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簡介

吳越爭霸是指歷史上春秋時期吳越兩國互相征伐的一段時期。周(zhou)景王(wang)元(yuan)年(nian)（公元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)544年(nian)），吳(wu)侵越(yue)(yue)時(shi)所獲戰俘(fu)剌死吳(wu)王(wang)余祭。周(zhou)敬王(wang)十年(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)510年(nian)），吳(wu)大舉(ju)攻(gong)楚前(qian)(qian)(qian)，為解除后(hou)顧(gu)之憂，又曾攻(gong)越(yue)(yue)，占(zhan)領(ling)檇李(li)(今浙江(jiang)嘉興南(nan)）。

十(shi)五年，吳(wu)軍主力在楚都郢時，越(yue)乘機侵入吳(wu)境，雙方(fang)矛盾日趨激化(hua)。從地緣上(shang)看吳(wu)國(guo)欲爭霸中(zhong)原，必(bi)(bi)先征服(fu)越(yue)國(guo)，以(yi)解除其后方(fang)威(wei)脅；而(er)越(yue)國(guo)欲北進中(zhong)原，更必(bi)(bi)先征服(fu)吳(wu)國(guo)才(cai)能夠(gou)打通北進中(zhong)原的通道，因而(er)引(yin)起延續(xu)二十(shi)余(yu)年的吳(wu)越(yue)戰爭。

兩國相互征伐多(duo)年直至笠澤之戰后，吳(wu)、越(yue)(yue)力(li)量對比發生了根本變化，越(yue)(yue)已占有(you)絕對優勢。周元(yuan)王元(yuan)年（前475年），越(yue)(yue)再度攻(gong)吳(wu)。吳(wu)軍無(wu)力(li)迎戰，據都城防守(shou)。越(yue)(yue)于吳(wu)都西南郊筑城，謀長期圍困。吳(wu)數次遣使請和(he)，均遭越(yue)(yue)拒絕。三(san)年，城破，吳(wu)王夫差自殺，吳(wu)國滅亡。

而(er)(er)越(yue)國通過此次吞并吳國國力大增(zeng)盛極一時，而(er)(er)越(yue)王勾踐也成為了春秋最后(hou)一位霸主。

背景資料

周(zhou)景(jing)王元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元前(qian)544年(nian)(nian)(nian))，吳(wu)侵越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)時(shi)所獲戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)俘(fu)剌死吳(wu)王余祭。周(zhou)敬王十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)510年(nian)(nian)(nian))，吳(wu)大(da)舉(ju)攻(gong)(gong)楚(chu)前(qian)，為(wei)(wei)解除后(hou)顧之憂，又(you)曾攻(gong)(gong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，占(zhan)領檇李(今浙江(jiang)(jiang)嘉興南(nan)(nan)。十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)，吳(wu)軍主(zhu)力在楚(chu)都(dou)郢時(shi)，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)乘機(ji)侵入吳(wu)境(jing)，雙(shuang)(shuang)方矛盾日趨激化。吳(wu)欲爭(zheng)霸中原(yuan)(yuan)，必(bi)先(xian)征(zheng)服(fu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)，以解除其后(hou)方威脅；越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)欲北(bei)進中原(yuan)(yuan)，更必(bi)先(xian)服(fu)吳(wu)才有可能，因(yin)而引(yin)起(qi)延(yan)續二(er)(er)十(shi)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)吳(wu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)。吳(wu)、越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)地處江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)水鄉，“以船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)車，以楫為(wei)(wei)馬”（《越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)絕書·記地傳》)，雙(shuang)(shuang)方多為(wei)(wei)水上作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。此時(shi)作為(wei)(wei)水軍的(de)“舟師”已成為(wei)(wei)新的(de)兵(bing)種，能獨立完成戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略、戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役任務。吳(wu)、越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)水軍有樓船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(指揮(hui)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan))、大(da)翼、中翼、小(xiao)翼三種主(zhu)要戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)艦船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)及突(tu)冒(船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)首裝有沖角)、橋船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(輕快(kuai)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan))等戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。主(zhu)要戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)大(da)翼船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)長20米，寬(kuan)2．7米，載(zai)乘“戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士二(er)(er)十(shi)六人，棹(手)五十(shi)人，舳艫(手)三人，操長鉤矛、斧者(各)四(si)人，吏、仆、射(she)長各一人”，連同船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)長“凡(fan)九十(shi)一人”(《太平御覽》卷315引(yin)《伍(wu)子胥水戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)兵(bing)法》)。水戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)基本方式(shi)是先(xian)用(yong)弩射(she)，再(zai)進行接(jie)舷戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗，最后(hou)登船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)格斗，有時(shi)亦用(yong)突(tu)冒撞擊敵船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。

