2001年4月(yue)中(zhong)旬至5月(yue)初,由湖北省(sheng)文物考(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)所主持,荊門市和(he)鐘祥市的文物考(kao)古(gu)工作(zuo)者參加,共同對鐘祥市長灘鎮大(da)(da)洪村梁莊(zhuang)王(wang)墓(mu)進行了發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)。發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)表明(ming)(ming),該墓(mu)是一座(zuo)王(wang)與妃的合葬墓(mu),有其獨(du)特的葬俗,墓(mu)內隨葬品十(shi)分豐(feng)富。據初步統計,隨葬品有金(jin)、銀、玉(yu)、(珠(zhu)(zhu))寶(bao)(bao)石、銅、鐵(tie)、鉛(qian)錫、瓷、陶(tao)、漆木、石、骨角(jiao)器等共計5300余(yu)(yu)件,其中(zhong)金(jin)、銀、玉(yu)器有1400余(yu)(yu)件,珠(zhu)(zhu)飾(shi)寶(bao)(bao)石則多達3400余(yu)(yu)件。一墓(mu)隨葬如此(ci)大(da)(da)量的金(jin)銀珠(zhu)(zhu)寶(bao)(bao),在已發(fa)(fa)現的明(ming)(ming)代親王(wang)墓(mu)中(zhong)未見,僅次于明(ming)(ming)代皇(huang)陵(ling)——定(ding)(ding)陵(ling),是繼定(ding)(ding)陵(ling)之后的又一明(ming)(ming)代重要考(kao)古(gu)發(fa)(fa)現。
梁(liang)莊王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)原筑(zhu)有內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)塋(ying)(ying)園(yuan)(yuan)、園(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)地(di)面(mian)建筑(zhu)和地(di)宮(gong),歷經(jing)滄桑,現(xian)存(cun)只有地(di)宮(gong)、內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)塋(ying)(ying)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)半部基(ji)址,園(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)地(di)面(mian)建筑(zhu)蕩然無存(cun),惟遍(bian)地(di)散布的(de)(de)(de)(de)殘磚(zhuan)敗瓦表(biao)明(ming)它(ta)們曾(ceng)經(jing)有過的(de)(de)(de)(de)輝煌(huang)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)塋(ying)(ying)園(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)(chang)方形(xing)(xing),南北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)。現(xian)存(cun)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)園(yuan)(yuan)東西(xi)寬(kuan)250米(mi)(mi),內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)園(yuan)(yuan)東西(xi)寬(kuan)55米(mi)(mi)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)塋(ying)(ying)垣基(ji)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)解剖(pou)證明(ming),外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)垣寬(kuan)1.3米(mi)(mi),是(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)皮土(tu)心墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(即以(yi)大小不等的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然石(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)壘(lei)成(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)兩(liang)堵(du)(du)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),再用(yong)土(tu)充填其間(jian)),并(bing)培(pei)(pei)土(tu)作護坡;內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)垣寬(kuan)1米(mi)(mi),是(shi)磚(zhuan)皮石(shi)(shi)(shi)心墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(以(yi)磚(zhuan)砌內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)兩(liang)堵(du)(du)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),其間(jian)充填小石(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)),也培(pei)(pei)土(tu)作護坡。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(地(di)宮(gong))構筑(zhu)在內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)塋(ying)(ying)園(yuan)(yuan)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)小山坡上,南北(bei)(bei)向(xiang),平面(mian)呈“中”字形(xing)(xing),屬(shu)崖洞磚(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),設有封土(tu)堆,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)南端(duan)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條斜坡墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)豎穴式,其底南高北(bei)(bei)低斜坡狀,平長(chang)(chang)10.6、口最(zui)寬(kuan)4.3米(mi)(mi),北(bei)(bei)端(duan)底距地(di)表(biao)深7米(mi)(mi)。修筑(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)從(cong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)北(bei)(bei)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直(zhi)壁面(mian)向(xiang)北(bei)(bei)鑿巖掘進,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)隧洞,再在洞內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)用(yong)磚(zhuan)砌成(cheng)(cheng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi),粘合(he)料是(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)分為(wei)前室(shi)(shi)(shi)和后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi),橫前室(shi)(shi)(shi),雙穹窿頂,前、后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)各設一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)雙扇(shan)(shan)門(men)和一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)空全長(chang)(chang)15.4、最(zui)寬(kuan)7.88、高5.3米(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)填土(tu)分五層(ceng)(ceng):第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)從(cong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)精選運(yun)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu),未夯(hang);第(di)二(er)和四(si)(si)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰層(ceng)(ceng),第(di)三和五層(ceng)(ceng)則系(xi)原坑(keng)紅褚巖,均經(jing)夯(hang)實。鑿洞為(wei)室(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)掏出的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi),最(zui)后(hou)(hou)回填成(cheng)(cheng)封土(tu)堆,高約9、底徑約50米(mi)(mi)。