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歷史背景

1925年(nian)1月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)第(di)四(si)次全國(guo)代表大(da)會以后，群(qun)眾運(yun)(yun)動(dong)蓬勃發展，2月(yue)(yue)至4月(yue)(yue)，上海、青(qing)島的(de)日(ri)(ri)本紗(sha)廠工人(ren)(ren)在中(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)領導下，先(xian)后組(zu)織數萬工人(ren)(ren)舉行大(da)規模罷(ba)工斗爭，取得了(le)重(zhong)大(da)勝(sheng)利(li)，同(tong)時也遭到日(ri)(ri)本帝國(guo)主義和北洋軍閥(fa)的(de)鎮壓。日(ri)(ri)本帝國(guo)主義勾結北洋軍閥(fa)政府企(qi)圖破(po)壞工人(ren)(ren)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)，醞釀新的(de)血腥屠殺。

5月14日(ri)(ri)，上(shang)海(hai)日(ri)(ri)本紗廠工(gong)人(ren)(ren)為抗議日(ri)(ri)本資方(fang)無理開除工(gong)人(ren)(ren)再度罷工(gong)，日(ri)(ri)本資本家開槍打(da)死工(gong)人(ren)(ren)顧正紅（共(gong)產黨員），打(da)傷(shang)10余名工(gong)人(ren)(ren)，激起(qi)上(shang)海(hai)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)、學(xue)生和(he)市民(min)的強烈憤(fen)怒(nu)。同時，在(zai)(zai)上(shang)海(hai)的帝國主義者提出有損(sun)中國主權(quan)，打(da)擊中國民(min)族工(gong)商業的“四提案(an)”（增訂(ding)印刷附律，增加碼頭(tou)捐，交易所注冊及所謂“取締重工(gong)法案(an)”），該決定(ding)于(yu)6月2日(ri)(ri)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)海(hai)納稅外人(ren)(ren)會(hui)上(shang)通過，引起(qi)了包括民(min)族資產階(jie)級在(zai)(zai)內的上(shang)海(hai)各階(jie)層人(ren)(ren)士的強烈反對。

5月28日，中共(gong)中央根(gen)據運動發展形勢，及時決定進一步動員群眾開(kai)展反對帝國主(zhu)義(yi)的政治斗爭。

事件概述

五卅慘案的(de)消息迅速傳遍(bian)全(quan)國(guo)，各(ge)大、中(zhong)城市(shi)紛紛罷工罷課，聲援上海人民的(de)反帝(di)斗爭(zheng)。從(cong)而形成(cheng)了更(geng)大規模(mo)的(de)五卅反帝(di)愛國(guo)運動，嚴重打擊了帝(di)國(guo)主義，大大提高(gao)了中(zhong)國(guo)人民的(de)覺悟(wu)，揭開了大革命高(gao)漲的(de)序幕。

工人罷工

帝國(guo)主(zhu)義(yi)對中國(guo)的侵(qin)略，以(yi)經濟剝削為主(zhu)，中日(ri)甲(jia)午戰后，中國(guo)被迫簽(qian)訂馬關條約(yue)，準許日(ri)本(ben)(ben)在中國(guo)各口岸設立(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)，利(li)用中國(guo)的原料和廉(lian)價勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)進行經濟侵(qin)略。其他(ta)列強隨之跟進，紛紛在中國(guo)各口岸設立(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)人僅在上海一地就設有23家(jia)紗(sha)廠(chang)，占全上海紗(sha)廠(chang)三分之二。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)廠(chang)主(zhu)對待工(gong)(gong)(gong)人非常苛刻，工(gong)(gong)(gong)人每(mei)日(ri)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作12小時以(yi)上，工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)每(mei)日(ri)僅一角(jiao)五(wu)分，還要扣(kou)存百分之五(wu)儲(chu)蓄廠(chang)中，需至工(gong)(gong)(gong)作滿十(shi)年(nian)方始(shi)歸(gui)還，半途辭(ci)工(gong)(gong)(gong)者儲(chu)蓄金(jin)即被沒收。

