左懋第(di)(1601年(nian)-1645年(nian)),字仲及,號蘿石,山(shan)東萊陽(yang)人(ren)。大明(ming)赴(fu)清(qing)談和(he)使(shi)者,后被(bei)清(qing)朝(chao)(chao)扣押,寧死不降(jiang),后人(ren)稱“明(ming)末(mo)文(wen)天祥”。明(ming)朝(chao)(chao)末(mo)年(nian),國家內憂外患,危機(ji)四伏,大廈將(jiang)傾,萊陽(yang)進(jin)士左懋第(di)卻(que)登(deng)上了人(ren)生最壯美的舞臺。他治理韓(han)城(cheng),政績優異,考選欽定(ding)第(di)一,由知縣擢(zhuo)升朝(chao)(chao)中擔(dan)任要職,成為(wei)威宗皇帝信(xin)任的股肱之臣。崇(chong)禎甲申(1644),清(qing)兵入關,國難當頭,他挺身而(er)出,與清(qing)朝(chao)(chao)攝政王(wang)多爾袞唇槍舌劍,堅決維護大明(ming)尊嚴。面對酷刑和(he)威逼利誘,他寧作大明(ming)鬼,不當清(qing)朝(chao)(chao)王(wang),成為(wei)比肩(jian)文(wen)天祥的民族英(ying)雄。
萊(lai)陽(yang)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)氏,一(yi)世祖(zu)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原。明永樂間自章丘遷(qian)徙至萊(lai)陽(yang)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)盛,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)盛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方(fang),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)文升,文升生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)奎、英(ying)、彥。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)祖(zu)父左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)奎,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)龍、之(zhi)藩(fan)、之(zhi)禎。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)龍(1550-1623),字用化,號云樓,萬歷己卯(mao)(1579)舉人(ren),歷任河北(bei)(bei)房山、良鄉知(zhi)縣(xian),陜(shan)西西華知(zhi)縣(xian),延(yan)安府同(tong)知(zhi),灤州(zhou)知(zhi)州(zhou),署北(bei)(bei)平太守,南京(jing)刑(xing)部廣東司員外(wai)郎、河南司郎中。誥授(shou)奉(feng)政大夫、敕封光祿大夫。繼配陳(chen)氏,寧海指揮僉事陳(chen)治(zhi)安長女(nv),敕封夫人(ren),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)龍墓地在萊(lai)陽(yang)市(shi)沐浴店鎮北(bei)(bei)旺村。
青年(nian)才俊(jun)少負大志(zhi)
萬歷四(si)十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(1615),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)與堂兄弟(di)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)泰、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)芬、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)桂、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)良輔等人參(can)加(jia)了(le)著名(ming)的(de)(de)文社(she)山左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)大社(she)(復社(she)分支)。據《萊(lai)陽縣(xian)志》記載,山左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)大社(she)91名(ming)成(cheng)員,萊(lai)陽人占了(le)十(shi)之(zhi)六七。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)經(jing)常參(can)加(jia)交游聚會,切(qie)磋(cuo)學(xue)(xue)問,評說時局,文名(ming)遠(yuan)揚。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)的(de)(de)父親在(zai)萊(lai)陽城西郊建有“西墅草堂”,草堂中有一(yi)處“浴月臺(tai)”,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)經(jing)常與兄弟(di)和同學(xue)(xue)來此讀書(shu),詩文唱和。母(mu)親陳(chen)氏,是寧(ning)海(hai)州(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)牟平)指揮僉事陳(chen)治安之(zhi)女(nv),懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)經(jing)常往(wang)來于萊(lai)陽、寧(ning)海(hai)之(zhi)間。天(tian)啟二年(nian)(nian)(1622),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)游昆崳山煙霞洞,聽聞寧(ning)海(hai)州(zhou)(zhou)張(zhang)國(guo)俊將軍(jun)在(zai)平定白蓮教之(zhi)亂中戰死(si),年(nian)(nian)僅28歲,懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)十(shi)分惋(wan)惜,作詩《挽張(zhang)將軍(jun)》:“孰若(ruo)海(hai)上張(zhang)將軍(jun),慷慨殺賊生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)絕?。……血漬寒沙英魂歸,風(feng)悲鬼嘯(xiao)昏(hun)白晝。”天(tian)啟三年(nian)(nian)(1623),萊(lai)陽縣(xian)教諭朱(zhu)?在(zai)縣(xian)學(xue)(xue)里選拔(ba)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)、張(zhang)允掄等八位優秀學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)加(jia)上自己,組成(cheng)“九(jiu)龍社(she)”,一(yi)起上課研討學(xue)(xue)問,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)頗受器重(zhong),成(cheng)為“九(jiu)龍”中的(de)(de)佼佼者。后人評價(jia)他:“為諸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),即負海(hai)內盛名(ming)。為文高(gao)古雄奧(ao),不可一(yi)世。”贊譽他:“學(xue)(xue)富(fu)五車二酉,文追東(dong)洛西京。”
左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)正直,胸懷大(da)志,青少年時即關注國家(jia)命運。天啟(qi)六(liu)年(1626),權臣魏忠賢授意黨羽(yu)編編纂《三(san)朝會典(dian)》,借以誣(wu)陷打(da)擊(ji)(ji)東(dong)林(lin)黨人(ren)(ren)(ren)。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)讀后(hou)不(bu)勝(sheng)憤恨(hen),認(ren)為(wei)這(zhe)是“變亂(luan)是非(fei),顛(dian)倒賢佞。”手指纂修(xiu)諸(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)姓名,說:“此皆(jie)邪(xie)佞之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。”手擊(ji)(ji)紙碎(sui)。當他(ta)(ta)得(de)知(zhi)翰林(lin)院編修(xiu)陳(chen)明(ming)卿(qing)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)因(yin)得(de)罪(zui)魏忠賢而被削職時,十分氣憤,作(zuo)文予以抨擊(ji)(ji),抒(shu)發(fa)心中(zhong)不(bu)平。崇(chong)禎二(er)年(1629),白蓮教教徒(tu)董(dong)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)聚眾五千人(ren)(ren)(ren)圍攻萊陽縣(xian)城(cheng)。萊陽承平已久,人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)識兵,形勢非(fei)常(chang)危急(ji),縣(xian)衙只好組(zu)織城(cheng)里的(de)(de)(de)紳士(shi)、市民(min)自衛。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)自告奮勇(yong),登(deng)上(shang)城(cheng)墻,開(kai)炮擊(ji)(ji)賊(zei),結果炮膛炸(zha)裂(lie),自己(ji)差點被炸(zha)死(si)。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)仍(reng)奮不(bu)顧身,簡單包扎(zha)后(hou),再次(ci)(ci)舉(ju)炮轟擊(ji)(ji)敵人(ren)(ren)(ren),并擊(ji)(ji)中(zhong)敵人(ren)(ren)(ren)首領(ling)。董(dong)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)見取勝(sheng)無望,率(lv)眾遁去,后(hou)逃至蒙陰被殺。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)英勇(yong)事(shi)跡傳遍膠東(dong)士(shi)林(lin),這(zhe)次(ci)(ci)戰斗也是他(ta)(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一次(ci)(ci)重要經歷(li),對(dui)日后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)仕(shi)途(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)重要影響。崇(chong)禎三(san)年(1630),左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)鄉試考(kao)中(zhong)亞元(第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)名),翌年聯(lian)捷成(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)士(shi)。大(da)詩人(ren)(ren)(ren)吳偉業、張溥(pu)也高中(zhong)進(jin)士(shi)。萊陽縣(xian)的(de)(de)(de)姜?、沈迅則與(yu)(yu)左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)同榜,三(san)人(ren)(ren)(ren)志同道合,皆(jie)以志節留名史冊,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)著名的(de)(de)(de)“明(ming)末萊陽三(san)君子”。其時左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)叔(shu)父左(zuo)之(zhi)武任(ren)登(deng)州衛鎮撫,姐夫孫承祖任(ren)登(deng)州衛游擊(ji)(ji)將軍。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)親友一起(qi)來到蓬萊游珠璣崖,見大(da)魚長約數丈,出沒(mei)(mei)濤中(zhong),乃乘興題詩石壁(bi):“水撲青天濤卷雪,石峰片(pian)片(pian)皆(jie)奇絕。浮白狂(kuang)歌長吉詩,元氣茫(mang)茫(mang)收(shou)不(bu)得(de)。”崇(chong)禎五年(1632)八(ba)月(yue),左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)授陜西韓(han)城(cheng)知(zhi)縣(xian)。韓(han)城(cheng)地(di)處黃河之(zhi)濱,歷(li)來有(you)“秦(qin)中(zhong)最敝邑”之(zhi)稱,由于(yu)連年災(zai)害(hai),流(liu)寇四起(qi),民(min)不(bu)聊生(sheng)(sheng),這(zhe)對(dui)初(chu)出茅廬的(de)(de)(de)左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)來說無疑是踏上(shang)仕(shi)途(tu)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一場嚴峻考(kao)驗。“郡縣(xian)治(zhi),天下(xia)(xia)安。”左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)熟讀史書(shu)和儒(ru)家(jia)經典(dian),深知(zhi)自己(ji)擔負的(de)(de)(de)責任(ren),面對(dui)艱難局面,沒(mei)(mei)有(you)退縮,決心有(you)所作(zuo)為(wei)。他(ta)(ta)在給恩師陳(chen)明(ming)卿(qing)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)中(zhong)說:“聞命之(zhi)初(chu),恐愧戰栗,知(zhi)不(bu)勝(sheng)任(ren),嚴訓之(zhi)下(xia)(xia),不(bu)敢重違(wei),勉為(wei)之(zhi)。”十月(yue),左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)母親一起(qi)來到韓(han)城(cheng),開(kai)始了(le)十三(san)年的(de)(de)(de)仕(shi)宦生(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)。
