荊釵記(ji)(ji),南戲劇本,作(zuo)者不(bu)詳,一(yi)說是元(yuan)人柯丹邱所(suo)著,王國維卻考定作(zuo)者為明(ming)太祖第十七子寧(ning)王朱權。《荊釵記(ji)(ji)》與《白兔記(ji)(ji)》、《拜月(yue)亭記(ji)(ji)》、《殺狗記(ji)(ji)》、《琵琶記(ji)(ji)》號稱“五大傳奇”。
《荊(jing)釵記》全劇四十(shi)(shi)八出(chu),敘(xu)述王十(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)、錢(qian)玉(yu)(yu)蓮的(de)(de)(de)故事,內容(rong)豐(feng)富,但(dan)結(jie)構及(ji)描寫不佳。錢(qian)玉(yu)(yu)蓮拒絕巨富孫汝權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)求婚(hun),寧(ning)肯嫁給以“荊(jing)釵”為聘(pin)的(de)(de)(de)溫州窮(qiong)書生王十(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)。后(hou)來王十(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)中了狀元,因拒絕萬俟(si)丞相逼婚(hun),被派往荒(huang)僻的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方任職(zhi)。孫汝權(quan)暗自(zi)(zi)更改王十(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)的(de)(de)(de)家書為“休(xiu)書”,哄騙玉(yu)(yu)蓮上當﹔錢(qian)玉(yu)(yu)蓮的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)母也逼她(ta)改嫁,玉(yu)(yu)蓮不從,投河自(zi)(zi)盡,幸遇救。經過種種曲(qu)折,王、錢(qian)二人終于團(tuan)圓。
徐渭的《南詞敘(xu)錄》說,《王(wang)(wang)十(shi)朋(peng)荊(jing)釵記》有兩個版本(ben),一本(ben)是(shi)(shi)宋元間無名氏,王(wang)(wang)十(shi)朋(peng)是(shi)(shi)南宋溫州樂清縣人,字龜齡(ling),號(hao)梅(mei)溪,官至(zhi)龍圖閣學士。《荊(jing)釵記》借用(yong)了(le)他(ta)的名字,劇中情(qing)節(jie)卻與(yu)他(ta)的生(sheng)平事跡不符。《甌江逸志(zhi)》說是(shi)(shi)權臣由(you)于受到(dao)王(wang)(wang)十(shi)朋(peng)彈劾,便指使門客寫(xie)了(le)這個劇本(ben)誣蔑他(ta)。另(ling)一說,錢玉(yu)蓮本(ben)娼(chang)家女(nv)子(zi),在王(wang)(wang)十(shi)朋(peng)中狀元后遭到(dao)拋棄,憤(fen)而投江。在現存《荊(jing)釵記》中,王(wang)(wang)十(shi)朋(peng)是(shi)(shi)被肯(ken)定的人物。另(ling)一是(shi)(shi)明初李景云作。千古名聯(lian)“云朝(chao)朝(chao)朝(chao)朝(chao)朝(chao)朝(chao)朝(chao)朝(chao)散;潮長長長長長長長長消”,即出自其手。《荊(jing)釵記》雖是(shi)(shi)用(yong)了(le)他(ta)的名字,但劇中情(qing)節(jie)卻與(yu)他(ta)的生(sheng)平大(da)不相同。
清張大復《寒山堂新定九(jiu)宮十三攝南曲譜(pu)》中則(ze)作“吳門學究敬仙書會(hui)柯丹丘著”。此劇(ju)今存本(ben)均經(jing)明人修(xiu)改(gai),以影鈔明嘉(jia)靖姑蘇(su)葉氏所刻溫(wen)泉子編集(ji)、夢仙子校正《原本(ben)王狀元荊釵記》較近古本(ben),文詞質樸自然,較少雕琢痕跡。全劇(ju)48出,敷演(yan)王十朋、錢玉蓮的(de)(de)婚姻故事。王劇(ju)本(ben)贊揚(yang)了他們不(bu)因(yin)富(fu)貴(gui)貧賤而轉移的(de)(de)愛情,以及對權貴(gui)、豪紳的(de)(de)反抗(kang)精神(shen)。
書生王(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)幼年(nian)喪(sang)父,家道清貧(pin),與(yu)(yu)母(mu)親(qin)(qin)相依為命。貢元錢(qian)(qian)流行見王(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)聰明好學,為人正派,便將(jiang)自己與(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)妻(qi)所(suo)生的(de)女兒玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)許配給王(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)母(mu)親(qin)(qin)因家貧(pin),便以(yi)荊釵為聘禮。而(er)(er)(er)玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)繼母(mu)嫌貧(pin)愛富(fu),欲(yu)將(jiang)玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)嫁給當地(di)富(fu)豪(hao)孫(sun)(sun)汝權(quan)(quan)。玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)不(bu)從(cong),只愿聽從(cong)父親(qin)(qin)安(an)(an)(an)排(pai),嫁給王(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)。婚后半載(zai)(zai),試期來臨,王(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)便告別母(mu)親(qin)(qin)與(yu)(yu)妻(qi)子,上京應(ying)試,得(de)中狀元,授江西饒(rao)州(zhou)(zhou)僉判。丞相萬俟(si)見十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)才貌(mao)雙全,欲(yu)招他(ta)(ta)為婿。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)不(bu)從(cong)。萬俟(si)惱(nao)羞成怒,將(jiang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)改(gai)改(gai)調廣(guang)東(dong)潮陽任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)僉判,并不(bu)準他(ta)(ta)回(hui)(hui)家省親(qin)(qin)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)離京赴任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)前(qian)(qian)托承局帶(dai)回(hui)(hui)一(yi)封(feng)家書。