(le)聯(lian)系。公(gong)元前(qian)五二(er)二(er)年(nian),伍(wu)子(zi)胥(xu)從(cong)楚(chu)國逃到(dao)(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國,做(zuo)了(le)(le)相國。他教給吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)闔(he)(he)閭“立(li)城郭,設守(shou)備、實倉廩,治府(fu)庫”等(deng)“安君(jun)治民(min)(min),興(xing)(xing)霸(ba)成(cheng)王(wang)”之(zhi)(zhi)道(《吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)(yue)春(chun)秋》),使(shi)(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國由極為(wei)落后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠻夷之(zhi)(zhi)邦,一(yi)躍而成(cheng)為(wei)軍(jun)事強國。公(gong)元五○六年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)闔(he)(he)閭以(yi)孫武(wu)為(wei)大(da)將(jiang)伍(wu)子(zi)胥(xu)為(wei)副將(jiang),聯(lian)合蔡(cai)(cai)、唐(tang)兩(liang)國興(xing)(xing)師伐(fa)楚(chu)。孫武(wu)是杰出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)事家(jia),為(wei)了(le)(le)切斷(duan)楚(chu)國本部與(yu)方城之(zhi)(zhi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系,他采取中間突破的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略,率(lv)領(ling)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)從(cong)淮河(he)流域西進,至淮汭舍(she)舟登(deng)陸,翻越(yue)(yue)大(da)別山,與(yu)此同時,唐(tang)軍(jun)東進襲取大(da)隧、直(zhi)轅(yuan)、冥厄(e)三隘(ai)(在(zai)(zai)(zai)今武(wu)勝(sheng)關一(yi)帶),蔡(cai)(cai)軍(jun)循汝水(shui)至淮河(he)、南下(xia)直(zhi)取訾梁(liang)(在(zai)(zai)(zai)今固始縣(xian))。這兩(liang)支偏(pian)師堵住了(le)(le)楚(chu)軍(jun)北上中原(yuan),東通齊、魯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)道,從(cong)側翼(yi)牽(qian)制住楚(chu)軍(jun),使(shi)(shi)楚(chu)軍(jun)不敢正(zheng)面(mian)迎擊吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun),而吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)卻乘機掃蕩楚(chu)國東境沿途的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城鎮,從(cong)容(rong)西進,跟(gen)蔡(cai)(cai)、唐(tang)兩(liang)路軍(jun)隊(dui)會(hui)師,將(jiang)楚(chu)國攔(lan)腰截為(wei)兩(liang)段,隔漢水(shui)同楚(chu)軍(jun)對峙。楚(chu)司(si)馬(ma)沈系戍(shu)發(fa)現問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重性(xing),向令尹子(zi)常(chang)建議(yi):“請令尹封鎖漢水(shui),自(zi)己以(yi)方城外人毀掉吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)舍(she)棄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舟船,回(hui)過頭來封住大(da)隧、直(zhi)轅(yuan)、冥厄(e)三隘(ai),然后夾擊吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun),一(yi)定能(neng)(neng)勝(sheng)利。”令尹子(zi)常(chang)接受了(le)(le)這個(ge)建議(yi)。可惜,當(dang)他聽楚(chu)大(da)夫(fu)史皇(huang)說(shuo)(shuo):“現在(zai)(zai)(zai)楚(chu)國人都怨惡令尹,喜歡司(si)馬(ma),假使(shi)(shi)采取司(si)馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建議(yi),那么戰(zhan)勝(sheng)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功績就(jiu)全歸(gui)司(si)馬(ma)了(le)(le)。”就(jiu)斷(duan)然改變(bian)主意,輕率(lv)地領(ling)兵渡漢水(shui),與(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)對陣于(yu)柏舉(今湖水(shui)麻城),結(jie)果一(yi)敗涂(tu)地。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)乘勝(sheng)窮追猛(meng)打,五戰(zhan)五勝(sheng),攻(gong)古了(le)(le)楚(chu)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)郢(ying)都。
楚國的慘敗有內外(wai)兩方面原因。
外因
晉、吳聯合(he)力量超(chao)過楚國;
內因
楚國政治腐敗。
而(er)起(qi)決定作用(yong)的(de)是內因。楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)的(de)政治(zhi)腐敗突出(chu)表現于用(yong)人(ren)問題上。楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)出(chu)人(ren)才,可楚(chu)(chu)平(ping)王專(zhuan)信奸(jian)邪,加害賢良,后來楚(chu)(chu)昭王上臺(tai),也胸無大志,只勉強立國(guo)(guo),致使大批人(ren)才有的(de)消沉,有的(de)流(liu)走(zou)。象范蠡,出(chu)身(shen)于布衣(yi)之家,有匡世奇才,而(er)“時人(ren)盡以(yi)為狂(kuang)”(《越絕書》)。他(ta)琢磨,楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)不用(yong),自己(ji)不能(neng)直接報效于父母(mu)之邦,不如東(dong)(dong)去(qu)助越,以(yi)越制吳,消除(chu)楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)東(dong)(dong)顧(gu)之憂,將全部的(de)才智曲折地貢獻給生養(yang)自己(ji)的(de)故國(guo)(guo)。于是,他(ta)邀好友文種一起(qi)告別了家鄉,踏上東(dong)(dong)去(qu)越國(guo)(guo)的(de)道(dao)路(lu)。
越國