1、韓城保衛戰
抗敵(di)御(yu)寇(kou)(kou),保(bao)障一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)平安(an),維(wei)護群眾正常的(de)(de)生活生產秩序。崇(chong)禎初年(nian)(nian),農(nong)民起義(yi)風起云(yun)涌,土匪(fei)盜賊四起,韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)尤(you)其猖獗。崇(chong)禎五年(nian)(nian)(1632)十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue),左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)剛到韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),原(yuan)任知縣外(wai)(wai)出未歸,尚未正式交(jiao)接公務(wu),就遇上(shang)(shang)(shang)流(liu)寇(kou)(kou)侵(qin)擾,左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)隨(sui)即下(xia)令(ling)各(ge)鄉收(shou)斂(lian)糧畜,堅壁清(qing)野,接著征兵(bing)(bing)、調餉、防(fang)河、守(shou)(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),成功地(di)擊退(tui)了(le)敵(di)人(ren)(ren)。韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)北山(shan)中乃流(liu)賊舊巢,殘余(yu)五七百人(ren)(ren)盤踞山(shan)中,時(shi)常出山(shan)搶掠,農(nong)民不(bu)(bu)敢上(shang)(shang)(shang)山(shan)耕種土地(di),附近百姓(xing)也無法安(an)生。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)憤然曰:“無農(nong),民胡以(yi)為命?寇(kou)(kou)不(bu)(bu)清(qing),民又(you)安(an)得而農(nong)耶?”于(yu)是,招募(mu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)路(lu)民兵(bing)(bing),親自(zi)(zi)指(zhi)揮,清(qing)剿山(shan)中流(liu)賊余(yu)孽(nie),部分逃往山(shan)西(xi)(xi),相(xiang)戒以(yi)后(hou)“毋入(ru)韓(han)境(jing)”。對(dui)于(yu)抓獲的(de)(de)三(san)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren),則令(ling)其回家種田。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)下(xia)車伊始,果斷出手,指(zhi)揮有方(fang)(fang),得到韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)士(shi)紳百姓(xing)的(de)(de)贊(zan)許(xu)。崇(chong)禎六年(nian)(nian)(1633)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二月(yue)(yue),流(liu)寇(kou)(kou)千余(yu)人(ren)(ren)西(xi)(xi)渡黃河侵(qin)襲韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)夏無雨冬(dong)無雪,遭遇嚴重干旱(han)。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊(bian)組(zu)織抗旱(han)救災(zai),一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊(bian)戎(rong)裝(zhuang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)陣,親自(zi)(zi)督兵(bing)(bing)進山(shan)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)追剿,指(zhi)揮士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)于(yu)河上(shang)(shang)(shang)作戰(zhan),取得勝(sheng)(sheng)利。崇(chong)禎七年(nian)(nian)(1634)二、三(san)月(yue)(yue),流(liu)寇(kou)(kou)再入(ru)韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。干旱(han)導(dao)致莊稼絕收(shou),韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)發生饑(ji)荒。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)想方(fang)(fang)設法賑濟(ji)災(zai)民的(de)(de)同時(shi),組(zu)織協調軍隊(dui)御(yu)敵(di),敵(di)退(tui),乘(cheng)勝(sheng)(sheng)追擊120里(li)而還。崇(chong)禎八年(nian)(nian)(1635),農(nong)民起義(yi)愈演愈烈,七月(yue)(yue)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)兩次(ci)侵(qin)擾韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)線(xian)告急。特別是十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)至次(ci)年(nian)(nian)正月(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)40多天里(li),民軍、流(liu)寇(kou)(kou)數萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)圍困(kun)縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),日夜(ye)吶喊攻(gong)(gong)殺,戰(zhan)斗十(shi)(shi)(shi)分激烈,形勢岌(ji)(ji)岌(ji)(ji)可危。左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)每日與守(shou)(shou)軍將(jiang)領研究戰(zhan)斗方(fang)(fang)案,“以(yi)火器擊之,以(yi)步兵(bing)(bing)接戰(zhan),于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)筑攔(lan)馬(ma)墻,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內筑敵(di)臺,伏義(yi)兵(bing)(bing),設火炮,賊不(bu)(bu)能攻(gong)(gong),意(yi)在坐困(kun)。”左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)會商士(shi)紳相(xiang)約分守(shou)(shou)四門,親自(zi)(zi)巡查城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)防(fang),調度部署。西(xi)(xi)門最為緊(jin)要,左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)夜(ye)宿其上(shang)(shang)(shang),意(yi)氣風發,閱讀兵(bing)(bing)書,指(zhi)揮若定。戰(zhan)斗閑暇“從容賦詩不(bu)(bu)少休,見者以(yi)為神人(ren)(ren)。”最后(hou)“賊不(bu)(bu)能入(ru),前后(hou)共(gong)攻(gong)(gong)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)余(yu)日方(fang)(fang)引去。”左(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)知人(ren)(ren)善任,身先士(shi)卒,枕戈(ge)待旦40余(yu)日,贏得了(le)韓(han)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)衛戰(zhan)的(de)(de)勝(sheng)(sheng)利。
2、韓(han)城為官,愛民恤民
左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)雖為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)介書(shu)生,但對(dui)(dui)(dui)用(yong)(yong)兵(bing)之(zhi)法(fa)卻(que)(que)(que)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)番獨到(dao)見解。崇(chong)(chong)禎四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1631)冬(dong)(dong),膠東(dong)發(fa)生登(deng)萊(lai)事變,明將孔有(you)(you)(you)(you)德(de)等(deng)攻陷登(deng)州,登(deng)州衛總兵(bing)張扶輿(yu)自(zi)殺殉難(nan)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)得(de)(de)知(zhi)好友殉難(nan),哀傷之(zhi)余(yu)(yu),為(wei)其(qi)(qi)《陣(zhen)圖(tu)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)書(shu)作(zuo)序,說到(dao):“余(yu)(yu)書(shu)生不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)兵(bing),然(ran)竊見其(qi)(qi)條理錯綜,可(ke)(ke)教民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)猛(meng)果克戰斗。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)猛(meng)果生,于(yu)(yu)將可(ke)(ke)恃,而(er)將之(zhi)自(zi)恃,惟用(yong)(yong)兵(bing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)法(fa)。”明末清(qing)初(chu)(chu)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)屈大(da)(da)均(jun)(jun)則(ze)(ze)(ze)評價(jia)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di):“初(chu)(chu)知(zhi)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),流(liu)寇三(san)薄韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng),再(zai)躪其(qi)(qi)境,懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)率士民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)而(er)戰,身當鋒,輒大(da)(da)破走之(zhi)。關中保障,推懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。”左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)憑借忠(zhong)勇謀略,力(li)保一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)平安(an),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)紳(shen)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)稱(cheng)贊,省(sheng)府政要(yao)、封(feng)(feng)疆(jiang)大(da)(da)吏(li)也(ye)對(dui)(dui)(dui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)刮目相(xiang)看(kan)(kan)。全(quan)(quan)力(li)救(jiu)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai),拯救(jiu)饑(ji)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),化解社會危(wei)機(ji)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)初(chu)(chu)到(dao)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng),忙(mang)于(yu)(yu)剿匪御(yu)寇,幾乎無(wu)(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)寧日。