吳勝越

二十四年(公元前496年)，吳(wu)王(wang)闔(he)閭率軍(jun)攻越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，雙(shuang)方主力戰(zhan)(zhan)于檇李(li)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)以(yi)(yi)死罪刑徒陣前自刎，乘吳(wu)軍(jun)注意力分散之機發動猛(meng)攻，大敗吳(wu)軍(jun)。闔(he)閭負傷身死，夫(fu)差繼(ji)位為(wei)王(wang)。二十六年，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)以(yi)(yi)水軍(jun)攻吳(wu)，戰(zhan)(zhan)于夫(fu)椒(今(jin)江蘇(su)太(tai)湖中洞庭山(shan))。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)戰(zhan)(zhan)敗，主力被(bei)殲。吳(wu)軍(jun)乘勝追擊，占領(ling)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)都會稽(今(jin)浙(zhe)江紹興)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)勾踐(jian)率余部(bu)5000人被(bei)圍于會稽山(shan)上。勾踐(jian)請降，吳(wu)大臣(chen)伍員建(jian)議(yi)勿許(xu)(xu)，認(ren)為(wei)“今(jin)不(bu)滅越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，后必悔之”。夫(fu)差因急于北上中原爭(zheng)霸(ba)，未采納伍子胥建(jian)議(yi)，以(yi)(yi)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)質吳(wu)為(wei)條件(jian)，許(xu)(xu)降撤兵(參見(jian)《夫(fu)椒之戰(zhan)(zhan)》條)。

越王臥薪嘗膽

勾踐夫婦為吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)“駕(jia)車養馬”，執役(yi)三(san)年(nian)，贏得(de)夫差信任(ren)，獲釋回(hui)國。勾踐為興越(yue)(yue)滅吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，“臥薪嘗膽”，發憤圖強。其(qi)在(zai)(zai)謀(mou)(mou)臣文(wen)種、范蠡輔(fu)佐下，制定了“十(shi)年(nian)生聚(ju)”、“十(shi)年(nian)教訓”的(de)長期戰(zhan)(zhan)略：在(zai)(zai)內政(zheng)上(shang)(shang)實(shi)行(xing)發展(zhan)生產、獎(jiang)勵生育及尊重(zhong)人(ren)才等(deng)政(zheng)策(ce)，以(yi)安定民生，充裕(yu)兵(bing)源，收攬人(ren)心，鞏(gong)固(gu)團(tuan)結，從而增強綜合國力；在(zai)(zai)軍(jun)事(shi)上(shang)(shang)，實(shi)行(xing)精(jing)(jing)兵(bing)政(zheng)策(ce)，加強訓練，嚴格紀(ji)律，以(yi)提高戰(zhan)(zhan)斗力。當(dang)時弩(nu)(nu)(nu)已用于(yu)(yu)作戰(zhan)(zhan)。戰(zhan)(zhan)車、戰(zhan)(zhan)船均“頓于(yu)(yu)兵(bing)弩(nu)(nu)(nu)”，戰(zhan)(zhan)斗勝敗關鍵又取決于(yu)(yu)最后(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)沖鋒。勾踐聘(pin)請精(jing)(jing)于(yu)(yu)弓(gong)弩(nu)(nu)(nu)射法的(de)陳音(yin)教授(shou)(shou)用弩(nu)(nu)(nu)技術(shu)，包括瞄準、連續發射及掌握弩(nu)(nu)(nu)力與箭重(zhong)最佳(jia)比例(拉(la)力一石，箭重(zhong)一兩)等(deng)方法，使“軍(jun)士皆能(neng)用弓(gong)弩(nu)(nu)(nu)之(zhi)(zhi)巧”，聘(pin)請善于(yu)(yu)“劍戟之(zhi)(zhi)術(shu)”的(de)越(yue)(yue)女教授(shou)(shou)“手戰(zhan)(zhan)”格斗技術(shu)，使軍(jun)士“一人(ren)當(dang)百(bai)，百(bai)人(ren)當(dang)萬(wan)”。越(yue)(yue)地民風是(shi)“悅兵(bing)敢(gan)死(si)”，慣(guan)于(yu)(yu)各自為戰(zhan)(zhan)。為此，勾踐反對(dui)“匹夫之(zhi)(zhi)勇(yong)”，強調紀(ji)律性，要(yao)求(qiu)作戰(zhan)(zhan)單位在(zai)(zai)統(tong)一號令下統(tong)一戰(zhan)(zhan)斗行(xing)動(dong)，以(yi)發揮整(zheng)體作戰(zhan)(zhan)能(neng)力。規定服從指揮者有(you)賞，違犯者“身斬，妻子鬻”。在(zai)(zai)外交上(shang)(shang)，針對(dui)“吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)兵(bing)加于(yu)(yu)齊晉，而怨結于(yu)(yu)楚”的(de)情況，采用“親于(yu)(yu)齊，深結于(yu)(yu)晉，陰固(gu)于(yu)(yu)楚，而厚(hou)事(shi)于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”的(de)方針(《吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)(yue)春秋(qiu)·勾踐歸國外傳》)。厚(hou)事(shi)于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，即效法周文(wen)王(wang)(wang)對(dui)商紂王(wang)(wang)“文(wen)伐”之(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou)(mou)略，以(yi)非戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)手段瓦(wa)解(jie)、削弱(ruo)敵人(ren)。主要(yao)措施(shi)有(you)，佯示忠誠，使吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)放(fang)松對(dui)越(yue)(yue)戒備，放(fang)手北上(shang)(shang)中原爭(zheng)(zheng)霸(ba)，縱(zong)其(qi)所欲，助長吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)愛(ai)好(hao)宮室、女色之(zhi)(zhi)欲望(wang)，使其(qi)大興土(tu)木(mu)，耗費國力；并行(xing)賄用間，擴大吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)統(tong)治集團(tuan)內部(bu)矛盾(dun)，破壞其(qi)團(tuan)結。施(shi)行(xing)十(shi)年(nian)，使得(de)越(yue)(yue)“荒(huang)無遺(yi)土(tu)，百(bai)姓親附”，國力復興。越(yue)(yue)軍(jun)亦成為一支裝備精(jing)(jing)良、訓練有(you)素且(qie)“人(ren)有(you)致死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)心”的(de)精(jing)(jing)銳(rui)部(bu)隊(dui)。