2月，日(ri)(ri)(ri)商(shang)內外棉紗(sha)廠第(di)八廠推紗(sha)間發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)名(ming)童工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)尸(shi)首(shou)，胸部(bu)(bu)受(shou)重傷十余(yu)處，是被紗(sha)廠日(ri)(ri)(ri)籍管理員用鐵棍毆打死亡，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們目睹慘狀，群情大憤，全體(ti)罷(ba)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。后經上海總商(shang)會出面(mian)調停，日(ri)(ri)(ri)廠主答允不(bu)(bu)打罵工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，同時每兩(liang)周(zhou)發(fa)放工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)一(yi)(yi)次，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)即恢復工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。5月間日(ri)(ri)(ri)本各紗(sha)廠男工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)屢起(qi)(qi)風潮，竟(jing)將男工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)盡(jin)行開(kai)(kai)除，換為(wei)(wei)女工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)來引(yin)起(qi)(qi)22家工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠的大罷(ba)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。由上海各團體(ti)調停，以改良工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)待遇，發(fa)還儲金為(wei)(wei)條件(jian)恢復工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，不(bu)(bu)料內外棉紗(sha)廠第(di)八廠又開(kai)(kai)除工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數十名(ming)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)服，推舉代表顧正紅等八人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)向廠主交涉，在交涉中發(fa)生(sheng)爭執，日(ri)(ri)(ri)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)突然(ran)開(kai)(kai)槍射殺(sha)顧正紅，其余(yu)七(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)受(shou)傷，受(shou)傷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)向公共租界工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)(bu)局請求援助，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)(bu)局不(bu)(bu)僅不(bu)(bu)予(yu)以公平處理，反而控以擾亂治安罪名(ming)，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)來群情更為(wei)(wei)憤激。

性質變化

從學生運動到全(quan)面的反帝愛國(guo)斗爭。

5月(yue)22日(ri)(ri)上(shang)海(hai)各團體開會(hui)追悼(dao)顧正紅(hong)，上(shang)海(hai)各大學(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)均往參加(jia)，路(lu)經公共租(zu)界(jie)(jie)時(shi)有四(si)人(ren)被捕。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)上(shang)海(hai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)會(hui)開會(hui)，決議組(zu)織演(yan)講(jiang)隊，出發(fa)租(zu)界(jie)(jie)宣傳。5月(yue)30日(ri)(ri)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)聯(lian)合會(hui)分(fen)(fen)派多(duo)隊在(zai)租(zu)界(jie)(jie)內游(you)行講(jiang)演(yan)，當天下午，一部分(fen)(fen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)南京(jing)路(lu)被捕，其余學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)及群(qun)眾共千余人(ren)，徒手隨至捕房門口，要求釋放被捕者(zhe)，英捕頭(tou)愛伏生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)竟下令開槍(qiang)(qiang)向群(qun)眾射擊，當場死(si)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)四(si)人(ren)，重傷30人(ren)，租(zu)界(jie)(jie)當局更調集軍隊，宣布戒嚴，任(ren)意槍(qiang)(qiang)擊，上(shang)海(hai)的大學(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)竟遭(zao)封閉，這就是(shi)(shi)“五卅慘案”。慘案發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)后全國震動，北京(jing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)第二天即響應，全國各大都市學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)先(xian)后罷課，風(feng)起云涌(yong)，進行反(fan)帝國主義示威運動，民意沸(fei)騰。

當夜，中共(gong)(gong)中央立(li)(li)(li)即召(zhao)集會(hui)議，決定擴大斗(dou)爭規(gui)模，號召(zhao)上(shang)海(hai)人民(min)舉行(xing)罷(ba)(ba)工、罷(ba)(ba)課、罷(ba)(ba)市(shi)，以抗(kang)議英帝國主義的(de)(de)大屠殺。在共(gong)(gong)產黨人蔡(cai)和森(sen)、李立(li)(li)(li)三、劉少奇等的(de)(de)領(ling)導下，31日晚上(shang)海(hai)有(you)組織的(de)(de)20余萬(wan)工人成立(li)(li)(li)了上(shang)海(hai)總(zong)工會(hui)，并選舉李立(li)(li)(li)三為委員長。6月1日，上(shang)海(hai)全市(shi)的(de)(de)總(zong)罷(ba)(ba)工、總(zong)罷(ba)(ba)課和總(zong)罷(ba)(ba)市(shi)開始(shi)了，其(qi)中包括20余萬(wan)工人的(de)(de)總(zong)同盟罷(ba)(ba)工，5萬(wan)學生罷(ba)(ba)課，絕大部(bu)分商人參加罷(ba)(ba)市(shi)。