同(tong)時(shi),嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)荒(huang)也(ye)給(gei)(gei)(gei)這位(wei)初(chu)(chu)來乍到(dao)的(de)(de)青年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)令嚴峻考驗。崇(chong)(chong)禎五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1632)“冬(dong)(dong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)雪,春(chun)田遲,遂(sui)無(wu)(wu)(wu)麥。夏又雨(yu)少,秋(qiu)霜早,殺谷無(wu)(wu)(wu)禾。”六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1633),“冬(dong)(dong)又無(wu)(wu)(wu)雪,麥子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入地(di)(di)(di)(di)”,七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1634),“春(chun)又不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)雨(yu),地(di)(di)(di)(di)皆(jie)焦土。”連續三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)旱災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)使全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)陷入饑(ji)荒(huang),許(xu)多(duo)(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)被餓死(si)。百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)(cong)吃草根刮樹(shu)皮(pi),發(fa)展到(dao)賣妻(qi)鬻子(zi)(zi),刮死(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)肉而(er)食。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)這位(wei)善良正直的(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)建縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)令目睹慘狀,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)禁(jin)潸然(ran)淚下(xia)(xia)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)邊(bian)(bian)把(ba)觸目驚心(xin)的(de)(de)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)情向上(shang)(shang)級如實(shi)報告,請求賑濟(ji)(ji)(ji),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)邊(bian)(bian)想方(fang)設(she)法(fa)、竭盡(jin)全(quan)(quan)力(li)在(zai)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)范圍內組織救(jiu)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。崇(chong)(chong)禎六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1633)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)底(di),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)倡(chang)導(dao)“捐俸(feng)勸賑法(fa)”,帶(dai)頭(tou)捐俸(feng)銀(yin)(yin)50兩(liang),發(fa)動官(guan)(guan)紳(shen)和(he)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)富有(you)(you)(you)(you)而(er)好義者(zhe)(zhe)捐銀(yin)(yin)賑濟(ji)(ji)(ji)饑(ji)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),共得(de)(de)銀(yin)(yin)250兩(liang)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)親自(zi)下(xia)(xia)鄉排查(cha),查(cha)出餓得(de)(de)奄奄一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)息(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)3529人(ren)(ren)(ren)作(zuo)為(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點救(jiu)助(zhu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang),全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)八個救(jiu)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)點進行(xing)(xing)救(jiu)助(zhu)。崇(chong)(chong)禎七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1634)春(chun),災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)情加重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),饑(ji)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)(duo)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)“各(ge)(ge)里賑各(ge)(ge)里法(fa)”,饑(ji)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)由(you)各(ge)(ge)里鄉紳(shen)和(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)威望的(de)(de)耆老核定(ding),查(cha)出急需(xu)救(jiu)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)5200人(ren)(ren)(ren),由(you)各(ge)(ge)里耆老主持救(jiu)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)。又查(cha)得(de)(de)里甲不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)收和(he)流(liu)浪街(jie)頭(tou)者(zhe)(zhe)311人(ren)(ren)(ren),在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)北門外設(she)粥廠(chang)賑濟(ji)(ji)(ji)。同(tong)時(shi),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)把(ba)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)饑(ji)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)按照(zhao)“極貧(pin)、次(ci)貧(pin)、又次(ci)貧(pin)”分(fen)為(wei)三(san)類,共計14000多(duo)(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren),造冊(ce)上(shang)(shang)報,得(de)(de)到(dao)朝廷賑銀(yin)(yin)1437兩(liang)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區別災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)情況(kuang)發(fa)放賑銀(yin)(yin),還(huan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)貧(pin)困(kun)的(de)(de)讀書(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)給(gei)(gei)(gei)予特別照(zhao)顧,極貧(pin)生18名(ming),每(mei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)給(gei)(gei)(gei)銀(yin)(yin)二錢,次(ci)貧(pin)生29名(ming),每(mei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)給(gei)(gei)(gei)銀(yin)(yin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)錢五分(fen),盡(jin)力(li)使學(xue)子(zi)(zi)們不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)因貧(pin)困(kun)輟(chuo)學(xue)。韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)缺糧(liang)(liang),百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)數(shu)米而(er)炊,為(wei)防止市(shi)場(chang)糧(liang)(liang)價(jia)暴(bao)漲(zhang),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)自(zi)己(ji)捐俸(feng)買粟100石,又發(fa)動其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)官(guan)(guan)紳(shen)捐粟2000石,設(she)置“常平倉”,在(zai)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)“平準法(fa)”,平抑(yi)糧(liang)(liang)價(jia),規(gui)定(ding)“私糶(tiao)者(zhe)(zhe)禁(jin),必至于(yu)(yu)市(shi)。”使災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)拿到(dao)賑銀(yin)(yin)后(hou)能夠(gou)買到(dao)糧(liang)(liang)食。由(you)于(yu)(yu)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)賑災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)得(de)(de)法(fa),措施(shi)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing),全(quan)(quan)活(huo)(huo)數(shu)萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)少了(le)(le)死(si)亡和(he)流(liu)亡人(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu),韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)十(shi)分(fen)感念他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)德(de)。愛民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)恤民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),為(wei)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)減(jian)免賦(fu)(fu)稅(shui),減(jian)輕百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)負擔(dan)。韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)連年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai),饑(ji)荒(huang)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),但百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)卻(que)(que)(que)仍(reng)然(ran)負擔(dan)沉重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)決心(xin)改(gai)變現(xian)狀,給(gei)(gei)(gei)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條活(huo)(huo)路。韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)“戶口不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)啻以(yi)十(shi)余(yu)(yu)萬(wan)(wan)計,而(er)富者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過十(shi)之(zhi)二、三(san),其(qi)(qi)余(yu)(yu)皆(jie)饑(ji)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)矣。”