吳攻陳魯齊

吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)夫(fu)差在(zai)征服(fu)越(yue)國(guo)后，即積極作北(bei)(bei)進(jin)(jin)準備。伍員(yuan)再次(ci)建議(yi)“定越(yue)而(er)后圖齊”，認為越(yue)是“腹心之(zhi)(zhi)病”，而(er)“齊魯諸侯不過疥(jie)癬”之(zhi)(zhi)疾(ji)。吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)仍未采(cai)納。三十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)489年(nian)(nian)(nian))，吳(wu)(wu)先(xian)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)陳(今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)淮陽(yang))．以解除其北(bei)(bei)進(jin)(jin)時來自側(ce)翼的威脅。三十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)，吳(wu)(wu)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)魯，打開進(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)中原的大(da)門。吳(wu)(wu)為建立北(bei)(bei)進(jin)(jin)戰略基(ji)地及(ji)打通北(bei)(bei)進(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)事運輸交通線，于(yu)三十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)岸營建了(le)規模宏大(da)的邗城(cheng)(今(jin)江(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)揚州)，開鑿(zao)了(le)由今(jin)揚州經射陽(yang)湖至(zhi)淮安之(zhi)(zhi)邗溝，溝通江(jiang)(jiang)、淮水(shui)域，并進(jin)(jin)而(er)與(yu)泗、沂、濟水(shui)聯(lian)結。三十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)，吳(wu)(wu)率(lv)魯、邾(zhu)(zhu)、郯等國(guo)聯(lian)軍(jun)(jun)由陸上攻(gong)(gong)(gong)齊；派大(da)夫(fu)徐承率(lv)水(shui)軍(jun)(jun)由長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)入(ru)海(hai)，向(xiang)山(shan)東半島(dao)迂回，攻(gong)(gong)(gong)齊側(ce)后。吳(wu)(wu)水(shui)軍(jun)(jun)海(hai)上作戰失利，陸上聯(lian)軍(jun)(jun)遂退回(參見吳(wu)(wu)魯邾(zhu)(zhu)郯攻(gong)(gong)(gong)齊之(zhi)(zhi)戰)。三十六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，吳(wu)(wu)再次(ci)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)齊，在(zai)艾陵(ling)(今(jin)山(shan)東萊(lai)蕪東北(bei)(bei))全殲齊軍(jun)(jun)精(jing)銳(參見艾陵(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)戰)。三十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)482年(nian)(nian)(nian))，夫(fu)差率(lv)吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)主(zhu)力進(jin)(jin)至(zhi)黃池(今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)封丘西(xi)南(nan)(nan))，與(yu)晉(jin)及(ji)中原諸侯會盟，“欲霸(ba)中國(guo)”。此時吳(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)霸(ba)業達于(yu)頂點。