越(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)古(gu)代越(yue)(yue)族建(jian)立的(de)國(guo)(guo)家。傳說其先祖(zu)乃大禹的(de)后裔(yi),被封于會稽(今(jin)浙(zhe)江(jiang)紹興),“文(wen)身斷發,被草萊而(er)邑”(《史記·越(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾踐世家》),歷二十余世而(er)至允(yun)(yun)(yun)常(chang)。公元前(qian)五一○年,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)攻越(yue)(yue),正是(shi)允(yun)(yun)(yun)常(chang)在位(wei)(wei)時(shi)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)攻占(zhan)郢都后,慶功作(zuo)樂,流連忘(wang)返(fan),國(guo)(guo)內很空虛。越(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)允(yun)(yun)(yun)常(chang)乘機襲吳(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)之(zhi)弟夫概(gai)也悄悄溜回(hui)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo),自立為王(wang)(wang)。恰巧這時(shi),楚(chu)大夫申包胥哭秦庭七日(ri),求(qiu)來救兵,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)被迫跟楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)講和,匆忙回(hui)師,趕跑夫概(gai),保住王(wang)(wang)位(wei)(wei),而(er)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)也僥幸復活。楚(chu)昭王(wang)(wang)接(jie)受了(le)痛苦的(de)教訓(xun),開始勵精圖(tu)治。為了(le)解除吳(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)對楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)的(de)威脅(xie),他采取聯越(yue)(yue)制吳(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)策(ce)略。
吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv)決心(xin)(xin)打(da)敗(bai)(bai)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。公元(yuan)前四(si)(si)(si)九(jiu)六年(nian)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)允常(chang)死(si)(si),其子(zi)(zi)(zi)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繼(ji)位。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)起(qi)兵(bing)攻(gong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)戰于(yu)(yu)檇李(今(jin)(jin)浙江(jiang)(jiang)嘉興南)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)陣列整齊嚴肅,越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)派敢死(si)(si)隊(dui)沖鋒失敗(bai)(bai),就改用(yong)罪人在(zai)(zai)陣前集體自(zi)殺(sha),吸引吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)意力(li),然(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)空(kong)襲(xi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)將(jiang)靈(ling)姑浮揮戈刺傷吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)敗(bai)(bai)退(tui),闔閭(lv)死(si)(si)于(yu)(yu)途中(zhong)(zhong),其子(zi)(zi)(zi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)繼(ji)位。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)將(jiang)闔閭(lv)葬于(yu)(yu)虎丘(qiu)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)派專人侍立宮門,每(mei)逢(feng)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)出(chu)入,便發問:“夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)殺(sha)害你(ni)父親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仇(chou)恨你(ni)忘(wang)(wang)掉(diao)了(le)嗎?”夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)則回答:“不(bu)(bu)敢忘(wang)(wang),不(bu)(bu)敢忘(wang)(wang)!”過(guo)了(le)兩年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出(chu)動(dong)精兵(bing)攻(gong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)椒(古山(shan)名(ming),在(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)江(jiang)(jiang)蘇吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)縣西南太湖中(zhong)(zhong))一(yi)戰,越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)敗(bai)(bai)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)僅(jin)剩五千人,被吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)包圍于(yu)(yu)會(hui)(hui)稽山(shan)。文仲(zhong)、范(fan)蠡(li)說(shuo)服(fu)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)忍辱(ru)圖(tu)存,厚賂吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寵(chong)臣伯(bo)(bo)(bo)嚭(pi),向吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)求和(he)(he)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)伍子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)(xu)表示反(fan)對(dui),他(ta)(ta)舉夏代(dai)少(shao)康(kang)中(zhong)(zhong)興的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事,勸告吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang),消滅越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),以絕(jue)后(hou)(hou)(hou)患(huan)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)太宰伯(bo)(bo)(bo)嚭(pi)既(ji)貪圖(tu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財貨,又(you)嫉妒相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)伍子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功勞,極力(li)慫(song)恿吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)答應越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)請求。