而(er)且“賊殘之(zhi)后(hou),民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)散其(qi)(qi)半,地(di)(di)(di)(di)荒(huang)其(qi)(qi)七(qi)。”饑(ji)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)連飯(fan)都吃不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang),拿什么交稅(shui)?因此(ci)(ci)(ci)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)賦(fu)(fu)稅(shui)拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“(崇(chong)(chong)禎)四(si)(si)、五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)至五千兩(liang),而(er)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)未完,將浮于(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬(wan)(wan)兩(liang)。”左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)毅然(ran)多(duo)(duo)次(ci)上(shang)(shang)書(shu),請求將韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)賦(fu)(fu)稅(shui)全(quan)(quan)部蠲免,并暫緩征收新稅(shui),給(gei)(gei)(gei)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)休養生息(xi)的(de)(de)機(ji)會。為(wei)國家征收賦(fu)(fu)稅(shui)本是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個封(feng)(feng)建縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)令最基本的(de)(de)職(zhi)責,考核升(sheng)遷全(quan)(quan)賴于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)卻(que)(que)(que)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍心(xin)為(wei)了(le)(le)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)名(ming)利祿而(er)向“無(wu)(wu)(wu)居、無(wu)(wu)(wu)衣、無(wu)(wu)(wu)食之(zhi)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)皮(pi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)肉之(zhi)赤(chi)子(zi)(zi)”征收賦(fu)(fu)稅(shui),他(ta)(ta)(ta)說:“功(gong)(gong)令既不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)寬我,我也(ye)甘(gan)之(zhi)。”又說:“畏功(gong)(gong)令而(er)迫于(yu)(yu)催科,既不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能完賦(fu)(fu)稅(shui),而(er)又有(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)傷國家之(zhi)元氣,卑職(zhi)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢出也(ye)。”左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)認(ren)為(wei):“民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)安(an)其(qi)(qi)生,吏(li)難(nan)盡(jin)其(qi)(qi)職(zhi)。”作(zuo)為(wei)封(feng)(feng)建官(guan)(guan)吏(li)能夠(gou)把(ba)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)疾(ji)苦放在(zai)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顧個人(ren)(ren)(ren)前途安(an)危(wei),實(shi)屬難(nan)得(de)(de)。除了(le)(le)連年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)荒(huang),韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生活(huo)(huo)貧(pin)困(kun)拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)賦(fu)(fu)稅(shui)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)原因就是空(kong)賠(pei)錢糧(liang)(liang)。韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)自(zi)嘉靖四(si)(si)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1561年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))丈地(di)(di)(di)(di)均(jun)(jun)糧(liang)(liang)以(yi)后(hou),按照(zhao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)畝(mu)數(shu)繳納錢糧(liang)(liang)。韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處黃河岸(an)邊(bian)(bian),大(da)(da)量(liang)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)被沖毀崩塌,農民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)失去了(le)(le)土地(di)(di)(di)(di),70多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來卻(que)(que)(que)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直要(yao)按照(zhao)嘉靖四(si)(si)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)確(que)定(ding)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)畝(mu)數(shu)交納賦(fu)(fu)稅(shui),每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)空(kong)賠(pei)銀(yin)(yin)糧(liang)(liang)兩(liang)千余(yu)(yu)石,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)復一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),農民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)生活(huo)(huo)難(nan)以(yi)為(wei)繼,“死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)半、逃(tao)者(zhe)(zhe)半”。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)鄉巡視,看(kan)(kan)到(dao)近(jin)岸(an)村莊因“賠(pei)糧(liang)(liang)賣屋,屋盡(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)逃(tao)與(yu)(yu)死(si)也(ye)。沿河居民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),老幼萬(wan)(wan)余(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)……皆(jie)身無(wu)(wu)(wu)完衣。”面對(dui)(dui)(dui)慘狀,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)心(xin)急如焚(fen)。崇(chong)(chong)禎八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1635)十(shi)月(yue),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)內士紳(shen)反復磋商,毅然(ran)決定(ding)在(zai)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)范圍內重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新丈量(liang)土地(di)(di)(di)(di),平均(jun)(jun)田賦(fu)(fu),徹底(di)改(gai)變韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)賠(pei)錢糧(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)現(xian)狀,為(wei)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)“除百(bai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)害(hai),興百(bai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)利。”這是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)項(xiang)極其(qi)(qi)復雜(za)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo),涉及到(dao)各(ge)(ge)個階層的(de)(de)利益,阻力(li)很大(da)(da),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)做了(le)(le)精心(xin)細致(zhi)的(de)(de)安(an)排。他(ta)(ta)(ta)頒布了(le)(le)《均(jun)(jun)地(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)則(ze)(ze)(ze)示》,設(she)計了(le)(le)程序嚴密(mi)的(de)(de)“三(san)番清(qing)丈法(fa)”:各(ge)(ge)里自(zi)己(ji)清(qing)丈地(di)(di)(di)(di)畝(mu)數(shu),造《魚鱗冊(ce)》上(shang)(shang)報縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)里。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)再(zai)率人(ren)(ren)(ren)逐里抽(chou)丈,最后(hou)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)28里互相(xiang)復丈。三(san)番清(qing)丈后(hou),允許(xu)彼此(ci)(ci)(ci)舉(ju)報,如有(you)(you)(you)(you)揭發(fa)舉(ju)報,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)則(ze)(ze)(ze)親自(zi)帶(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)前往丈量(liang)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)故意(yi)“隱漏”、“受賄”及“強(qiang)梁不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)公”者(zhe)(zhe),“依律定(ding)罪,決不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食言(yan)”。為(wei)防止有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)賄,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)命所有(you)(you)(you)(you)工(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員“各(ge)(ge)帶(dai)口糧(liang)(liang),遇村鎮隨便(bian)買食,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)許(xu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)搭(da)棚結彩,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)準備飯(fan)獻茶。”左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)避勞怨,專精力(li)行(xing)(xing),從(cong)(cong)而(er)準確(que)地(di)(di)(di)(di)掌握了(le)(le)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)數(shu)量(liang),做到(dao)了(le)(le)“有(you)(you)(you)(you)田則(ze)(ze)(ze)有(you)(you)(you)(you)糧(liang)(liang),無(wu)(wu)(wu)田則(ze)(ze)(ze)無(wu)(wu)(wu)糧(liang)(liang)。”韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)城(cheng)(cheng)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)數(shu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)空(kong)賠(pei)錢糧(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)弊端終于(yu)(yu)革除了(le)(le),廣大(da)(da)農民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)奔(ben)走相(xiang)告,拍手(shou)稱(cheng)快。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)指導(dao)編(bian)寫的(de)(de)《魚鱗冊(ce)》,用(yong)(yong)來管理河岸(an)灘地(di)(di)(di)(di),解決了(le)(le)河水(shui)淹沒土地(di)(di)(di)(di)無(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)可(ke)(ke)耕種和(he)河水(shui)退后(hou)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)耕種仍(reng)要(yao)納稅(shui)的(de)(de)難(nan)題,此(ci)(ci)(ci)舉(ju)深得(de)(de)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)認(ren)可(ke)(ke),后(hou)世沿用(yong)(yong)至今。