越滅吳

當吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王夫(fu)差在(zai)黃池與晉定(ding)公爭作盟主(zhu)時，越(yue)(yue)王勾踐(jian)分(fen)兵(bing)兩路(lu)攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。一部兵(bing)力(li)(li)(li)自海入淮(huai)，斷吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)回援(yuan)之(zhi)路(lu)，掩護主(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)作戰(zhan)；其自率主(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)直趨吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)，在(zai)郊(jiao)區泓(hong)水殲滅迎戰(zhan)之(zhi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)，并(bing)乘勢攻(gong)入吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)。夫(fu)差南歸，恐因國(guo)(guo)都(dou)失守士氣下(xia)降及遠程奔返造成(cheng)(cheng)部隊疲憊、決戰(zhan)不(bu)(bu)利，派(pai)人請(qing)和(he)。勾踐(jian)亦(yi)以吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)主(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)未損(sun)，不(bu)(bu)愿進(jin)行(xing)無把握的(de)決戰(zhan)，遂(sui)與吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)訂(ding)和(he)約(yue)后(hou)撤軍(jun)。四(si)十二年(nian)，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)發生災荒(huang)。越(yue)(yue)乘機發動進(jin)攻(gong)，與迎戰(zhan)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)在(zai)笠澤(在(zai)今江蘇吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)江一帶)隔江相峙。越(yue)(yue)軍(jun)利用夜暗，以兩翼佯渡(du)誘使吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)分(fen)兵(bing)，然(ran)后(hou)集中(zhong)精銳(rui)，實施敵前潛渡(du)、中(zhong)間突破，并(bing)連(lian)續進(jin)攻(gong)，擴大戰(zhan)果(guo)，創造了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)戰(zhan)爭史(shi)上較早(zao)的(de)河(he)川進(jin)攻(gong)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)戰(zhan)例(參見(jian)笠澤之(zhi)戰(zhan))。笠澤之(zhi)戰(zhan)后(hou)，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、越(yue)(yue)力(li)(li)(li)量對(dui)比發生了(le)根(gen)本(ben)變(bian)化，越(yue)(yue)已占有絕對(dui)優勢。周(zhou)元王元年(nian)(前475年(nian))，越(yue)(yue)再(zai)度攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)無力(li)(li)(li)迎戰(zhan)，據(ju)都(dou)城(cheng)防守。越(yue)(yue)于(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都(dou)西南郊(jiao)筑(zhu)城(cheng)，謀長期圍(wei)困(kun)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)八(ba)次(ci)遣使請(qing)和(he)，均(jun)遭越(yue)(yue)拒絕。三年(nian)，城(cheng)破，夫(fu)差自殺，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)亡(參見(jian)《越(yue)(yue)滅吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)戰(zhan)》條)。勾踐(jian)率軍(jun)“北渡(du)江淮(huai)，與齊、晉諸(zhu)侯會于(yu)徐州(zhou)”。周(zhou)元王封勾踐(jian)為(wei)伯。“越(yue)(yue)兵(bing)橫(heng)行(xing)于(yu)江淮(huai)東，諸(zhu)侯畢賀(he)，號稱霸(ba)王”(《史(shi)記·越(yue)(yue)王勾踐(jian)世家》)，越(yue)(yue)終于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)春秋(qiu)時期的(de)最后(hou)一任(ren)霸(ba)主(zhu)。

點評

此戰(zhan)，吳(wu)王(wang)夫差不聽伍員之言，養(yang)虎為患，終(zhong)遭滅國。而越(yue)王(wang)勾(gou)踐則(ze)臥薪嘗膽(dan)，養(yang)精蓄銳，并聽取謀(mou)臣文種、范(fan)蠡之言，主要靠謀(mou)略(lve)(lve)制勝(sheng)；親齊、結晉、聯(lian)楚的(de)外交策略(lve)(lve)，在(zai)戰(zhan)爭中(zhong)發(fa)揮了(le)重要作(zuo)用(yong)。這說明春秋(qiu)末期的(de)戰(zhan)爭，已發(fa)展為智戰(zhan)。當(dang)時人即認為“夫戰(zhan)，智為始，仁次之，勇次之。”(《國語·吳(wu)語》記楚將申(shen)包胥言)戰(zhan)爭中(zhong)還出(chu)現了(le)早期入海遠航作(zuo)戰(zhan)及河(he)川(chuan)進攻等新(xin)的(de)作(zuo)戰(zhan)方法。