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)終于(yu)(yu)允許求和(he)(he),但條件是越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)臣服(fu)于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),并(bing)要(yao)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)奴三(san)(san)年(nian)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)帶(dai)范(fan)蠡(li)來到(dao)(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)當馬(ma)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)。每(mei)天早(zao)上(shang)喂馬(ma)擦車,以備夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)田(tian)獵(lie),游玩;晚上(shang)棲身(shen)于(yu)(yu)石屋,守在(zai)(zai)闔閭(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墳旁,期(qi)待三(san)(san)年(nian)一(yi)過(guo),重返越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),最使(shi)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)君(jun)臣提(ti)心(xin)(xin)吊膽(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伍子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)(xu),他(ta)(ta)常(chang)常(chang)勸吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)殺(sha)掉(diao)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。因此,勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)裝出(chu)萬分(fen)忠于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現,而(er)且不(bu)(bu)能讓(rang)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)發覺半點矯飾做作。范(fan)蠡(li)為(wei)(wei)此煞費苦心(xin)(xin),他(ta)(ta)聽到(dao)(dao)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)病了(le),就動(dong)員勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)嘗溲辨疾,以感動(dong)他(ta)(ta)。這(zhe)招(zhao)果然(ran)(ran)靈(ling)驗,夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)誤以為(wei)(wei)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)確實(shi)屈服(fu)了(le),便如期(qi)放(fang)他(ta)(ta)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)(hou)(hou),身(shen)邊總放(fang)著(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)個(ge)苦膽(dan),坐臥飲(yin)食不(bu)(bu)忘(wang)(wang)先嘗苦膽(dan),借(jie)以牢記會(hui)(hui)稽之(zhi)辱(ru)。范(fan)蠡(li)為(wei)(wei)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)制定一(yi)套保民(min)、富(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、強兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)親自(zi)耕(geng)田(tian),夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人親自(zi)織(zhi)布(bu),食不(bu)(bu)加(jia)肉,衣(yi)不(bu)(bu)重彩,禮(li)賢下士,賑貧(pin)恤死(si)(si),深得民(min)心(xin)(xin),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)很快富(fu)起(qi)來。相反(fan),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)因勝利而(er)驕傲(ao)自(zi)滿(man),腐化(hua)墮落,偏(pian)信奸佞術宰伯(bo)(bo)(bo)嚭(pi),殺(sha)害忠誠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)(xu),政治日趨(qu)腐敗(bai)(bai)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)看不(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)腹之(zhi)患(huan),一(yi)心(xin)(xin)想北上(shang)爭霸(ba)(ba)。公元(yuan)前四(si)(si)(si)八年(nian),他(ta)(ta)乘齊景公新死(si)(si)之(zhi)機,伐齊,在(zai)(zai)艾陵打(da)敗(bai)(bai)齊軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。公元(yuan)前四(si)(si)(si)八二年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)通知中(zhong)(zhong)原諸侯到(dao)(dao)黃池(今(jin)(jin)河南封(feng)丘(qiu)縣西南)開會(hui)(hui)。會(hui)(hui)上(shang),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、晉兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)爭當盟主(zhu),結(jie)果歃血(xue)時,先吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)晉,魯、邾等小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也分(fen)別“賦(fu)于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)八百(bai)乘”和(he)(he)“六百(bai)乘”(《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)語(yu)·楚語(yu)》)。