朱(zhu)檀墓,又稱魯荒(huang)王(wang)墓,坐落(luo)在鄒(zou)城市區北(bei)九龍山南(nan)麓(lu)。朱(zhu)檀為明太(tai)祖(zu)朱(zhu)元(yuan)(yuan)璋(zhang)第十子。洪武三年(1370年),出生兩個月受(shou)封(feng)魯王(wang),15歲就藩(fan)兗州(zhou)。他“好文禮士,善詩歌”,篤信道教(jiao)。為求長生不老藥,終日焚香(xiang)誦經,燒煉“仙丹(dan)”,結果“餌金石藥,毒(du)發發傷(shang)目”,洪武二十二年薨,年僅19歲。朱(zhu)元(yuan)(yuan)璋(zhang)惡其荒(huang)唐,謚為“荒(huang)”。墓坐北(bei)面南(nan),依山建造,有(you)巨大的(de)封(feng)土堆(dui),占地1.3萬(wan)余(yu)平方米(mi)。
歷史魯王朱檀(tan)陵(ling)墓,座落在鄒(zou)城東北12公里的(de)九龍(long)山南麓,紅墻護圍,松柏掩映,為(wei)(wei)埋(mai)葬和祭祀朱檀(tan)的(de)地(di)方。據《明史》記載,朱檀(tan),系明太祖第十(shi)子,洪(hong)武三年(nian)(1370年(nian))生(sheng)(sheng)。生(sheng)(sheng)兩月而封(feng)為(wei)(wei)魯王。洪(hong)武十(shi)八年(nian)(1385年(nian))15歲時(shi)就(jiu)藩(fan)兗(yan)(yan)州(zhou),轄(xia)四(si)州(zhou)二十(shi)三縣。朱檀(tan)“謙(qian)恭下士,博學多識,好文禮士,善(shan)詩(shi)歌”,甚為(wei)(wei)朱元璋所(suo)喜愛。但住進兗(yan)(yan)州(zhou)魯王府(fu)后(hou)(hou),誤入邪路,信奉道(dao)教,終日焚香誦經,燒(shao)煉“仙丹(dan)”,求不老之藥,希冀長(chang)生(sheng)(sheng),結果卻“餌金石藥,毒發傷目”,僅(jin)活了19歲。朱元璋獲悉后(hou)(hou)十(shi)分(fen)惱怒,認為(wei)(wei)他的(de)行為(wei)(wei)實(shi)在荒唐,遂(sui)賜惡謚(shi)曰“荒王”。 [2]
明魯(lu)荒王(wang)墓未經(jing)盜掘,經(jing)過清理(li),共出土(tu)遺物1100余件,其中珍(zhen)品文物有織金(jin)緞龍(long)袍、九旒冕、九縫皮弁(biàn,古代男子(zi)戴的帽(mao)子(zi))、“魯(lu)王(wang)之(zhi)寶”貼金(jin)木印、金(jin)鑲玉透雕(diao)玉帶、唐(tang)代“天(tian)風海(hai)濤”琴、宋高宗題詩扇面(mian)、元代錢選白蓮(lian)手(shou)卷、元版古籍、戧金(jin)云(yun)龍(long)紋漆箱、青白釉云(yun)龍(long)紋罐、等(deng)等(deng)。
擇選風(feng)水(shui)寶地(di)不(bu)惜人力財力,大興土(tu)木(mu),為(wei)其修建了這處(chu)(chu)規(gui)模宏大的(de)(de)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓。荒(huang)王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),背依九(jiu)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(為(wei)九(jiu)龍(long)(long)山(shan)第一(yi)峰(feng),號(hao)稱(cheng)(cheng)“龍(long)(long)頭(tou)”,又名“玄武(wu)”),東有(you)(you)(you)臥虎(hu)山(shan),西有(you)(you)(you)玉皇山(shan)(又名曰“青龍(long)(long)”、“白(bai)虎(hu)”),南(nan)與朱雀山(shan)遙遙相對,按古代“四(si)神(shen)(shen)方位(wei)”定穴(xue)。《禮記·曲禮上》:“行前朱鳥(niao)而后玄武(wu)”。下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)白(bai)馬(ma)(ma)泉(quan),為(wei)白(bai)馬(ma)(ma)河源頭(tou)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)居(ju)高臨下(xia),向陽瀕(bin)水(shui),四(si)望(wang)山(shan)川回環(huan),林(lin)木(mu)葳(wei)蕤,風(feng)景(jing)如畫(hua)。不(bu)僅是(shi)一(yi)處(chu)(chu)人間勝境,還(huan)是(shi)一(yi)座(zuo)典(dian)型的(de)(de)明(ming)代親王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區原占(zhan)地(di)面(mian)積7萬(wan)平方米(mi),規(gui)模宏大,氣勢莊嚴,分(fen)為(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)和(he)地(di)宮兩部(bu)分(fen)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan):陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區分(fen)內(nei)城和(he)外(wai)城,修有(you)(you)(you)內(nei)外(wai)護(hu)城河。進(jin)入神(shen)(shen)道的(de)(de)第一(yi)座(zuo)門(men)(men)坊是(shi)午朝門(men)(men),前為(wei)單拱(gong)石(shi)橋(qiao),名“御橋(qiao)”。石(shi)橋(qiao)攔板上飾(shi)有(you)(you)(you)透雕(diao)的(de)(de)寶瓶(ping)靈芝(zhi)等圖案(an)。橋(qiao)東西兩側既是(shi)白(bai)馬(ma)(ma)二泉(quan),泉(quan)水(shui)明(ming)澈,常年(nian)不(bu)涸,號(hao)稱(cheng)(cheng)“龍(long)(long)泉(quan)”。過“御橋(qiao)”便是(shi)內(nei)城門(men)(men)。