情況概述

大國爭霸

大國爭霸(ba)是春秋時(shi)代(dai)的顯著特(te)征。在(zai)齊桓公(gong)(gong)首(shou)霸(ba)之后，晉(jin)、楚(chu)兩(liang)國相繼(ji)而起(qi)，逐鹿(lu)中原，爭當盟主，但終因旗鼓相當，勢(shi)均力(li)敵，在(zai)春秋中葉以后，出(chu)(chu)現(xian)并霸(ba)的局面。在(zai)這樣(yang)的形(xing)勢(shi)下(xia)，晉(jin)景公(gong)(gong)采納申公(gong)(gong)巫臣(chen)的意見，開始聯合吳國，企(qi)圖利用吳國牽制(zhi)楚(chu)國的右翼，使楚(chu)國不能騰出(chu)(chu)手(shou)來招駕晉(jin)國的攻勢(shi)，從(cong)而謀(mou)利。

爭霸過程

吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)偏居東南(nan)沿海地區，與(yu)越(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)鄰，有斷(duan)發文身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俗。據《吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)春秋》記載(zai)，當時吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“險(xian)阻潤濕，又(you)有江海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害，君無守御，民(min)(min)無所依，倉庫不(bu)設，田疇(chou)不(bu)墾。”嚴格地說(shuo)，它(ta)還不(bu)能算是一(yi)個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家，只是一(yi)個(ge)部落(luo)群體。在(zai)中(zhong)原列國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)眼(yan)里，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是一(yi)個(ge)經濟、文化十分落(luo)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蠻(man)夷(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)五八四年(nian)，晉景公(gong)派申公(gong)巫(wu)臣到吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)傳授(shou)車(che)戰(zhan)射御的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術，并唆使(shi)(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)背叛楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。于(yu)(yu)是吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)斷(duan)侵伐(fa)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，又(you)攻打(da)(da)巢、徐等吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，弄得(de)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)忙于(yu)(yu)應(ying)戰(zhan)，疲于(yu)(yu)奔命。在(zai)晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)扶植下，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)力(li)量發展(zhan)(zhan)得(de)很快(kuai)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土(tu)日益擴展(zhan)(zhan)，聲望(wang)日益提高(gao)。中(zhong)原諸侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家和吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)開(kai)始(shi)建立了聯系(xi)。公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)五二二年(nian)，伍子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥從楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)逃到吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，做了相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。他(ta)教給吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)“立城郭，設守備、實倉廩，治府(fu)庫”等“安君治民(min)(min)，興霸成王(wang)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道（《吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)春秋》），使(shi)(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)由極(ji)為(wei)落(luo)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蠻(man)夷(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邦，一(yi)躍而成為(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。公(gong)元(yuan)五○六(liu)年(nian)，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)以孫武(wu)為(wei)大(da)將伍子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥為(wei)副(fu)將，聯合蔡、唐兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)興師(shi)伐(fa)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。孫武(wu)是杰出的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)家，為(wei)了切斷(duan)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本部與(yu)方城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)，他(ta)采(cai)取(qu)中(zhong)間(jian)突破的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略(lve)，率領吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)從淮(huai)(huai)河流域西進(jin)(jin)，至(zhi)淮(huai)(huai)汭舍(she)(she)舟(zhou)登陸，翻越(yue)大(da)別山，與(yu)此同時，唐軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)東進(jin)(jin)襲取(qu)大(da)隧、直(zhi)轅、冥厄(e)三隘(ai)（在(zai)今武(wu)勝關(guan)一(yi)帶(dai)），蔡軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)循汝(ru)水至(zhi)淮(huai)(huai)河、南(nan)下直(zhi)取(qu)訾梁(liang)（在(zai)今固始(shi)縣）。這兩(liang)支偏師(shi)堵住了楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)北上中(zhong)原，東通齊、魯的(de)(de)(de)(de)要道，從側翼牽制住楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，使(shi)(shi)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)敢正面迎擊吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，而吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)卻乘機掃蕩楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東境沿途的(de)(de)(de)(de)城鎮，從容西進(jin)(jin)，跟(gen)蔡、唐兩(liang)路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊會師(shi)，將楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)攔腰截為(wei)兩(liang)段，隔漢水同楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)對(dui)峙。楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)司(si)馬(ma)(ma)沈系(xi)戍發現(xian)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重性(xing)，向令(ling)尹(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)常(chang)建議：“請令(ling)尹(yin)封(feng)鎖(suo)漢水，自己以方城外人(ren)毀掉吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)舍(she)(she)棄的(de)(de)(de)(de)舟(zhou)船，回過頭(tou)來封(feng)住大(da)隧、直(zhi)轅、冥厄(e)三隘(ai)，然后(hou)夾擊吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，一(yi)定(ding)能勝利(li)。”令(ling)尹(yin)子(zi)(zi)(zi)常(chang)接受了這個(ge)建議。可惜，當他(ta)聽楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)大(da)夫(fu)史皇(huang)說(shuo)：“現(xian)在(zai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)都怨惡令(ling)尹(yin)，喜歡(huan)司(si)馬(ma)(ma)，假使(shi)(shi)采(cai)取(qu)司(si)馬(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建議，那(nei)么戰(zhan)勝吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功績就全歸司(si)馬(ma)(ma)了。”就斷(duan)然改(gai)變主意，輕(qing)率地領兵渡漢水，與(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)對(dui)陣于(yu)(yu)柏舉（今湖(hu)水麻(ma)城），結(jie)果(guo)一(yi)敗涂地。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)乘勝窮追猛打(da)(da)，五戰(zhan)五勝，攻古了楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)郢(ying)都。