6月7日，由上海(hai)總工會、全國(guo)學生(sheng)聯合會、上海(hai)學生(sheng)聯合會和各(ge)(ge)馬路(lu)商(shang)界總聯合會推舉代表，組成“工商(shang)學聯合委員會”，提出(chu)了懲(cheng)辦兇(xiong)手并賠(pei)償、取消領事裁(cai)判(pan)權，永遠撤出(chu)駐滬的(de)英(ying)、日海(hai)陸軍等17項(xiang)交涉條件。同時(shi)運動繼續發展和擴(kuo)大，北京(jing)、天津、南京(jing)、青島、杭州(zhou)(zhou)、開封(feng)、鄭(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)、重慶等全國(guo)各(ge)(ge)大城市(shi)和幾百(bai)個城鎮(zhen)的(de)人民，紛(fen)紛(fen)游(you)行示(shi)威，罷工，罷課(ke)，罷市(shi)，通電(dian)，捐款，表示(shi)支援，形成了全國(guo)規(gui)模的(de)反帝怒潮，并得到(dao)國(guo)際(ji)工人階級的(de)支援。

上海談判

6月1日(ri)北京(jing)(jing)外交部向駐(zhu)京(jing)(jing)公(gong)使(shi)(shi)團(tuan)領袖(xiu)意國(guo)公(gong)使(shi)(shi)提出(chu)抗(kang)議：“為(wei)照(zhao)(zhao)會事，據報(bao)告本年(nian)(nian)五月三十日(ri)上海(hai)各大學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)因(yin)為(wei)學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)被捕(bu)及工人(ren)受(shou)傷兩事，在(zai)公(gong)共租(zu)界(jie)捕(bu)房(fang)(fang)門首游(you)行演說，以示抗(kang)議。而捕(bu)房(fang)(fang)竟以武力(li)干涉，捕(bu)去學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)四(si)十余(yu)(yu)人(ren)，同(tong)時擊(ji)(ji)斃(bi)學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)四(si)名，擊(ji)(ji)傷學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)六名，已(yi)死二名，路人(ren)受(shou)傷者十七名，死亡三名等情(qing)(qing)況。本總長得(de)悉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余(yu)(yu)，至深駭異，似此不(bu)(bu)幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事，應請貴(gui)公(gong)使(shi)(shi)特別注意。查該學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)等，均系(xi)青年(nian)(nian)子弟，熱心愛國(guo)，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)攜帶武器，無(wu)論其(qi)行為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)質如(ru)何，斷不(bu)(bu)能以暴徒待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。乃捕(bu)房(fang)(fang)未曾采取適當方法，和平(ping)勸阻，遽用(yong)最激手段，實為(wei)人(ren)道及公(gong)理所不(bu)(bu)容(rong)，自應由租(zu)界(jie)官吏完全負責。為(wei)此本總長不(bu)(bu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)向貴(gui)公(gong)使(shi)(shi)提出(chu)最正式之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抗(kang)議，并(bing)聲明保留(liu)俟查明詳情(qing)(qing)后，再提出(chu)相當之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要求，并(bing)請貴(gui)公(gong)使(shi)(shi)將前項(xiang)情(qing)(qing)形轉達駐(zhu)京(jing)(jing)有關系(xi)各公(gong)使(shi)(shi)查照(zhao)(zhao)，迅飭上海(hai)領事團(tuan)速將被捕(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)全行釋放，并(bing)就地與特派江蘇交涉員妥商辦理，免(mian)再發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)此類情(qing)(qing)事，是所至盼，須(xu)至照(zhao)(zhao)會者。中(zhong)華(hua)民(min)國(guo)外交總長沈(shen)瑞(rui)麟。中(zhong)華(hua)民(min)國(guo)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)六月一日(ri)。”