崇尚節(jie)儉(jian),割除陋習,嚴(yan)禁奢(she)(she)靡之風。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)在(zai)韓(han)城(cheng)期間,十分(fen)注(zhu)重訪聽民間疾苦(ku)和風土人情(qing)。他“深山窮谷,足跡(ji)殆遍(bian)。”發現韓(han)城(cheng)習俗有崇尚奢(she)(she)侈(chi)之風,“相沿不(bu)(bu)(bu)止(zhi)(zhi),勢且繁(fan)多(duo)。”特別是婚(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)喪(sang)嫁(jia)(jia)娶方面(mian)禮(li)(li)數繁(fan)瑣,奢(she)(she)侈(chi)浪(lang)費(fei)(fei)(fei),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)負擔不(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)。男女婚(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)姻,女方專索厚(hou)聘,男方強索妝(zhuang)奩,“以(yi)(yi)至富者(zhe)貧,而貧者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能嫁(jia)(jia)女。生女則愁異(yi)日之費(fei)(fei)(fei),有棄之不(bu)(bu)(bu)育者(zhe)。”為死者(zhe)發喪(sang),則流(liu)行(xing)大(da)(da)擺酒席、設臺(tai)唱戲(xi),妄費(fei)(fei)(fei)甚多(duo),以(yi)(yi)至于(yu)“父母(mu)病時(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)自憂其病,而憂其子之無所(suo)費(fei)(fei)(fei)。人子遇喪(sang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)味哀痛,反留心檢點諸(zhu)費(fei)(fei)(fei),久(jiu)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)葬(zang)其親(qin)。”老百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)結不(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)婚(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)、埋(mai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)死者(zhe),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)感嘆:“奢(she)(she)之為害,一(yi)(yi)至于(yu)此!”左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)認(ren)為,韓(han)城(cheng)災害頻(pin)發,盜匪猖獗,不(bu)(bu)(bu)盡是“天(tian)數使然(ran)”,百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)奢(she)(she)僭之風,也“皆足致異(yi)”。為嚴(yan)禁奢(she)(she)靡,以(yi)(yi)挽風俗,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)與地(di)士(shi)紳(shen)共同(tong)努力,韓(han)城(cheng)民風為之一(yi)(yi)變(bian)。崇禎(zhen)九年(nian)(nian)(1636)七月,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)發布了(le)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)《崇儉(jian)書》告示(shi),提出“以(yi)(yi)儉(jian)樸為風化(hua)之首”,明令(ling)限制和禁止(zhi)(zhi)婚(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)喪(sang)嫁(jia)(jia)娶中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)種(zhong)奢(she)(she)糜風俗。他根(gen)據官(guan)宦、士(shi)庶各(ge)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)層(ceng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)經濟(ji)條件,對婚(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)喪(sang)嫁(jia)(jia)娶的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)個(ge)(ge)環節(jie)、每(mei)個(ge)(ge)細(xi)節(jie)都作(zuo)了(le)質和量的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體規(gui)定,婚(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)禮(li)(li)、喪(sang)禮(li)(li)形成定式。同(tong)時(shi)規(gui)定,婚(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)禮(li)(li)中(zhong)禁止(zhi)(zhi)沿街擺列(lie)妝(zhuang)奩,以(yi)(yi)示(shi)夸(kua)耀(yao);喪(sang)禮(li)(li)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)許(xu)擺酒設宴、搭(da)臺(tai)作(zuo)戲(xi)。除此之外,還(huan)對日常生活方面(mian)諸(zhu)如(ru)(ru)居處、穿衣、戴帽、宴會、禮(li)(li)尚往來(lai)等作(zuo)出量化(hua)從儉(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)致規(gui)定。為使各(ge)項規(gui)定符合(he)習俗又(you)切實可行(xing),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)征求(qiu)各(ge)階(jie)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意見(jian),用(yong)了(le)三(san)個(ge)(ge)月時(shi)間才得以(yi)(yi)定稿,公示(shi)于(yu)眾,要求(qiu)縉紳(shen)士(shi)民“各(ge)守其應得之分(fen)”,如(ru)(ru)有違(wei)犯,“許(xu)鄉約鄰佑地(di)方舉報”。因為這些措施事(shi)先(xian)征求(qiu)了(le)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意見(jian),先(xian)在(zai)鄉紳(shen)中(zhong)試行(xing)三(san)個(ge)(ge)月,之后順利(li)地(di)在(zai)全縣推(tui)開。大(da)(da)戶人家婚(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)喪(sang)嫁(jia)(jia)娶時(shi)率先(xian)遵(zun)(zun)守《崇儉(jian)書》的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)紛紛效(xiao)仿,社會風氣(qi)為之大(da)(da)變(bian)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)為韓(han)城(cheng)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生活作(zuo)出了(le)影響(xiang)后世幾百(bai)(bai)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向性設計,大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)輕了(le)人民的(de)(de)(de)(de)負擔,受到廣大(da)(da)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)特別是貧苦(ku)農民的(de)(de)(de)(de)歡迎(ying)。三(san)百(bai)(bai)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)過(guo)去了(le),《崇儉(jian)書》歷久(jiu)彌(mi)新(xin),韓(han)城(cheng)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)至今(jin)仍然(ran)遵(zun)(zun)守著(zhu)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)立下的(de)(de)(de)(de)很多(duo)規(gui)矩,早(zao)已(yi)成為傳統文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)。
左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)還十(shi)分注重(zhong)發展(zhan)文化教(jiao)育事(shi)業,弘揚(yang)社會正氣。韓(han)(han)城(cheng)六年,盡(jin)管兵荒馬亂,多災(zai)多難,但左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)仍做出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)令人(ren)(ren)稱道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)成(cheng)績。崇(chong)(chong)禎七年(1634),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)充任(ren)陜西(xi)鄉試(shi)考官,錄取了(le)(le)(le)11人(ren)(ren),韓(han)(han)城(cheng)僅(jin)有(you)(you)(you)1人(ren)(ren)考上。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)受到很大觸動,內心深感不(bu)安,認為(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)負有(you)(you)(you)責任(ren)。回到韓(han)(han)城(cheng),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)在全縣選拔(ba)優(you)秀生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)員(yuan),成(cheng)立“尊(zun)(zun)經(jing)社”,每(mei)月(yue)兩(liang)次親自(zi)(zi)到明倫(lun)堂講(jiang)解經(jing)書(shu),學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)常常“執經(jing)問難于(yu)前,竟日乃已。”左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)努力(li)取得(de)了(le)(le)(le)實(shi)效。三年后,陜西(xi)鄉試(shi)中(zhong)韓(han)(han)城(cheng)有(you)(you)(you)8人(ren)(ren)中(zhong)舉,全部是(shi)“尊(zun)(zun)經(jing)社”的(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。《韓(han)(han)城(cheng)縣志》載:“韓(han)(han)人(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)通經(jing)學(xue)古(gu)自(zi)(zi)公(gong)始。