大云(yun)山(shan)漢(han)墓,位(wei)置在(zai)盱眙縣馬壩鎮(zhen)云(yun)山(shan)村的(de)大云(yun)山(shan)頂,在(zai)2009年底由南京博物院考古(gu)研究(jiu)所進行考古(gu)勘探與發(fa)(fa)掘(jue),取(qu)得(de)了重大考古(gu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)。現(xian)已(yi)確認大云(yun)山(shan)頂部是漢(han)代的(de)一(yi)座(zuo)規模宏大的(de)陵園,總面積達(da)25萬平方米,考古(gu)顯示周(zhou)邊曾(ceng)有(you)500米見方的(de)圍墻,里(li)面曾(ceng)經(jing)有(you)密(mi)集的(de)建筑(zhu)群,陵園東門(men)尚有(you)道路、闕基(ji)等遺(yi)跡存在(zai)。經(jing)過鑒定,這是一(yi)處西漢(han)早期的(de)規格(ge)極高的(de)夫妻(qi)同(tong)冢異(yi)穴合葬(zang)墓,墓主人是江都王劉非。
原來這是一處(chu)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)壯觀的(de)(de)陵(ling)園式諸侯王級別(bie)的(de)(de)西(xi)漢(han)古墓(mu)(mu)群,墓(mu)(mu)園內發(fa)現有大(da)墓(mu)(mu)3座(zuo)(zuo),武器坑2座(zuo)(zuo),車(che)馬(ma)坑1座(zuo)(zuo),各(ge)種等(deng)級的(de)(de)陪葬墓(mu)(mu)13座(zuo)(zuo)。大(da)云山漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)正南方2公里處(chu)為(wei)(wei)江蘇(su)省文物保護單位“東(dong)陽城遺址”,它(ta)與小云山、青墩山三山相(xiang)連,山頂海(hai)拔73.6米,是洪澤湖東(dong)部地區的(de)(de)唯一山地。自上(shang)世紀七十(shi)年代(dai)以來,在此(ci)發(fa)現很(hen)多漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)并出(chu)土大(da)量(liang)珍貴文物。
1號墓、2號墓中均發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)黃(huang)腸題湊(cou)、金(jin)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)衣和(he)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(也稱玉(yu)(yu)(yu)匣),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢代(dai)最高級別的(de)(de)(de)墓葬(zang)。全(quan)國發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)腸題湊(cou)墓僅(jin)14座(在江蘇,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)繼(ji)揚州天山漢墓以后第二次(ci)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)黃(huang)腸題湊(cou)),全(quan)國發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)衣僅(jin)8套,全(quan)國發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)棺僅(jin)2具。這(zhe)(zhe)些漢代(dai)大墓的(de)(de)(de)墓主(zhu)皆為(wei)西(xi)(xi)漢諸侯王或(huo)王后,因此,大云山1號墓、2號墓的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)人(ren)必定(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)漢早期(qi)地位十(shi)分顯赫的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)物。
金縷玉衣
金縷玉衣
大(da)云山(shan)1號(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)處(chu)漢(han)代(dai)大(da)型(xing)豎(shu)穴巖坑(keng)木(mu)(mu)槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長35米(mi)(mi)(mi)、東西寬26米(mi)(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)深塘里,當(dang)(dang)地稱為龍(long)塘,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)雙(shuang)斜(xie)坡墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao),南(nan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)長40米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬8-21米(mi)(mi)(mi),北(bei)(bei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)被開山(shan)采石破壞,殘(can)長30米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬12-16米(mi)(mi)(mi)。東漢(han)和(he)(he)唐宋時期(qi)這里多次被盜(dao)挖過,盜(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)賊盜(dao)走(zou)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)財(cai)寶(bao)后還(huan)曾放火焚(fen)燒棺木(mu)(mu)。盡(jin)管如(ru)此(ci),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)內(nei)依然(ran)可(ke)見(jian)金(jin)(jin)絲(si)楠木(mu)(mu)整(zheng)齊地碼(ma)砌(qi)在(zai)棺室(shi)外圍,能(neng)看(kan)出每根金(jin)(jin)絲(si)楠木(mu)(mu)直徑都在(zai)30厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右。 這種(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬中(zhong)(zhong)槨室(shi)周圍用(yong)(yong)貴重木(mu)(mu)材(cai)堆(dui)壘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)框(kuang)壁結構就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“黃(huang)腸(chang)題湊”。1號(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)棺木(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)梓木(mu)(mu)材(cai)質,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)發現了(le)“金(jin)(jin)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”和(he)(he)“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺”。“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”也(ye)稱“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)匣”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)代(dai)高規格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殮(lian)服,外觀與人(ren)(ren)體形(xing)狀相同,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)穿戴(dai)者高貴身(shen)份(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象征。其中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)黃(huang)金(jin)(jin)絲(si)線連結方形(xing)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱為“金(jin)(jin)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”,用(yong)(yong)銀線、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線編(bian)織玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱為“銀縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”。