黃池之(zhi)會(hui)(hui)使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)達到(dao)(dao)了(le)北上(shang)稱霸(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但也標志著(zhu)(zhu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)霸(ba)(ba)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終結(jie)。 就在(zai)(zai)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)參(can)加(jia)黃池之(zhi)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)率兵(bing)攻(gong)進吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou),俘虜了(le)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)友(you)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)聞訊后(hou)(hou)(hou),急忙從北方(fang)撤(che)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。但吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)長途跋涉,疲勞不(bu)(bu)堪,無法抵(di)抗越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進攻(gong)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)只得派伯(bo)(bo)(bo)嚭(pi)攜帶(dai)豐厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)物去(qu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)求和(he)(he)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)估量(liang)眼下還不(bu)(bu)能滅掉(diao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),就答應同吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)講(jiang)和(he)(he)。公元(yuan)前四(si)(si)(si)七(qi)八年(nian),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)再次攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)在(zai)(zai)笠澤夾水對(dui)陣。夜(ye)里,越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)左右兩小隊(dui)兵(bing)卒(zu)或左或右,擊鼓吶喊,佯(yang)攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)兩翼。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)分(fen)兵(bing)防御(yu),而(er)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)三(san)(san)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)力(li)暗暗涉水,猛(meng)攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)敗(bai)(bai)。公元(yuan)前四(si)(si)(si)七(qi)三(san)(san)年(nian),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)第三(san)(san)次大(da)規模進攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),將(jiang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)包圍在(zai)(zai)姑蘇山(shan)上(shang)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)正派公孫(sun)雄肉袒膝(xi)行,向越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)求和(he)(he)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)想答應,范(fan)蠡(li)說(shuo):“過(guo)去(qu)天意叫(jiao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅掉(diao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),可吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)偏(pian)偏(pian)不(bu)(bu)干;現在(zai)(zai)天意叫(jiao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅掉(diao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),難道大(da)王(wang)(wang)要(yao)違背天意嗎?”吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)使(shi)聞聽淚如雨下。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)遂說(shuo):“請夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)遷到(dao)(dao)甬(yong)江(jiang)(jiang)以東,讓(rang)他(ta)(ta)管理一(yi)百(bai)戶人家。”夫(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)羞愧交(jiao)集,對(dui)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)說(shuo):“我(wo)真(zhen)沒(mei)臉見(jian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)(xu)呀?”
這時,越(yue)國(guo)已(yi)成為地跨(kua)江、淮的(de)東(dong)方大(da)國(guo)。越(yue)王(wang)勾(gou)踐率領軍隊北渡(du)淮河,在徐州(今山(shan)東(dong)滕州市)與齊、宋、晉、魯等國(guo)諸侯會盟。各(ge)國(guo)都(dou)聽越(yue)的(de)號令。周元王(wang)正(zheng)式(shi)派人(ren)賜(si)給勾(gou)踐祭肉,命他為霸主。此后,勾(gou)踐為長(chang)期(qi)稱(cheng)霸中(zhong)原,遷(qian)都(dou)瑯琊(今山(shan)東(dong)諸城市)。直(zhi)到戰國(guo)中(zhong)期(qi),越(yue)國(guo)才被楚國(guo)打敗。