丙(bing)子(zi)(zi)登科(ke)者八(ba)人(ren)(ren),皆社中(zhong)士,其余澤也。”“由是(shi)捷書(shu)蟬聯,至今為(wei)(wei)國家楨者,先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)開之(zhi)(zhi)也。”韓(han)(han)城(cheng)崇(chong)(chong)文重(zhong)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)風興起(qi)(qi),人(ren)(ren)才(cai)輩出(chu),有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)棟梁之(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)不(bu)僅(jin)開重(zhong)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)風,還十(shi)分注重(zhong)宣揚(yang)社會正氣。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)“東海孝(xiao)(xiao)子(zi)(zi)”之(zhi)(zhi)名,曾為(wei)(wei)父親守孝(xiao)(xiao)三年,因父親葬在蘿(luo)(luo)石山(shan)上,遂自(zi)(zi)號蘿(luo)(luo)石,終身不(bu)忘父親養育之(zhi)(zhi)恩。在韓(han)(han)城(cheng)不(bu)僅(jin)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)侍奉母(mu)親起(qi)(qi)居(ju)盡(jin)心盡(jin)力(li),無(wu)微不(bu)至,還重(zhong)刻(ke)《孝(xiao)(xiao)經(jing)》一(yi)書(shu),號召百(bai)姓(xing)講(jiang)究孝(xiao)(xiao)道(dao)(dao),懂得(de)孝(xiao)(xiao)親大義(yi)。有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)縣民因犯事(shi)被(bei)押到縣衙(ya),懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)聽說他(ta)家里(li)尚有(you)(you)(you)老母(mu)需要侍候,即(ji)放回。久之(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)免有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)作假。懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)說:我并非不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),但是(shi)從長(chang)遠來看,孝(xiao)(xiao)親之(zhi)(zhi)風興起(qi)(qi),所得(de)必多啊。韓(han)(han)城(cheng)有(you)(you)(you)程氏妻燕(yan)氏,面對(dui)盜賊(zei)的(de)(de)利(li)刃毫不(bu)畏懼,以身護住(zhu)婆母(mu),“賊(zei)感其孝(xiao)(xiao),舍之(zhi)(zhi)而去。”懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)得(de)知(zhi)(zhi),立即(ji)上奏(zou)朝廷(ting),請求旌表。韓(han)(han)城(cheng)芝川為(wei)(wei)宋代太(tai)師張升(sheng)故里(li),張升(sheng)為(wei)(wei)官耿直(zhi),懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)作詩贊揚(yang)他(ta):“吾想君(jun)子(zi)(zi)直(zhi),亭亭山(shan)上松。”左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)整(zheng)修司馬遷(qian)墓(mu)(mu),撰(zhuan)寫《祭司馬子(zi)(zi)長(chang)文》,贊其豐功偉績。又修繕(shan)蘇(su)武墓(mu)(mu),撰(zhuan)寫《新漢典(dian)屬國蘇(su)子(zi)(zi)卿墓(mu)(mu)垣記》,對(dui)蘇(su)武的(de)(de)節操(cao)給予了(le)(le)(le)極高評價。修建白公(gong)祠,歌(ge)頌白居(ju)易(yi)關(guan)心民生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)疾(ji)苦的(de)(de)情懷。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)這些(xie)做法,向社會傳(chuan)達(da)了(le)(le)(le)純正良好(hao)的(de)(de)風氣。尤其是(shi)蘇(su)武的(de)(de)精(jing)神,對(dui)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)本人(ren)(ren)影響很深,為(wei)(wei)他(ta)出(chu)使清(qing)廷(ting)不(bu)屈(qu)殉國埋下了(le)(le)(le)伏(fu)筆。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)治理韓(han)(han)城(cheng)的(de)(de)六年,時(shi)間不(bu)長(chang),但政績斐然,展(zhan)示了(le)(le)(le)出(chu)色的(de)(de)理政才(cai)能。他(ta)深知(zhi)(zhi)職責所在,心系百(bai)姓(xing),體察民情,換(huan)來了(le)(le)(le)韓(han)(han)城(cheng)人(ren)(ren)民的(de)(de)普(pu)遍擁(yong)戴,人(ren)(ren)們(men)把(ba)他(ta)與司馬遷(qian)、蘇(su)武、郭(guo)子(zi)(zi)儀、白居(ju)易(yi)并稱為(wei)(wei)“禹(yu)門五(wu)賢”。韓(han)(han)城(cheng)歷史上先(xian)后建有(you)(you)(you)十(shi)座杰(jie)出(chu)名人(ren)(ren)祠,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)占(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)兩(liang)座,一(yi)處左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)公(gong)祠,一(yi)處蘿(luo)(luo)石祠;韓(han)(han)城(cheng)名宦祠里(li)供奉十(shi)位先(xian)賢,左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)又是(shi)其中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),可見(jian)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第(di)(di)(di)在韓(han)(han)城(cheng)人(ren)(ren)心目中(zhong)的(de)(de)崇(chong)(chong)高地(di)位。
3、其他記載
崇禎三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(1630年(nian)(nian)),左懋第(di)(di)鄉試中(zhong)山東第(di)(di)二名舉人,次年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)進士。懋第(di)(di)任陜西韓城令(ling),崇禎十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(1639年(nian)(nian))官戶(hu)科(ke)給事中(zhong),上書提出時局有四弊:民窮、兵(bing)弱(ruo)、臣(chen)工推諉、國計虛耗。升(sheng)太常寺正卿,右僉都御史。十(shi)四年(nian)(nian),督催(cui)漕運,道(dao)中(zhong)馳疏言:“臣(chen)自靜海抵臨清,見人民饑死者(zhe)三(san)(san),疫死者(zhe)三(san)(san),為盜者(zhe)四。米石銀二十(shi)四兩,人死取以食(shi)。惟圣明(ming)垂念。”崇禎十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(1643年(nian)(nian))秋,出巡(xun)長江(jiang)防務,不久北(bei)都淪陷,其母陳氏絕食(shi)而死。
清兵入(ru)關(guan),左懋第被(bei)任(ren)為兵部(bu)右侍郎兼(jian)右僉都御史,以陳洪范、馬紹愉為副(fu)使(shi),前往北京,通好議和。
左懋第(di)開始(shi)時反對議(yi)和(he),極力主(zhu)戰(zhan),并請求撥給他(ta)人馬,以(yi)收復(fu)(fu)失地(di),恢復(fu)(fu)大(da)明(ming)江山.但未(wei)獲批(pi)準。繼而他(ta)又拒絕出(chu)使議(yi)和(he),請求安(an)宗(zong)皇帝改(gai)派他(ta)人出(chu)使,也未(wei)被接受。左懋第(di)深(shen)織(zhi)赴京議(yi)和(he),如同與虎謀皮,希望渺茫(mang),但君命難違,只能(neng)照辦。臨行前(qian),他(ta)力勸安(an)宗(zong)皇帝“時時以(yi)先帝之仇、北都(dou)之恥為(wei)(wei)念”, “勿(wu)以(yi)北行為(wei)(wei)和(he)議(yi)必成,勿(wu)以(yi)和(he)成為(wei)(wei)足恃”。提醒南明(ming)王(wang)朝不要期望和(he)議(yi)一定(ding)能(neng)成功,即使議(yi)和(he)成功,也不一定(ding)是可以(yi)信賴的,主(zhu)張以(yi)武力保平(ping)安(an)。“夫能(neng)渡河而戰(zhan),始(shi)能(neng)扼河而守(shou)(shou),必能(neng)扼河面守(shou)(shou),始(shi)能(neng)畫江而安(an).’強調以(yi)天下為(wei)(wei)重(zhong),以(yi)恥仇為(wei)(wei)念,以(yi)淪陷(xian)之民(min)為(wei)(wei)憂,要整軍傷兵,以(yi)田恢復(fu)(fu)大(da)業。
左懋第對北(bei)行議和的危險也深有(you)預料。他(ta)在(zai)一(yi)封信中說,
“懋第此行,是(shi)懋第死日也。”立志要“效宋之文天樣”,“留正(zheng)氣于千(qian)古。”
崇(chong)禎十(shi)七年(nian)十(shi)月初,揩二(er)副使及隨從百余人至北(bei)京張(zhang)家灣(wan),住進鴻(hong)(hong)臚寺(si)。懋第在鴻(hong)(hong)臚寺(si)陳設太牢,率隨員(yuan)北(bei)面哭祭三日(ri)。十(shi)月二(er)十(shi)七日(ri)多(duo)爾袞釋放左懋第南歸(gui)。左等走出永定(ding)門,馮詮勸多(duo)爾袞不(bu)要“放虎歸(gui)山”,十(shi)一月十(shi)四(si)日(ri)多(duo)爾袞遣百騎(qi)在滄(cang)州追(zhui)回,被扣(kou)留在北(bei)京太醫(yi)院,墻(qiang)上遍布荊棘,自言:“生為明(ming)臣(chen)(chen),死為明(ming)鬼,我志也(ye)。”為了擊退(tui)清王朝(chao)的(de)利誘勸降,他(ta)寫了“生為大明(ming)忠臣(chen)(chen),死為大明(ming)忠鬼”的(de)對(dui)聯貼(tie)在門上。一則明(ming)志,一則堵勸降說客之口。他(ta)還(huan)畫(hua)了一幅蘇(su)武(wu)牧羊畫(hua)像,掛在墻(qiang)上以自勵(li)。
弘光元(yuan)年閏六月(yue)十五日頒布剃發令,隨員(yuan)艾(ai)大選遵旨(zhi)薙發,懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)將其(qi)亂棍打死,清廷前(qian)來(lai)(lai)責問(wen),懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)曰:“吾自行我(wo)(wo)法,殺我(wo)(wo)人,與若何預?”清廷設“太(tai)平宴(yan)”宴(yan)請(qing),懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)拒食。又遣洪承疇前(qian)來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)降(jiang),左懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)說(shuo):“此鬼也(ye)。洪督師在(zai)松山(shan)死節,先(xian)帝(di)(di)賜祭九壇,今日安(an)得更生(sheng)?”洪承疇慚(can)愧而退。李建泰又來(lai)(lai)勸降(jiang),左懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)怒斥說(shuo):“老(lao)奴尚在(zai)?先(xian)帝(di)(di)寵(chong)餞(jian),勒兵剿賊,既(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)殉國,又失身(shen)焉,何面目見我(wo)(wo)?”左懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)又責問(wen)勸降(jiang)的堂兄弟(di)左懋(mao)(mao)(mao)泰:“此非吾弟(di)也(ye)?”隨之(zhi)將其(qi)叱離。多爾袞大怒,親自提(ti)審(shen)懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di),懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)直立不(bu)(bu)(bu)跪。當問(wen)道:“你(ni)為何不(bu)(bu)(bu)肯剃頭?”左懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)回答:“頭可(ke)斷(duan),發不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)斷(duan)!”金(jin)之(zhi)俊勸他:“先(xian)生(sheng)何不(bu)(bu)(bu)知興廢!”左懋(mao)(mao)(mao)第(di)(di)(di)針鋒相對答道:“汝何不(bu)(bu)(bu)知羞恥!”多爾袞知其(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)降(jiang),閏六月(yue)十九日,命(ming)左右推出宣武門外菜市口處死。