一(yi)套“金(jin)(jin)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”要用(yong)(yong)兩千多玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片和(he)(he)相當(dang)(dang)數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)金(jin)(jin),而(er)且每塊(kuai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)和(he)(he)形(xing)狀都經過嚴密(mi)設計(ji)和(he)(he)精(jing)(jing)細加工,因此(ci)造價十分(fen)(fen)昂貴,通常是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)帝王的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專用(yong)(yong)品(pin)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺,即在(zai)木(mu)(mu)制棺木(mu)(mu)上(shang)鑲貼玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片之棺。1號(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外藏槨用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樅木(mu)(mu),這里幸存(cun)了(le)大(da)量文(wen)物,分(fen)(fen)藏在(zai)“兩層(ceng)(ceng)樓”中(zhong)(zhong):上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)裝滿兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬車,下層(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘鼎等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具。隨葬兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)為實用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)明(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)(qi)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。明(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)(qi)較(jiao)小(xiao),只有(you)(you)實用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)真實大(da)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)分(fen)(fen)之一(yi)。實用(yong)(yong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)多精(jing)(jing)美(mei),種(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)(you)戟(ji)、矛、劍(jian)、鈹、錐、弩機(ji)、箭(jian)(jian)鏃(zu)、鐵(tie)鋌、鎧甲等(deng)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)出土了(le)編(bian)鐘、編(bian)磬、镈(bo)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼎、鎏金(jin)(jin)龍(long)首(shou)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)架、錯金(jin)(jin)銀嵌玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)石瑪(ma)瑙(nao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鎮、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)甑、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)虎(hu)、酒筒、錢柜(ju)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)俳優俑(yong)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)祖、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)、帶鉤、純(chun)銀傘(san)柄、金(jin)(jin)纓絡(luo)、紅黃(huang)綠等(deng)各色寶(bao)石、環柄包金(jin)(jin)鐵(tie)刀、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)燈、各種(zhong)(zhong)精(jing)(jing)美(mei)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶耳杯(bei)、陶壺(hu)……真可(ke)謂金(jin)(jin)、銀、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、鐵(tie)、陶、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、漆木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)各種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具一(yi)應(ying)俱全,禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具應(ying)有(you)(you)盡(jin)有(you)(you),幾(ji)乎(hu)(hu)把生(sheng)(sheng)前(qian)奢華精(jing)(jing)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)原(yuan)封不動地搬到(dao)了(le)地下宮殿(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)。值得(de)注(zhu)意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),一(yi)個(ge)箭(jian)(jian)箙中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)300支箭(jian)(jian),而(er)箭(jian)(jian)鏃(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)竟有(you)(you)15種(zhong)(zhong),幾(ji)乎(hu)(hu)涵蓋了(le)當(dang)(dang)時遠程射(she)擊和(he)(he)近程射(she)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)箭(jian)(jian)鏃(zu)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘愛(ai)和(he)(he)專業顯(xian)而(er)易(yi)見(jian)。2號(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)與1號(hao)(hao)(hao)并列、相隔13米(mi)(mi)(mi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)發現了(le)黃(huang)腸(chang)題湊、金(jin)(jin)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣和(he)(he)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1號(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夫人(ren)(ren)。7號(hao)(hao)(hao)坑(keng)位(wei)于陵園內(nei)東南(nan)區域(yu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)未盜(dao)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)座大(da)型(xing)豎(shu)穴巖墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長26米(mi)(mi)(mi),東西最(zui)寬處(chu)達18米(mi)(mi)(mi),坑(keng)內(nei)木(mu)(mu)槨保存(cun)基本完好,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長約15米(mi)(mi)(mi),可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1號(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚輩。此(ci)外,位(wei)于陵園北(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)與西墻(qiang)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3號(hao)(hao)(hao)坑(keng)、6號(hao)(hao)(hao)坑(keng)內(nei)還(huan)出土了(le)大(da)量明(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)(qi)類鐵(tie)戟(ji)、鐵(tie)劍(jian)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)弩機(ji)、箭(jian)(jian)鏃(zu)、箭(jian)(jian)箙、盾牌等(deng)各類兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)。