楚國的慘敗(bai)有內外兩方面原因。

外因

晉、吳聯合力(li)量(liang)超過(guo)楚(chu)國；

內因

楚國政治腐敗。

而起決(jue)定作用的(de)是(shi)內因(yin)。楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)政治腐敗突出(chu)表現(xian)于用人(ren)問題上。楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出(chu)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)，可楚(chu)(chu)平王(wang)專信奸邪，加害賢(xian)良(liang)，后來楚(chu)(chu)昭王(wang)上臺，也胸無大志，只(zhi)勉強(qiang)立國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，致使大批人(ren)才(cai)(cai)有的(de)消沉(chen)，有的(de)流走。象范蠡，出(chu)身于布衣之家(jia)，有匡世奇才(cai)(cai)，而“時人(ren)盡以(yi)為狂”（《越(yue)絕書》）。他(ta)琢磨(mo)，楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)用，自己不(bu)能(neng)直接報效于父母之邦，不(bu)如東去助(zhu)越(yue)，以(yi)越(yue)制吳，消除楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東顧之憂，將全部的(de)才(cai)(cai)智曲折(zhe)地(di)貢獻給(gei)生(sheng)養(yang)自己的(de)故國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。于是(shi)，他(ta)邀好友文種一起告別了家(jia)鄉，踏(ta)上東去越(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)道路(lu)。

越國

越國(guo)(guo)(guo)是古代越族(zu)建立的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)。傳說其先祖乃大禹的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)裔，被封于會(hui)稽(ji)（今浙江紹(shao)興(xing)），“文身斷發(fa)，被草萊(lai)而(er)邑(yi)”（《史(shi)記(ji)·越王(wang)勾踐(jian)世家(jia)》），歷二(er)十(shi)余(yu)世而(er)至(zhi)允常。公元前(qian)五一○年，吳王(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)攻越，正(zheng)是允常在(zai)位(wei)時。吳王(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)攻占郢都后(hou)，慶(qing)功作樂(le)，流連(lian)忘(wang)返，國(guo)(guo)(guo)內很(hen)空虛。越王(wang)允常乘機襲吳國(guo)(guo)(guo)。吳王(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)之弟夫概也悄悄溜(liu)回(hui)吳國(guo)(guo)(guo)，自(zi)立為王(wang)。恰巧這時，楚(chu)大夫申(shen)包胥哭(ku)秦庭七(qi)日，求來救(jiu)兵，吳王(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)被迫跟楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)講和，匆忙(mang)回(hui)師(shi)，趕(gan)跑夫概，保(bao)住王(wang)位(wei)，而(er)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)也僥幸復活。楚(chu)昭(zhao)王(wang)接受了痛(tong)苦的(de)(de)(de)教訓，開始勵精圖治。為了解(jie)除吳國(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)威脅，他(ta)采取聯(lian)越制吳的(de)(de)(de)策略。