不(bu)料信被隨十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)至(zhi)京的(de)孫(sun)(sun)汝權(quan)(quan)騙走,加以(yi)篡改(gai),詐稱十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)已入贅相府,讓(rang)玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)另嫁他(ta)(ta)人。孫(sun)(sun)汝權(quan)(quan)回(hui)(hui)到(dao)(dao)溫(wen)州(zhou)(zhou)后,即(ji)找玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)繼母(mu),再逼玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)嫁給汝權(quan)(quan)。玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)誓死不(bu)從(cong),投(tou)(tou)江殉節(jie)。幸被新任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)福建安(an)(an)(an)撫錢(qian)(qian)載(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)救起,收為義女,帶(dai)至(zhi)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)。錢(qian)(qian)載(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)來到(dao)(dao)福任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)上后,即(ji)差(cha)人去饒(rao)州(zhou)(zhou)尋找王(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)。差(cha)人打聽到(dao)(dao)新任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)饒(rao)州(zhou)(zhou)太守也姓王(wang)(wang)(wang),到(dao)(dao)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)久(jiu)便病故,回(hui)(hui)來告知(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)誤以(yi)丈夫(fu)已死,悲(bei)痛欲(yu)絕。而(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)在赴任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)前(qian)(qian)接(jie)取母(mu)親(qin)(qin)與(yu)(yu)妻(qi)子來京城(cheng),聽說(shuo)玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)已投(tou)(tou)江而(er)(er)(er)亡,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分悲(bei)慟。五年(nian)后,王(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)調任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)吉安(an)(an)(an)太守,而(er)(er)(er)錢(qian)(qian)載(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)也由福建安(an)(an)(an)撫升任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)兩廣(guang)巡撫,赴任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)途中路過吉安(an)(an)(an)府,王(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)前(qian)(qian)去碼頭(tou)拜謁。當錢(qian)(qian)載(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)知(zhi)道了王(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)就是玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)丈夫(fu)后,就在船上設宴,使十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朋(peng)(peng)與(yu)(yu)玉(yu)(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)得(de)以(yi)團圓(另一(yi)系統演出(chu)本則(ze)作夫(fu)婦在玄妙觀追(zhui)薦亡靈時,意外(wai)重逢,最終相聚)。
舞臺上常演(yan)的(de)有(you)《見(jian)娘》、《男祭(ji)》、《投(tou)江》等幾(ji)折(zhe)。
柯(ke)丹丘(生卒(zu)年不詳),元戲曲作家。作品今知有南戲《荊釵(chai)記(ji)》。現今流傳者多為明人(ren)改(gai)本,以《六(liu)十種曲》本較流行。
《荊釵記》歌頌了(le)“義夫節婦(fu)”生(sheng)死(si)不(bu)(bu)渝的夫婦(fu)之愛(ai),與當時“關風化(hua)”、以書生(sheng)為(wei)歌頌對象(xiang)、強調倫理道(dao)德的創作風向(xiang)相(xiang)一(yi)致(zhi),但在(zai)許多(duo)(duo)方面突破了(le)儒家價值觀,如王十(shi)朋誤認為(wei)妻子(zi)死(si)后,雖無(wu)子(zi)嗣(si)也誓不(bu)(bu)在(zai)娶,就不(bu)(bu)符合”不(bu)(bu)孝有(you)三,無(wu)后為(wei)大“的觀念,錢玉蓮重才輕財,為(wei)了(le)自己(ji)的信(xin)念,甘赴(fu)一(yi)死(si),但更多(duo)(duo)體(ti)現了(le)“富貴(gui)不(bu)(bu)能動其志,威逼不(bu)(bu)能移(yi)其情”的品質(zhi)。
明王世貞(zhen)稱“《荊釵》近(jin)俗而動人”(《曲藻》)所謂近(jin)俗,正好說明它具(ju)有(you)貼近(jin)現(xian)實生活的一面。
《荊釵(chai)記》情節(jie)結(jie)構頗為精巧,戲劇性較強。它利用荊釵(chai)這一道具貫穿全劇,層次(ci)分明的展開沖突(tu)與糾葛(ge),因而以(yi)“情節(jie)關目勝(sheng)”(明徐復祚《曲論》),特(te)別適于舞臺(tai)表(biao)演。此外,作者(zhe)駕(jia)馭語言的能(neng)力也相(xiang)當高,呂天成說它“以(yi)真(zhen)切(qie)之調(diao)寫(xie)真(zhen)切(qie)之情,情文相(xiang)生(sheng),最不易及。”(《曲品》)。