6月4日(ri)(ri)公(gong)(gong)使(shi)團(tuan)復函竟婉拒中國之(zhi)(zhi)抗議(yi)，認(ren)為(wei)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)當局已很寬大(da)，于是(shi)(shi)北京(jing)外交部于4日(ri)(ri)再(zai)(zai)提(ti)(ti)第二次抗議(yi)：“為(wei)照會事，上(shang)海(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)共租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)槍(qiang)(qiang)擊華人(ren)一(yi)(yi)案(an)，業經本(ben)總長于本(ben)月一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)向貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)抗議(yi)，并請迅飭上(shang)海(hai)(hai)領(ling)(ling)事團(tuan)速將被捕(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)全行(xing)釋(shi)放，并就地與特派江(jiang)蘇交涉員妥商(shang)辦理(li)，免再(zai)(zai)發生此類情事在案(an)。乃續(xu)據上(shang)海(hai)(hai)報告，租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)捕(bu)(bu)房于本(ben)月一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)復槍(qiang)(qiang)斃(bi)三(san)人(ren)，傷(shang)十(shi)八人(ren)，其以前被捕(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)，仍未完全釋(shi)放。又據報告所有傷(shang)斃(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)，槍(qiang)(qiang)彈多從背(bei)入，巡(xun)捕(bu)(bu)無(wu)一(yi)(yi)死(si)傷(shang)，顯系任意(yi)轟(hong)擊，毫無(wu)理(li)由各(ge)等(deng)情。查公(gong)(gong)共租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)官(guan)(guan)吏(li)(li)出(chu)(chu)此激烈(lie)行(xing)為(wei)，迫動公(gong)(gong)憤，致發生商(shang)工各(ge)界(jie)(jie)(jie)多數(shu)罷市(shi)罷工之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)良效果，似此蔑視人(ren)道，自應由租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)官(guan)(guan)吏(li)(li)完全負責。為(wei)此本(ben)總長不(bu)(bu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)再(zai)(zai)向貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)嚴重(zhong)抗議(yi)，并請轉(zhuan)達駐(zhu)京(jing)有關系各(ge)國公(gong)(gong)使(shi)，迅電上(shang)海(hai)(hai)領(ling)(ling)事團(tuan)立飭停止槍(qiang)(qiang)擊，以免再(zai)(zai)肇慘禍，是(shi)(shi)為(wei)至要，須(xu)至照會者。”

6月6日(ri)公使(shi)(shi)團(tuan)答(da)復仍不著邊際，北京(jing)外交部(bu)再于(yu)6月11日(ri)提第三次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抗議：“為(wei)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)會(hui)(hui)事(shi)(shi)，接準本月四(si)日(ri)及(ji)六(liu)日(ri)來(lai)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，內開貴公使(shi)(shi)及(ji)有關(guan)系(xi)各國公使(shi)(shi)，深愿(yuan)對(dui)于(yu)此(ci)次上(shang)(shang)海(hai)不幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)故，與(yu)中國政府(fu)具同一和平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀念，并(bing)準貴公使(shi)(shi)聲明，關(guan)于(yu)禁(jin)用武(wu)器一節，業經重行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)訓(xun)令(ling)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)公共租(zu)界(jie)(jie)捕(bu)房，以后必采恪守各等(deng)因，本總長業經閱悉。惟(wei)查當(dang)(dang)初(chu)租(zu)界(jie)(jie)官(guan)吏(li)所(suo)采取對(dui)于(yu)學生(sheng)和平行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取締(di)辦法，系(xi)屬失當(dang)(dang)，毫無疑(yi)義。又如(ru)(ru)五月三十日(ri)及(ji)六(liu)月一日(ri)等(deng)捕(bu)房之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉動(dong)，實可謂為(wei)激成(cheng)事(shi)(shi)變之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肇端。因老閘(zha)捕(bu)房，既未預先(xian)鳴號，警(jing)告群眾，又非如(ru)(ru)來(lai)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)所(suo)稱，該捕(bu)房處于(yu)危在(zai)俄頃(qing)，不得(de)不用武(wu)器之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)境遇，竟貿(mao)然(ran)出此(ci)激烈(lie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉動(dong)。故欲以上(shang)(shang)星期慘事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責任，諉諸(zhu)一般和平行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)并(bing)不攜帶(dai)武(wu)器之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人，而(er)不由(you)租(zu)界(jie)(jie)官(guan)吏(li)負之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，本總長絕(jue)對(dui)不能承認(ren)，仍當(dang)(dang)繼(ji)續(xu)抗議。中國政府(fu)鑒于(yu)此(ci)次案情(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嚴重，民(min)情(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悲憤，僉以為(wei)租(zu)界(jie)(jie)官(guan)吏(li)，至少須自(zi)動(dong)的先(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)取消當(dang)(dang)地戒嚴令(ling)，撤退海(hai)軍(jun)陸(lu)戰隊，并(bing)解除(chu)商(shang)團(tuan)及(ji)巡捕(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)裝，釋放被(bei)(bei)捕(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人及(ji)恢(hui)復被(bei)(bei)封與(yu)占據各學校之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原狀(zhuang)，庶上(shang)(shang)海(hai)地方(fang)，得(de)于(yu)最短(duan)時間內，自(zi)然(ran)停止非常之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang)態。而(er)來(lai)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)所(suo)稱同具和平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀念，亦足(zu)以資證明，以便進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交涉。為(wei)此(ci)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)會(hui)(hui)貴公使(shi)(shi)查照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，希即轉達有關(guan)系(xi)各國公使(shi)(shi)，飭知(zhi)駐(zhu)滬(hu)領事(shi)(shi)團(tuan)，遵照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)辦理(li)。是所(suo)至盼，須至照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)會(hui)(hui)者。”