相關資料

吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)闔(he)(he)閭(lv)決心(xin)打敗越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。公(gong)元前(qian)四(si)九六(liu)年越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)允常死(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繼位。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)起兵攻越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)戰于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)檇李（今浙江(jiang)嘉(jia)興(xing)南(nan)）。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)陣(zhen)(zhen)列整(zheng)齊嚴肅，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)派(pai)敢(gan)死(si)(si)(si)隊(dui)沖鋒失(shi)敗，就改(gai)用罪(zui)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)陣(zhen)(zhen)前(qian)集(ji)體自(zi)(zi)殺(sha)，吸引吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注意(yi)力，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)空(kong)襲(xi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)將(jiang)靈(ling)姑浮揮戈刺傷吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)闔(he)(he)閭(lv)，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)敗退(tui)，闔(he)(he)閭(lv)死(si)(si)(si)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)途中，其(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)繼位。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)將(jiang)闔(he)(he)閭(lv)葬于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)虎丘。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)派(pai)專人(ren)侍立宮門，每逢夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)出(chu)入，便發問：“夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)殺(sha)害你(ni)父親(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仇恨你(ni)忘掉(diao)了(le)(le)嗎？”夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)則回答(da)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)忘，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)忘！”過(guo)(guo)了(le)(le)兩(liang)年，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出(chu)動精兵攻越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)椒（古山(shan)(shan)名(ming)，在(zai)(zai)今江(jiang)蘇吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)縣(xian)(xian)西(xi)南(nan)太湖(hu)中）一戰，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)大敗。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)僅剩五千(qian)人(ren)，被吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)包圍于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)會稽山(shan)(shan)。文(wen)仲、范(fan)(fan)蠡(li)說服勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)忍辱(ru)(ru)圖存(cun)，厚賂吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寵臣(chen)伯(bo)(bo)嚭，向(xiang)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)求(qiu)和。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)伍(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)反(fan)對(dui)，他(ta)(ta)舉夏代少康中興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事，勸告吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)，消滅(mie)(mie)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，以(yi)絕后(hou)(hou)患(huan)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)太宰伯(bo)(bo)嚭既(ji)貪圖越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財貨，又嫉妒相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)伍(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功勞，極(ji)力慫恿吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)答(da)應(ying)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)請求(qiu)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)終(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)允許求(qiu)和，但(dan)(dan)條件(jian)是越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必須臣(chen)服于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，并(bing)要勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)奴三(san)年。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)帶(dai)范(fan)(fan)蠡(li)來(lai)到(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)當馬夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。每天(tian)(tian)早上(shang)喂(wei)馬擦(ca)車(che)，以(yi)備夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)田獵，游玩；晚(wan)上(shang)棲身于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)屋，守(shou)在(zai)(zai)闔(he)(he)閭(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墳(fen)旁，期待三(san)年一過(guo)(guo)，重返越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，最使(shi)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)君臣(chen)提心(xin)吊膽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伍(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)，他(ta)(ta)常常勸吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)殺(sha)掉(diao)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。因(yin)此，勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)必須裝(zhuang)出(chu)萬分忠(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)現，而(er)且不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)讓吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)發覺(jue)半點矯飾做(zuo)作。范(fan)(fan)蠡(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此煞(sha)費苦(ku)心(xin)，他(ta)(ta)聽到(dao)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)病(bing)了(le)(le)，就動員勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)嘗(chang)溲辨(bian)疾(ji)，以(yi)感(gan)動他(ta)(ta)。這招果(guo)然(ran)靈(ling)驗，夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)誤(wu)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)確實屈服了(le)(le)，便如期放他(ta)(ta)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)(hou)，身邊總放著一個苦(ku)膽，坐臥飲食(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忘先嘗(chang)苦(ku)膽，借(jie)以(yi)牢(lao)記(ji)會稽之辱(ru)(ru)。