四(si)進(jin)士(shi)(shi)是京劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)傳統劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目。也在秦(qin)腔,蒲劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju),豫劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju),越劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju),湘(xiang)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中普遍(bian)傳唱。另 一個名《節義廉明》。見(jian)鼓詞《紫金鐲(zhuo)》。周信(xin)芳、馬連良均以此(ci)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)享(xiang)名,而風格不同(tong)(tong)。川劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、漢劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、徽劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)滇劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、同(tong)(tong)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)梆(bang)子(zi)、晉劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)都有此(ci)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)目。湘(xiang)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有《打痞》、《公堂》,豫劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、河北梆(bang)子(zi)都有《宋(song)(song)士(shi)(shi)杰告(gao)狀》。明朝嘉(jia)靖年間,新科進(jin)士(shi)(shi)毛(mao)(mao)朋(peng)(peng)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)倫、顧(gu)讀,劉(liu)題四(si)人出京為(wei)官,當時(shi)嚴嵩專權(quan),同(tong)(tong)仇敵(di)愾。相約(yue)飲酒中,相互勉(mian)勵,赴任(ren)后不違(wei)法(fa)瀆職,以報海瑞舉(ju)薦之功(gong)德。當時(shi)河南上蔡(cai)縣姚(yao)(yao)廷春(chun)的(de)妻(qi)子(zi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)圖(tu)謀財產,毒死丈夫的(de)弟弟姚(yao)(yao)廷美,又串通弟媳(xi)楊素貞(zhen)(zhen)之兄楊青,又把楊素貞(zhen)(zhen)轉賣給(gei)布(bu)商楊春(chun)為(wei)妻(qi)。楊春(chun)聽(ting)素貞(zhen)(zhen)哭(ku)訴,可憐(lian)她的(de)遭(zao)遇(yu),撕毀身(shen)契,代她告(gao)狀。正(zheng)遇(yu)毛(mao)(mao)朋(peng)(peng)私訪,代寫(xie)狀紙(zhi),囑去信(xin)陽州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)申(shen)訴。楊素貞(zhen)(zhen)與(yu)楊春(chun)失散,遇(yu)到(dao)惡棍(gun),被(bei)革職的(de)書吏宋(song)(song)世(shi)杰所救,認為(wei)義女,攜(xie)至州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)衙告(gao)狀。田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)逼她的(de)弟弟巡(xun)按田(tian)(tian)(tian)倫代通關節。田(tian)(tian)(tian)給(gei)信(xin)陽知州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)顧(gu)讀寫(xie)了求情(qing)信(xin)并送上三百兩賄賂的(de)白銀。田(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)下書差役(yi),恰(qia)好投宿(su)在宋(song)(song)士(shi)(shi)杰店中,宋(song)(song)偷看信(xin)文(wen),發(fa)現與(yu)義女楊素貞(zhen)(zhen)事(shi)有關。顧(gu)讀讀到(dao)書信(xin)后,徇(xun)情(qing)釋放了被(bei)告(gao),押禁(jin)了楊素貞(zhen)(zhen)時(shi),宋(song)(song)上堂質(zhi)問,卻(que)被(bei)杖(zhang)責后轟出堂來(lai)。遇(yu)到(dao)田(tian)(tian)(tian)春(chun),楊春(chun)又叫去巡(xun)按毛(mao)(mao)朋(peng)(peng)處(chu)上告(gao),毛(mao)(mao)朋(peng)(peng)接狀,宋(song)(song)士(shi)(shi)杰作證, 田(tian)(tian)(tian)、顧(gu)、劉(liu)均以違(wei)法(fa)失職問罪(zui)(zui),判田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)夫婦死罪(zui)(zui),為(wei)素貞(zhen)(zhen)申(shen)明冤情(qing)。