玉棺細部
玉棺細部
而其中出土的(de)一件(jian)銅(tong)(tong)鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)更令人稱(cheng)奇。據介(jie)紹,鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)是一種兩(liang)面帶(dai)刃,形狀似劍(jian),裝有(you)長(chang)(chang)柄的(de)長(chang)(chang)兵器,通常由鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)首、木柲和(he)(he)銅(tong)(tong)鐓三部分(fen)組成,屬于(yu)(yu)步兵類武器。鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)在作戰時(shi)主要用于(yu)(yu)直刺和(he)(he)砍殺,盛行于(yu)(yu)春秋戰國到(dao)西漢(han)(han)時(shi)期,西漢(han)(han)中期以后逐漸(jian)消失(shi)。大云(yun)山漢(han)(han)墓發現的(de)銅(tong)(tong)鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)其帶(dai)刃的(de)前端類似短劍(jian),長(chang)(chang)約30厘米。雖然(ran)距今至少(shao)已有(you)2100年,但黑(hei)色(se)的(de)鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)身(shen)仍泛(fan)出幽(you)暗(an)的(de)光芒,鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)尖和(he)(he)鋒刃似乎并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)缺損。另外鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)身(shen)上的(de)暗(an)花(hua)紋,更是令人嘖嘖稱(cheng)嘆。這些黑(hei)色(se)卷(juan)云(yun)紋雖然(ran)清晰可(ke)見,但手摸上去卻很(hen)光滑(hua),絲毫感覺不到(dao)紋路的(de)存在。
考古專家介(jie)紹說,這叫暗花(hua)紋(wen),是極(ji)(ji)少數精(jing)致的劍(jian)、戈(ge)、矛上(shang)所飾的菱形、米字形及火焰狀幾何(he)裝飾,只在春秋戰國時期吳越地區所出(chu)的兵(bing)器(qi)見到,是吳越青(qing)銅兵(bing)器(qi)鑄造中特有的絕技(ji)。暗花(hua)紋(wen)技(ji)術早已失傳(chuan),再加上(shang)發現量極(ji)(ji)少,技(ji)術上(shang)對暗花(hua)紋(wen)尚無法(fa)完(wan)全復制,這些花(hua)紋(wen)究(jiu)竟(jing)是怎么(me)形成的,如今已成謎。
大(da)云(yun)山漢墓在盱眙(yi)縣馬壩鎮云(yun)山村(cun)的大(da)云(yun)山頂上有個水塘,當地(di)人(ren)叫“龍塘”。南京(jing)博物院考(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)所在2009年底開始經(jing)過近1年的考(kao)古(gu)勘(kan)探與發(fa)掘,取(qu)得(de)了重大(da)考(kao)古(gu)發(fa)現。
2009年(nian)初,一伙(huo)盜墓(mu)(mu)賊在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂部(bu)(bu)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)古墓(mu)(mu),連喪四條人(ren)命,驚(jing)動(dong)了當地政府(fu)和(he)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)。經國家文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)局批(pi)準,南京(jing)博物(wu)(wu)院(yuan)和(he)盱眙縣人(ren)民政府(fu)投入巨(ju)資,2009年(nian)上(shang)半(ban)年(nian)開始對(dui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)進(jin)行搶救性挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)。經過一年(nian)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉆探(tan)、發掘(jue)(jue),現(xian)已(yi)確認大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂部(bu)(bu)原來(lai)是(shi)(shi)漢(han)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一座規模宏大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陵園,總面(mian)積達25萬平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米,考古顯示周(zhou)邊曾有(you)(you)(you)500米見方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圍(wei)墻,里面(mian)曾經有(you)(you)(you)密集的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)群,陵園東(dong)門(men)(men)尚有(you)(you)(you)道路、闕(que)基等遺(yi)跡存在(zai)(zai)。已(yi)發現(xian)南北走(zou)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)三座大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)墓(mu)(mu),還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)13座陪葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu),以及(ji)武器坑(keng)(keng)和(he)車馬坑(keng)(keng)。從墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)規模、形制及(ji)出(chu)土文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)來(lai)看,這是(shi)(shi)一處西漢(han)早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)規格極高的(de)(de)(de)(de)夫妻(qi)同冢異穴(xue)合葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)。自2010年(nian)7月中旬起(qi),考古現(xian)場連續(xu)三次對(dui)外開放(fang),包(bao)括(kuo)央視、江蘇衛視在(zai)(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)國數(shu)十家媒體聚焦(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan),對(dui)此(ci)進(jin)行了大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)連續(xu)報(bao)道,在(zai)(zai)社會上(shang)掀起(qi)了游(you)覽大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)潮(chao),一股股人(ren)流涌入尚在(zai)(zai)考古發掘(jue)(jue)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan),特別是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)主身份(fen)已(yi)成為(wei)社會各(ge)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)門(men)(men)話題。