門(men)洞為(wei)六層(ceng)(ceng)磚(zhuan)券(quan),封門(men)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)厚達1米(mi)(mi)。券(quan)洞頂之上,砌一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)堵(du)(du)擋土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),直(zhi)達第(di)二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰層(ceng)(ceng)底。此墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)頭外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)加砌一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)堵(du)(du)高1.17米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)碑(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),碑(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)腳(jiao)壓在第(di)四(si)(si)層(ceng)(ceng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)上。此碑(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)嵌石(shi)(shi)(shi)質墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志兩(liang)合(he),東西(xi)并(bing)列:東邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志較大,是(shi)《梁(liang)莊王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)》墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志;西(xi)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志較小,是(shi)《大明(ming)梁(liang)莊王(wang)妃(fei)壙志文》。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體厚近(jin)1米(mi)(mi),以(yi)六層(ceng)(ceng)磚(zhuan)砌成(cheng)(cheng),地(di)磚(zhuan)則只平鋪一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)。前室(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)質,但(dan)只有東扇(shan)(shan)門(men),西(xi)扇(shan)(shan)門(men)已佚,門(men)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前室(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)磚(zhuan)面(mian)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)長(chang)(chang)方形(xing)(xing)凹(ao)坑(keng),是(shi)用(yong)來支墊“自(zi)來石(shi)(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)。后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)為(wei)漆(qi)木(mu)質,已朽。后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)設有壁龕、棺床(chuang)(chuang)和燈臺(tai):室(shi)(shi)(shi)中砌兩(liang)座(zuo)長(chang)(chang)方形(xing)(xing)棺床(chuang)(chuang),中央用(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)條砌成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)是(shi)為(wei)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棺床(chuang)(chuang);其西(xi)側以(yi)磚(zhuan)接砌的(de)(de)(de)(de)略小的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)則系(xi)妃(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棺床(chuang)(chuang)。甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側各有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)磚(zhuan)砌燈臺(tai),東、西(xi)、北(bei)(bei)壁各辟一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)壁龕。后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穹窿頂有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)處被盜(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分子炸陷而(er)未垮塌的(de)(de)(de)(de)盜(dao)洞,說明(ming)盜(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分子未曾(ceng)進入墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)。
明(ming)(ming)梁莊王墓是明(ming)(ming)仁宗朱(zhu)高(gao)熾的(de)(de)第(di)九個兒子(zi)朱(zhu)瞻垍與魏妃的(de)(de)合葬墓,出土金器(qi)、玉(yu)器(qi)、瓷(ci)器(qi)等5300余件,出土文物各種鑲嵌(qian)的(de)(de)寶石有700多顆,是中國已發掘明(ming)(ming)代親王墓中等級(ji)最(zui)高(gao)的(de)(de)一次(ci),隨葬物品的(de)(de)豐富與精美僅(jin)次(ci)于明(ming)(ming)十三陵(ling)中的(de)(de)定陵(ling)。
展出的(de)金(jin)(jin)鑲(xiang)(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)帶(dai)帶(dai)銙、云形(xing)金(jin)(jin)累絲鑲(xiang)(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)簪、金(jin)(jin)累絲鑲(xiang)(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)青玉鏤空雙鸞鳥牡丹(dan)簪、金(jin)(jin)鑲(xiang)(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)絳環等(deng)(deng),其上(shang)鑲(xiang)(xiang)嵌的(de)紅寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、祖母綠(lv)、金(jin)(jin)綠(lv)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、金(jin)(jin)綠(lv)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)貓(mao)(mao)眼、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英貓(mao)(mao)眼等(deng)(deng)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)近百顆(ke)。在(zai)金(jin)(jin)鑲(xiang)(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)帽(mao)頂上(shang),鑲(xiang)(xiang)嵌一顆(ke)約200克拉的(de)橄欖形(xing)無(wu)色藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi),是目前(qian)發現最大的(de)藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。
據初(chu)步(bu)統計,墓內的(de)隨(sui)葬器物(wu)共計5340余件,其中金(jin)、銀(yin)、玉器和珠(zhu)飾(shi)寶(bao)石有(you)4800余件粗略(lve)計算,這(zhe)些珍(zhen)寶(bao)所使用的(de)金(jin)量達到16公斤(jin)(jin),用銀(yin)量達到13公斤(jin)(jin),用玉量達到14公斤(jin)(jin),出土的(de)寶(bao)石700多顆,它們保存完好,燦燦生(sheng)輝,可謂(wei)金(jin)玉滿堂,珠(zhu)光寶(bao)氣。這(zhe)批金(jin)銀(yin)玉器既有(you)單件成器的(de),也(ye)有(you)由多飾(shi)件組成一(yi)器的(de),型式(shi)多樣(yang)。 梁莊王墓的(de)發掘,使大批珍(zhen)貴文物(wu)重見天日,也(ye)提出了一(yi)些新的(de)研(yan)究課題(ti)。目前,只完成了室(shi)內整理的(de)第一(yi)階(jie)段(duan)工作,即(ji)將開(kai)始(shi)全面的(de)整理工作。