此劇(ju)情節(jie)曲(qu)折,感人(ren)至深。對封建官場貪污(wu)受賄、口是心非、草(cao)菅(jian)人(ren)命(ming)、官場腐敗的(de)黑暗現(xian)象(xiang)作了(le)有(you)力的(de)揭(jie)露和(he)(he)抨擊。人(ren)物性(xing)格鮮明生動,一直是受觀眾歡(huan)迎的(de)劇(ju)目。表演(yan)上(shang)著重念白和(he)(he)做工,也有(you)重要(yao)的(de)唱段。周信芳在“盜書”一場做工細膩,三次(ci)公堂(tang)上(shang)的(de)念白,各有(you)不同的(de)處(chu)理,被評論(lun)界作為表演(yan)范例(li)。這個戲劇(ju)主要(yao)高度贊(zan)揚和(he)(he)宣(xuan)傳(chuan)了(le)宋士杰不畏(wei)強暴,剛正不阿,路見不平,拔刀相(xiang)助的(de)義(yi)舉。
該(gai)劇(ju)最初(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)本(ben)連(lian)(lian)(lian)臺(tai)本(ben)戲,主(zhu)角是毛(mao)朋(peng)和楊(yang)素貞,經(jing)過不斷的演(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu),融化為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一本(ben)戲。也稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《宋(song)士(shi)(shi)(shi)杰(jie)》。宋(song)士(shi)(shi)(shi)杰(jie)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劇(ju)中主(zhu)角,前面(mian)的戲也逐漸省略(lve),—般(ban)只從(cong)柳林寫狀演(yan)(yan)(yan)起。早(zao)期,雷(lei)喜福、王(wang)鴻壽、潘月(yue)(yue)(yue)樵等均曾多(duo)次演(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)該(gai)劇(ju),周信芳(fang)(fang)于1912年(nian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)2日曾在(zai)迎貴仙茶(cha)園(yuan)演(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)全(quan)部《四(si)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)》,將久已不演(yan)(yan)(yan)的前面(mian)部分(fen)演(yan)(yan)(yan)全(quan)。合作者有四(si)盞燈、小紅燈等。自二(er)十世(shi)紀二(er)十年(nian)代以后(hou),成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)周信芳(fang)(fang)、馬(ma)連(lian)(lian)(lian)良(liang)(liang)的代表(biao)劇(ju)目。兩(liang)人演(yan)(yan)(yan)來(lai)風格各(ge)異,各(ge)有所(suo)長。1929年(nian)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)6日,大舞(wu)臺(tai)演(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)由(you)馬(ma)連(lian)(lian)(lian)良(liang)(liang)主(zhu)演(yan)(yan)(yan)的《四(si)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)》,另由(you)胡碧蘭飾(shi)楊(yang)素貞,曹(cao)連(lian)(lian)(lian)孝(xiao)飾(shi)毛(mao)朋(peng),姜妙(miao)香飾(shi)田倫,馬(ma)富(fu)祿(lu)飾(shi)萬氏(shi)。同月(yue)(yue)(yue)26日,天蟾(chan)舞(wu)臺(tai)演(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)由(you)周信芳(fang)(fang)主(zhu)演(yan)(yan)(yan)的《四(si)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)》,同臺(tai)由(you)趙如(ru)泉飾(shi)毛(mao)朋(peng),小楊(yang)月(yue)(yue)(yue)樓飾(shi)萬氏(shi)、王(wang)蕓(yun)芳(fang)(fang)飾(shi)楊(yang)素貞,劉奎(kui)官飾(shi)顧(gu)讀,陳鶴峰飾(shi)楊(yang)春。上海(hai)觀眾得以在(zai)一月(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)內先后(hou)欣賞(shang)馬(ma)、麒兩(liang)派的《四(si)進士(shi)(shi)(shi)》,稱一時之(zhi)盛。1956年(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue),上海(hai)電影制片(pian)廠(chang)將此劇(ju)攝成彩色戲曲(qu)藝術片(pian),片(pian)名《宋(song)士(shi)(shi)(shi)杰(jie)》,周信芳(fang)(fang)主(zhu)演(yan)(yan)(yan)。同年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue),周信芳(fang)(fang)率上海(hai)京(jing)劇(ju)院(yuan)赴蘇聯訪問,演(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)了此劇(ju)。得到(dao)世(shi)界各(ge)地戲劇(ju)愛好者的好評。