臨刑時,左懋第(di)南(nan)向(xiang)再拜說:“臣等(deng)事大明之心盡矣(yi)。”有絕(jue)命(ming)詩:“峽坼巢封歸(gui)路迥,片(pian)云南(nan)下意如(ru)何;丹忱碧血(xue)消難盡,蕩(dang)作寒煙總不磨。”隨員陳(chen)用極、王一斌、張良佐、王廷佐、劉統等(deng)人皆不屈而死。
左懋第(di)著有(you)《梅花屋詩抄》一(yi)卷,《蘿(luo)石山房文抄》四(si)卷,《左忠(zhong)貞公剩(sheng)稿(gao)》四(si)卷。
《姜(jiang)烈士正(zheng)芳傳(chuan)》作者:左 懋(mao) 第
姜正芳(fang)(fang),邑(yi)人(ren)(ren),居(ju)邑(yi)西北五里許(xu)〔指今柏林(lin)莊鎮小埠頂村〕。少有力,能(neng)(neng)弓(gong)矢及劍。值海上備(bei)倭,應(ying)(ying)登州壯士募,欲殺(sha)賊(zei)(zei)立(li)功名。后事(shi)已,罷歸(gui)農(nong)。軀長健勇(yong)(yong)而樸誠(cheng),好(hao)解(jie)斗。有兄(xiong)弟十年訟者(zhe)(zhe),合之(zhi)無(wu)異詞。又(you)知(zhi)書,時說古今成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)敗事(shi),髯(ran)眉為動。崇禎(zhen)二(er)年己巳,年已六十。際〔遇〕董(dong)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)〔今屬柏林(lin)莊鎮劉家疃(tuan)村人(ren)(ren)〕亂(luan)。大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)亦邑(yi)人(ren)(ren),恃(shi)勇(yong)(yong)好(hao)亂(luan)敗產,多結惡少。會妖賊(zei)(zei)李(li)〔指傳白蓮教的李(li)盛明〕,不(bu)知(zhi)何地人(ren)(ren),能(neng)(neng)術煽齊民,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陰受約為從(cong)(cong)〔大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)暗地里接受他的密約,跟(gen)從(cong)(cong)他造反〕。有招遠(yuan)許(xu)湯,殺(sha)催稅隸叛據腰山〔今稱窯山,在譚格莊鎮北〕。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與湯夙(su)盟,疑不(bu)定,遂出城散徒掠人(ren)(ren)為盜,三日(ri),得(de)三千(qian)人(ren)(ren)。聚邑(yi)西劉家莊,待與俱東去。芳(fang)(fang)居(ju)西南(nan)一里,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)率騎至(zhi)其家。芳(fang)(fang)不(bu)避,為開(kai)陳大(da)(da)難, 不(bu)易發,當早寢〔早早停息〕。不(bu)應(ying)(ying),反迫與俱。芳(fang)(fang)度〔考慮〕其黨已發,不(bu)可說,又(you)徒死無(wu)益(yi),佯應(ying)(ying)之(zhi)。且紿(dai)〔音迨,同詒,欺騙〕之(zhi)曰(yue)(yue):汝事(shi)舉(ju)三余日(ri)矣,官軍(jun)得(de)無(wu)知(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)?三千(qian)人(ren)(ren)而抱頭聚,若軍(jun)至(zhi),何以應(ying)(ying)?成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曰(yue)(yue):奈何?芳(fang)(fang)教以分為五,皆里許(xu)隔(ge),變可相聞。賊(zei)(zei)從(cong)(cong)之(zhi)。日(ri)暮,果(guo)分為五,北者(zhe)(zhe)近芳(fang)(fang)居(ju),賊(zei)(zei)腹心(xin)則(ze)居(ju)中。
十一月廿三夜(ye),晦〔天黑〕不見人(ren)。芳(fang)(fang)喜,潛至(zhi)其(qi)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)西,皆(jie)語曰(yue)(yue):官兵(bing)(bing)至(zhi)矣,吾(wu)儕(chai)chai〔我等〕皆(jie)良(liang)人(ren),今無(wu)死所(suo)。如聞(wen)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗聲(sheng)(sheng),宜(yi)各為(wei)計。掠(lve)人(ren)〔被(bei)掠(lve)之人(ren)〕皆(jie)惶迫(po),不知(zhi)所(suo)為(wei)。芳(fang)(fang)因至(zhi)中(zhong)語曰(yue)(yue):官軍(jun)已(yi)(yi)至(zhi)〔大(da)成(cheng)〕村后矣,宜(yi)力敵勿怠。大(da)成(cheng)及(ji)諸腹心俱鹵(lu)騃(ai)〔癡愚,鹵(lu),通魯。騃(ai),音似〕,不知(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)。皆(jie)懼而強諾(nuo)焉(yan)。芳(fang)(fang)又說其(qi)北近居(ju)者(zhe)曰(yue)(yue):官軍(jun)自南(nan)來,汝等宜(yi)大(da)呼示(shi)人(ren)眾,至(zhi)便梃(ting)擊無(wu)失。亦(yi)(yi)應曰(yue)(yue):諾(nuo)。因大(da)呼,居(ju)中(zhong)者(zhe)聞(wen)呼亦(yi)(yi)大(da)呼。引人(ren)北向,梃(ting)相(xiang)接溷〔混亂(luan)〕擊焉(yan)。其(qi)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)西聞(wen)呼及(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗聲(sheng)(sheng),大(da)恐(kong),亦(yi)(yi)大(da)呼,盡逃去戰(zhan)(zhan)。賊聞(wen)呼亦(yi)(yi)亂(luan)。逮(dai)〔等到(dao)〕辨聲(sheng)(sheng)諗為(wei)芳(fang)(fang)計,而成(cheng)已(yi)(yi)偕從董平馳(chi)騎遁(dun)東(dong)(dong)埠。尋而告語之,怒回呼芳(fang)(fang)。芳(fang)(fang)應之途曰(yue)(yue):我為(wei)汝練(lian)兵(bing)(bing)耳。成(cheng)曰(yue)(yue):汝亂(luan)吾(wu)兵(bing)(bing),何(he)練(lian)為(wei)?芳(fang)(fang)曰(yue)(yue):汝新集兵(bing)(bing)不可(ke)戰(zhan)(zhan), 試(shi)恐(kong)以官軍(jun)走矣,況親至(zhi)者(zhe)乎(hu)?欲圖事(shi)
須入與我(wo)(wo)謀。因延至其(qi)家。成與眾賊因人(ren)多逃,皆搖亂無定(ding)見,遂信之。芳欲堅(jian)其(qi)入〔堅(jian)定(ding)其(qi)進入之決心〕,曰:兵未散者,尚五六(liu)百人(ren),可駐我(wo)(wo)門前,但腹心入與謀。成遂及其(qi)腹心六(liu)七人(ren)入。芳為(wei)設坐,具(ju)燈火笑曰:俱饑矣,我(wo)(wo)具(ju)食。
芳三子,長別居;次渭(wei)經,抱布貿;渭(wei)明(ming),嫁花草(cao)竹木以(yi)生。時長子之(zhi)子春在(zai)焉。芳出屬〔通囑(zhu)〕經視前(qian)門,明(ming)視后門。矯〔假傳〕賊(zei)(zei)令,勿使(shi)一人入。屬其孫(sun)從之(zhi)〔囑(zhu)咐他的孫(sun)子跟從他〕。孫(sun)問所以(yi),芳曰:賊(zei)(zei)入我(wo)(wo)彀中矣。待(dai)就(jiu)食,我(wo)(wo)從旁斫(zhuo)董賊(zei)(zei)死(si)。我(wo)(wo)雖老尚健,可抵三四人。魁死(si)〔頭目(mu)死(si)〕,余鳥獸散,不足畏即(ji)不幸(xing)為賊(zei)(zei)殺,舉家以(yi)良百姓。殺賊(zei)(zei)死(si),不愈于作賊(zei)(zei)死(si)乎(hu)?汝(ru)勿語諸婦(fu)人,但促具食。芳因入, 酌(zhuo)酒董賊(zei)(zei)前(qian)又遍酌(zhuo)諸腹(fu)心,以(yi)麥(mai)湯飲之(zhi)。成等皆就(jiu)食,惟一賊(zei)(zei)魯東明(ming)者不食,持鐵叉立成傍目(mu)芳。芳疑之(zhi),因自思曰:過此瞬恐無及,吾當并斫(zhuo)之(zhi)。因取其衣下藏刀(dao)斫(zhuo)大(da)成,未及。東明(ming)格(ge)之(zhi),錚(zheng)有聲。大(da)成驚拔佩(pei)刀(dao)起應之(zhi)。
諸賊(zei)(zei)舍食起拔刀。芳(fang)知不(bu)濟,持刀趨出門(men),呼(hu):馬(ma)安在?得賊(zei)(zei)馬(ma)聳乘之。大呼(hu)曰:人或(huo)逆我(wo)〔誰如阻止我(wo)〕,死(si)矣(yi)。于是群賊(zei)(zei)隨出大呼(hu)曰:圍之勿令(ling)走。門(men)前諸賊(zei)(zei)圍之數匝。芳(fang)力斫(zhuo),殺(sha)三(san)四(si)人。馳數十步,群矛環刺焉,遂(sui)墜馬(ma)被縛。賊(zei)(zei)乃(nai)入收其(qi)家當(dang)。堂中亂,婦(fu)女多(duo)走。時賊(zei)(zei)約不(bu)掠(lve),婦(fu)女多(duo)混(hun)鄰居以(yi)免。其(qi)長孫(sun)亦走免。惟渭(wei)經、渭(wei)明(ming)被執,孫(sun)三(san)人亂殺(sha)死(si)。盡焚其(qi)廬舍。
大(da)(da)成(cheng)以兵(bing)環〔包(bao)圍〕芳并(bing)其(qi)子,罵曰(yue):汝何(he)為計殺我?芳曰(yue):殺汝不(bu)(bu)中(zhong),命也。但早死(si)耳。賊(zei)怒,罵曰(yue):何(he)易求死(si),命取水灌三人(ren),寒(han)凍之(zhi)。群刺以矛(mao),體無(wu)完膚(fu),遂刳心(xin)剖(pou)腸。終(zhong)(zhong)無(wu)餒詞〔始(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)沒有屈服〕。芳既死(si),賊(zei)眾漸集,又遣(qian)人(ren)分掠得千(qian)人(ren)。廿四日,遂攻(gong)邑城。廿五(wu)日又攻(gong),皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)克。后遂益(yi)賊(zei)至五(wu)千(qian)人(ren),圍城焚外關。十二(er)月,登兵(bing)〔登州府之(zhi)兵(bing)〕至,與戰(zhan),賊(zei)敗走。追殺平之(zhi)。大(da)(da)成(cheng)同左龍西(xi)皆(jie)走出。至蒙陰縣,典史王(wang)擒殺之(zhi),梟其(qi)首,傳之(zhi)邑懸示〔懸首示眾〕焉(yan)。典史,山海關人(ren)。
左(zuo)子曰(yue):董賊(zei)之(zhi)(zhi)變,余時為(wei)諸生。聞有賊(zei),士民皆乘(cheng)城(cheng)。賊(zei)方(fang)駐西埠外,久不(bu)來攻城(cheng)。至(zhi)夜聞眾呼聲(sheng),城(cheng)者曰(yue):賊(zei)其(qi)(qi)有恐(kong)與,不(bu)知芳(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)也(ye)。芳(fang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)野老,未(wei)沾大(da)官(guan)斗米,而散(san)賊(zei)殺賊(zei),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)必死謀賊(zei),何(he)烈也(ye)。韓愈論張許:守一城(cheng)捍天下,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千百(bai)就(jiu)盡之(zhi)(zhi)卒(zu),戰百(bai)萬方(fang)滋之(zhi)(zhi)寇,蔽遮江(jiang)淮,阻遏(e)其(qi)(qi)勢。天下不(bu)亡,其(qi)(qi)誰之(zhi)(zhi)功?余謂萊(lai)陽門(men)未(wei)及,土賊(zei)乘(cheng)新集(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)勢,卒(zu)薄城(cheng)下,事未(wei)可知。夜散(san)之(zhi)(zhi),殺其(qi)(qi)勢而緩其(qi)(qi)攻,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)益〔增(zeng)加〕城(cheng)中一日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)備,遂(sui)得獲奸內靖,眾志鼓(gu)厲。萊(lai)陽不(bu)亡,不(bu)可謂非芳(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)功。事雖小,大(da)懸殊:愈〔韓愈〕之(zhi)(zhi)言益信夫(fu)。余嘗拜(bai)其(qi)(qi)墓,見三墳為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)流涕。因過其(qi)(qi)門(men):廬舍皆燼。孫十四(si)人,賊(zei)殺其(qi)(qi)三,余者皆垢敝。妻(qi)王年(nian)六十余,依墻結茅以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)居。乘(cheng)軒者〔即當官(guan)的(de)。軒,古代高官(guan)乘(cheng)坐(zuo)的(de)一種(zhong)有圍(wei)棚(peng)或帷幕的(de)車〕未(wei)嘗一問(wen),匹夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)節(jie),不(bu)亦悲乎?