結果影響

在帝國主義和(he)買辦資(zi)產階級(ji)威脅利誘下，民族資(zi)產階級(ji)開始動搖。6月26日，商界停止(zhi)罷(ba)市，破壞了反帝統一戰線。工(gong)人(ren)罷(ba)工(gong)堅持(chi)了3個多月。中國共產黨(dang)和(he)總工(gong)會為(wei)了保存力量(liang)和(he)鞏固(gu)已有的勝利，決定停止(zhi)總同盟罷(ba)工(gong)，到八九月間各業工(gong)人(ren)逐(zhu)漸復工(gong)。

自五卅慘(can)(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生后，舉國(guo)同(tong)憤。但英(ying)國(guo)仍繼續援用(yong)武力(li)壓(ya)(ya)迫政策。6月(yue)(yue)11日(ri)漢(han)口慘(can)(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生，6月(yue)(yue)13日(ri)九江(jiang)沖(chong)突發(fa)(fa)(fa)生，6月(yue)(yue)23日(ri)沙(sha)基慘(can)(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生，7月(yue)(yue)2日(ri)重(zhong)慶慘(can)(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生，7月(yue)(yue)31日(ri)南京(jing)慘(can)(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生。其(qi)中(zhong)最(zui)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)沖(chong)突為廣(guang)州(zhou)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生的(de)沙(sha)基慘(can)(can)案(an)。自五卅慘(can)(can)案(an)、漢(han)口慘(can)(can)案(an)相繼發(fa)(fa)(fa)生后，6月(yue)(yue)21日(ri)香(xiang)港與(yu)廣(guang)州(zhou)沙(sha)面之華工同(tong)時(shi)(shi)總罷工，香(xiang)港重(zhong)要(yao)事業多呈停頓狀態。香(xiang)港及沙(sha)面的(de)英(ying)人(ren)(ren)且作軍事準備，以圖壓(ya)(ya)制。6月(yue)(yue)23日(ri)廣(guang)州(zhou)各界(jie)7萬(wan)余(yu)人(ren)(ren)在廣(guang)州(zhou)政府領導(dao)下(xia)(xia)為滬、漢(han)死難烈士開追悼(dao)會，當場提出(chu)廢除不平(ping)等條約(yue)，為解決(jue)慘(can)(can)案(an)之根本(ben)辦法。會后舉行(xing)大游(you)行(xing)，工商各界(jie)在先，學(xue)生及黃埔(pu)軍校學(xue)生隨后，于下(xia)(xia)午3時(shi)(shi)行(xing)抵沙(sha)基對岸，當時(shi)(shi)英(ying)兵(bing)方嚴(yan)陣(zhen)以待，遽向(xiang)群眾(zhong)射(she)擊，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)停泊(bo)在白(bai)鵝灘(tan)的(de)英(ying)兵(bing)艦也(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)炮助威，當場死傷軍民二百(bai)余(yu)人(ren)(ren)，慘(can)(can)禍之烈，過(guo)于滬漢(han)。

運動意義

五(wu)卅運動沉重(zhong)打擊了(le)(le)(le)帝國主(zhu)義，對中(zhong)(zhong)華民族的覺(jue)醒和(he)國民革(ge)命運動的發展(zhan)起了(le)(le)(le)巨大(da)(da)(da)的推動作用，大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提高了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國人民的覺(jue)悟，揭開了(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)革(ge)命高潮的序(xu)幕。中(zhong)(zhong)國共產黨在(zai)領(ling)導(dao)五(wu)卅運動的斗爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)受到(dao)很大(da)(da)(da)鍛煉(lian)，培養造(zao)就了(le)(le)(le)一大(da)(da)(da)批干(gan)部，黨組織也得到(dao)極(ji)大(da)(da)(da)發展(zhan)，在(zai)斗爭(zheng)實踐中(zhong)(zhong)總結了(le)(le)(le)寶貴的經驗，為(wei)以后黨領(ling)導(dao)大(da)(da)(da)規模(mo)的群(qun)眾斗爭(zheng)奠定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)基礎。