范(fan)(fan)蠡(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)制定一套保民、富(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、強兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針(zhen)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)親(qin)自(zi)(zi)耕田，夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)親(qin)自(zi)(zi)織布，食(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)加肉，衣不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)重彩，禮賢(xian)下士，賑貧恤死(si)(si)(si)，深得民心(xin)，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)很快富(fu)起來(lai)。相反(fan)，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)因(yin)勝利(li)而(er)驕傲自(zi)(zi)滿，腐化墮落(luo)，偏(pian)(pian)信奸佞(ning)術(shu)宰伯(bo)(bo)嚭，殺(sha)害忠(zhong)誠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)，政治日(ri)趨腐敗。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)看不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)腹之患(huan)，一心(xin)想(xiang)北上(shang)爭霸(ba)。公(gong)元前(qian)四(si)八(ba)(ba)年，他(ta)(ta)乘(cheng)齊景(jing)公(gong)新死(si)(si)(si)之機，伐齊，在(zai)(zai)艾陵打敗齊軍(jun)(jun)。公(gong)元前(qian)四(si)八(ba)(ba)二年，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)通知中原諸侯到(dao)黃(huang)池(chi)（今河南(nan)封丘縣(xian)(xian)西(xi)南(nan)）開會。會上(shang)，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、晉兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)爭當盟主，結(jie)果(guo)歃(sha)血時，先吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)后(hou)(hou)晉，魯、邾等小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也分別“賦(fu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)八(ba)(ba)百乘(cheng)”和“六(liu)百乘(cheng)”（《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)語(yu)·楚(chu)語(yu)》）。黃(huang)池(chi)之會使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)達到(dao)了(le)(le)北上(shang)稱(cheng)霸(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)(dan)也標志著吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)霸(ba)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)。 就在(zai)(zai)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)參(can)加黃(huang)池(chi)之會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)率兵攻進(jin)(jin)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都，俘虜了(le)(le)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)友(you)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)聞(wen)訊后(hou)(hou)，急忙從北方(fang)撤軍(jun)(jun)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。但(dan)(dan)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)長(chang)途跋涉(she)，疲勞不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)堪，無法(fa)抵(di)抗越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)攻。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)只得派(pai)伯(bo)(bo)嚭攜(xie)帶(dai)豐厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮物去越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)求(qiu)和。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)估量眼下還不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)滅(mie)(mie)掉(diao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，就答(da)應(ying)同(tong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)講和。公(gong)元前(qian)四(si)七(qi)八(ba)(ba)年，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)再次攻吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)在(zai)(zai)笠澤夾(jia)水(shui)對(dui)陣(zhen)(zhen)。夜里，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)左(zuo)右兩(liang)小隊(dui)兵卒或左(zuo)或右，擊(ji)鼓吶喊(han)，佯攻吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)兩(liang)翼。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)分兵防御，而(er)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)三(san)軍(jun)(jun)主力暗暗涉(she)水(shui)，猛攻吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中軍(jun)(jun)，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大敗。公(gong)元前(qian)四(si)七(qi)三(san)年，越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)第三(san)次大規(gui)模進(jin)(jin)攻吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，將(jiang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)包圍在(zai)(zai)姑蘇山(shan)(shan)上(shang)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)正派(pai)公(gong)孫雄肉袒膝行，向(xiang)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)求(qiu)和。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)想(xiang)答(da)應(ying)，范(fan)(fan)蠡(li)說：“過(guo)(guo)去天(tian)(tian)意(yi)叫(jiao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅(mie)(mie)掉(diao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，可吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)偏(pian)(pian)偏(pian)(pian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)干；現在(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)意(yi)叫(jiao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅(mie)(mie)掉(diao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，難道(dao)大王(wang)要違背天(tian)(tian)意(yi)嗎？”吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)使(shi)聞(wen)聽淚如雨(yu)下。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)遂說：“請夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)遷(qian)到(dao)甬江(jiang)以(yi)東，讓他(ta)(ta)管理一百戶人(ren)家。”夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)羞(xiu)愧(kui)交集(ji)，對(dui)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)說：“我真沒(mei)臉見子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)呀?”

這時，越(yue)(yue)(yue)國已成為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)跨(kua)江、淮的東(dong)方(fang)大(da)國。越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)勾踐率領軍隊北(bei)渡(du)淮河(he)，在徐州(zhou)（今山東(dong)滕州(zhou)市）與(yu)齊(qi)、宋(song)、晉、魯(lu)等國諸侯會盟。各(ge)國都聽(ting)越(yue)(yue)(yue)的號(hao)令。周(zhou)元王(wang)正(zheng)式派(pai)人賜給(gei)勾踐祭肉(rou)，命他(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)霸主。此后，勾踐為(wei)(wei)(wei)長期稱霸中原(yuan)，遷都瑯琊（今山東(dong)諸城市）。直到戰(zhan)國中期，越(yue)(yue)(yue)國才(cai)被楚國打敗。