左懋(mao)第(di)為(wei)人正(zheng)直,敢于直言進諫。崇禎年間,大明矛盾重重、危機四伏,陷入內外交困之中,內有李自(zi)成農(nong)民軍縱(zong)橫半天下,外有清兵屢次(ci)入侵(qin),邊防(fang)破(po)敗(bai),天災頻仍,三(san)餉加派(pai),竭盡民脂,吏治(zhi)腐朽,民不(bu)聊(liao)生。統治(zhi)集(ji)團內部爭(zheng)權(quan)奪利(li)。身為(wei)朝廷言官的左懋(mao)第(di)憂心如(ru)焚,他屢次(ci)上(shang)疏,針砭時弊(bi),提出救(jiu)國救(jiu)民之策,為(wei)朝野所矚目(mu)。
左懋第(di)從民族(zu)(zu)利(li)(li)益出發,多次(ci)向當政者提出治(zhi)國(guo)的正確主(zhu)張。左懋第(di)被擢升為戶科給事中后,尖(jian)銳指斥民窮、兵弱(ruo)、臣工(gong)推諉、國(guo)計虛耗這(zhe)四種時弊(bi),提醒明王朝加以解決(jue)。為減輕勞動人民的負擔,緩(huan)和階級矛盾,以有利(li)(li)于鞏固封(feng)建統治(zhi),較(jiao)好地(di)進(jin)行(xing)與崛起于關外的滿族(zu)(zu)的民族(zu)(zu)斗爭,他屢次(ci)上(shang)書奏請納監(jian)、出錢(qian)贖罪、廣開財源,行(xing)平倉法(fa)(fa)、監(jian)法(fa)(fa)及減輕賦(fu)稅,輸粟邊塞、以充軍糧。
后(hou)來,左懋第又改任刑科給事(shi)中,仍不斷提(ti)出減輕人民負擔(dan)的奏請。
初(chu)入(ru)諫垣,左(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第便上疏要求(qiu)停(ting)止三(san)餉(xiang)(xiang)加派,在他和其他大臣(chen)的(de)苦諫下(xia)(xia),崇(chong)禎十三(san)年(1640年),崇(chong)禎帝宣布停(ting)征(zheng)剿餉(xiang)(xiang)。左(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第請(qing)馬上公(gong)告天下(xia)(xia),免(mian)(mian)得地方(fang)開征(zheng),小民(min)不得實惠,崇(chong)禎帝采納(na)了(le)他的(de)建議。當(dang)年三(san)月,北京大風不止,左(zuo)(zuo)懋(mao)第又借(jie)天變上言(yan),直陳時政缺(que)失。他指出:朝廷(ting)雖然數次下(xia)(xia)詔減兵省(sheng)餉(xiang)(xiang),但小民(min)卻日(ri)困(kun)一日(ri)。原因在于朝廷(ting)免(mian)(mian)征(zheng),而(er)地方(fang)催(cui)征(zheng),貪官污吏借(jie)機中飽私囊。欲除此弊(bi),必須公(gong)開各地征(zheng)賦之數,讓小民(min)明白,使貪官無法作(zuo)奸(jian)。停(ting)征(zheng)的(de)加賦,必須嚴令各地實行,不許各級層(ceng)層(ceng)追加,這(zhe)樣才(cai)能使皇帝的(de)恩惠潤澤(ze)萬民(min)。崇(chong)禎帝很(hen)贊賞他的(de)建議,下(xia)(xia)令免(mian)(mian)掉上災七十五州(zhou)縣新(xin)、舊(jiu)、練三(san)餉(xiang)(xiang),中災六(liu)十八州(zhou)縣新(xin)、舊(jiu)二餉(xiang)(xiang),下(xia)(xia)災三(san)十八州(zhou)縣三(san)餉(xiang)(xiang)緩征(zheng)。
崇禎十四年(1641年),左懋(mao)第奉命(ming)督辦漕運,即督辦自江南(nan)沿運河向(xiang)京城運送(song)糧食。當時江南(nan)發生(sheng)饑荒,遍地(di)餓(e)殍(piao),饑民(min)(min)的(de)(de)反抗(kang)時有發生(sheng)。從統(tong)治(zhi)階(jie)級(ji)的(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)利益出發,左懋(mao)第多次向(xiang)崇楨(zhen)皇帝上書,請(qing)(qing)求放糧贍(shan)災。并發出了“贍(shan)救安(an)可不變(bian)”的(de)(de)呼吁,為民(min)(min)請(qing)(qing)命(ming)。當時明王朝(chao)兵連禍結(jie)。國庫空(kong)虛,民(min)(min)族矛盾(dun)和階(jie)級(ji)矛盾(dun)空(kong)前(qian)激(ji)烈,內外交困,處于風雨飄(piao)搖之中(zhong),左懋(mao)第的(de)(de)意見未被采納。
崇禎十六年(nian)(nian)(1643年(nian)(nian))秋,左(zuo)懋第出巡長江(jiang)防務。尚(shang)未返京(jing)。
明(ming)朝末(mo)年,國(guo)家內憂外患,危機四伏,大廈將(jiang)傾,萊陽進士(shi)左懋(mao)第卻登上了人生最壯美的(de)舞臺。他治理韓城(cheng),政績(ji)優異,考(kao)選欽(qin)定第一(yi),由知縣擢(zhuo)升(sheng)朝中(zhong)擔任(ren)要職,成(cheng)為(wei)崇(chong)禎皇帝信(xin)任(ren)的(de)股肱之(zhi)臣。崇(chong)禎甲申清兵入關,國(guo)難當頭(tou),他挺身而(er)出,與攝(she)政王多爾(er)袞唇槍(qiang)舌劍,堅決(jue)維護大明(ming)尊嚴。面對酷(ku)刑和威逼利誘,他寧作大明(ming)鬼,不當清朝王,成(cheng)為(wei)比肩文天祥(xiang)的(de)民族英雄。
清乾隆四十一年(1776年)欽定殉節(jie)錄,賜專謚“忠貞”,祀本邑鄉賢、韓(han)城名宦(huan)祠,萊陽又建(jian)左(zuo)公(gong)祠,春秋次丁致祭。韓(han)城人建(jian)祠與漢代的蘇武并祀。
左懋第墓(mu)位于山東省煙臺市(shi)萊陽(yang)市(shi)沐浴店(dian)鎮北(bei)(bei)旺村(cun)東北(bei)(bei)左家(jia)瑩(ying),距村(cun)約(yue)700米,該墓(mu)原葬地在柏林(lin)莊(zhuang)鎮東南方向羅石頂上。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)部(bu)隊營房建(jian)設時其后裔將此墓(mu)遷(qian)至該處左姓居(ju)住的(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)旺村(cun)左家(jia)瑩(ying)內(nei)。墓(mu)區有墓(mu)冢(zhong)3座(zuo)成品字形排(pai)列,懋第墓(mu)立龍(long)頭碑陰(yin)刻“恩寵(chong)”二(er)字,乾隆(long)41年(nian)(nian)(nian)追謚“忠貞”,贈禮部(bu)尚書,墓(mu)志是(shi)清嘉慶(qing)十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1808年(nian)(nian)(nian))敕授文(wen)林(lin)郎萊陽(yang)知縣延君壽敬題(ti)的(de)(de),由(you)左氏五世孫寅文(wen)立石。
左(zuo)公(gong)祠建于康(kang)熙四十年(1701年),山東(dong)學政僉事(shi)徐(xu)炯主持,在(zai)萊(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)陽修(xiu)建左(zuo)公(gong)祠,萊(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)陽人踴(yong)躍(yue)捐款,贊襄其(qi)事(shi)。乾隆(long)十五年(1750年),萊(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)陽知(zhi)縣郝(hao)大(da)倫重(zhong)修(xiu)左(zuo)公(gong)祠。位于今(jin)天(tian)萊(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)陽工人文化宮西側,七星街東(dong)側。祠堂整(zheng)個院(yuan)落占地約10畝。大(da)門朝西,有(you)三(san)間(jian)(jian)正殿(dian),客房(fang)三(san)間(jian)(jian),雜房(fang)三(san)間(jian)(jian),裙(qun)房(fang)10余間(jian)(jian)。左(zuo)公(gong)祠在(zai)他做知(zhi)縣的山西韓城有(you)一座,與(yu)萊(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)陽祠相似。