在平定安史(shi)之亂(luan)得過程(cheng)中,為(wei)求得暫時茍安,唐代(dai)宗措(cuo)置失當,“瓜(gua)分河北(bei)地,付授叛將(jiang)”,使安史(shi)降將(jiang)搖(yao)身一變,成了(le)由中央任命的(de)節度使,保存了(le)相當大的(de)離心力。在平叛過程(cheng)中,朝(chao)廷還對內地掌(zhang)握(wo)兵權(quan)的(de)刺史(shi)多加節度使稱號,造成了(le)亂(luan)后“方鎮(zhen)相望(wang)于內地,大者連州十(shi)余,小者猶兼(jian)三四”的(de)藩(fan)鎮(zhen)割據的(de)嚴重局(ju)面(mian)。
唐德宗(zong)(zong)即位后,力圖削藩。建中(zhong)二年(nian)(781)正月(yue)(yue),成德節度(du)(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)李(li)(li)(li)寶臣死(si),子李(li)(li)(li)惟岳向朝廷請求襲其父(fu)位,魏博節度(du)(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)田(tian)悅亦代為(wei)之(zhi)請。德宗(zong)(zong)堅決(jue)拒絕。李(li)(li)(li)、田(tian)遂(sui)聯合(he)淄青節度(du)(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)李(li)(li)(li)正己(ji),山南東(dong)道(dao)節度(du)(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)梁(liang)(liang)崇(chong)義等(deng)起(qi)兵(bing)(bing)反(fan)唐。七月(yue)(yue)李(li)(li)(li)正己(ji)死(si),八(ba)月(yue)(yue)子李(li)(li)(li)納亦請襲父(fu)位,德宗(zong)(zong)不允(yun),李(li)(li)(li)納遂(sui)反(fan)。戰事日益(yi)擴大。建中(zhong)四年(nian)正月(yue)(yue),割據淮西(xi)(今(jin)河南汝(ru)南)的節度(du)(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)李(li)(li)(li)希烈(lie)叛,攻襄城(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)屬河南)。德宗(zong)(zong)派哥舒曜討伐,未果。德宗(zong)(zong)又派涇(jing)原兵(bing)(bing)去(qu)解圍。時涇(jing)原節度(du)(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)泚(ci)(ci)因(yin)其弟朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滔(tao)謀反(fan)而被軟禁于京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)。涇(jing)原兵(bing)(bing)路過長(chang)安時,因(yin)賞賜不周,挾持節度(du)(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)姚(yao)令言嘩(hua)變。德宗(zong)(zong)逃(tao)往奉(feng)(feng)天(tian)。叛軍推舉朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)泚(ci)(ci)為(wei)首領,史(shi)稱(cheng)涇(jing)原之(zhi)變。朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)泚(ci)(ci)率軍攻奉(feng)(feng)天(tian),未下(xia)。此時朝廷援兵(bing)(bing)已逼長(chang)安,朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)泚(ci)(ci)退(tui)守長(chang)安。不久唐將(jiang)領李(li)(li)(li)懷光與朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)泚(ci)(ci)聯合(he)。德宗(zong)(zong)被迫又奔梁(liang)(liang)州(今(jin)陜西(xi)漢中(zhong))。興元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(784)五月(yue)(yue),唐將(jiang)領李(li)(li)(li)晟等(deng)攻克長(chang)安,德宗(zong)(zong)于七月(yue)(yue)返回。朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)泚(ci)(ci)被部下(xia)所殺。朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滔(tao)病死(si)。李(li)(li)(li)懷光兵(bing)(bing)敗自縊(yi)。因(yin)在這次(ci)戰爭(zheng)中(zhong),有四人稱(cheng)王(wang)(wang)(wang),兩(liang)人稱(cheng)帝(di)(di),即朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滔(tao)稱(cheng)冀王(wang)(wang)(wang),王(wang)(wang)(wang)武俊稱(cheng)趙王(wang)(wang)(wang),田(tian)悅稱(cheng)魏王(wang)(wang)(wang),李(li)(li)(li)納稱(cheng)齊王(wang)(wang)(wang),朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)泚(ci)(ci)稱(cheng)秦帝(di)(di),李(li)(li)(li)希烈(lie)稱(cheng)楚帝(di)(di),故又稱(cheng)二帝(di)(di)四王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)亂(luan)。