內(nei)城分(fen)為(wei)環(huan)以四(si)周的(de)(de)紅墻(qiang)高3.70米(mi),寬0.70米(mi),為(wei)冰(bing)盤檐式磚石(shi)結構(gou),陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)分(fen)前后兩進(jin)院落,布(bu)局嚴謹,建筑典(dian)雅富麗(li)。南(nan)門(men)(men)三座(zuo),中(zhong)門(men)(men)獨高,旁門(men)(men)稍矮(ai),翼然并列(lie),系門(men)(men)洞式斗拱(gong)建筑。雕(diao)梁畫(hua)棟,色彩絢麗(li),重檐斗拱(gong),凌空欲(yu)飛(fei),中(zhong)門(men)(men)坊額上書(shu)“荒(huang)王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”三個鎏金大字。第二道門(men)(men)與南(nan)門(men)(men)建筑在同一(yi)條中(zhong)軸線上,為(wei)四(si)柱三楹式歇山(shan)飛(fei)檐建筑。后部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)享(xiang)殿,殿七楹,歇山(shan)重檐飛(fei)角,是(shi)當年(nian)祭祀魯王朱檀的(de)(de)殿宇(yu)。據說當年(nian)內(nei)城墻(qiang)的(de)(de)四(si)角上還(huan)建有(you)(you)(you)角樓。
地(di)(di)(di)宮(gong):出陵園后門(men)(men)(men)便(bian)是方(fang)城明樓,是地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)宮(gong)殿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要標志。方(fang)城高7.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),周圍建(jian)有(you)2.70米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回廊,供游人飽覽(lan)陵區風(feng)光(guang)。方(fang)城上(shang)(shang)建(jian)有(you)明樓,為(wei)歇山式(shi)飛(fei)檐(yan)斗(dou)拱(gong)建(jian)筑,氣勢雄偉(wei)。方(fang)城后便(bian)是地(di)(di)(di)宮(gong)。地(di)(di)(di)宮(gong)距地(di)(di)(di)表深26米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),由墓(mu)道(dao)(dao)、前(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、后室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)部(bu)(bu)分組成,依山鑿石(shi)(shi)(shi)開擴,青(qing)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)筑室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),上(shang)(shang)為(wei)高大(da)(da)(da)封土。地(di)(di)(di)宮(gong)建(jian)有(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)道(dao)(dao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)(men),墓(mu)道(dao)(dao)全長50余米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),并筑有(you)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰和(he)(he)(he)糯米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)汁(zhi)混合澆鑄而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)道(dao)(dao)擋土墻。墓(mu)門(men)(men)(men)前(qian)(qian)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)高8.86米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封土墻,墻后便(bian)是高8.20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)(kuan)5.35米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅色(se)金(jin)剛墻,墻沿(yan)飾綠(lv)色(se)琉璃瓦和(he)(he)(he)吻獸(shou)。第一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)(men)位于入洞口(kou)1.50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬道(dao)(dao)中,為(wei)雙扉(fei)樞軸式(shi)。門(men)(men)(men)以巨石(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)成,高2.40米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)1.30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),厚(hou)0.18—0.20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),每扇重(zhong)約2噸,門(men)(men)(men)樞鑲有(you)重(zhong)約15公斤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合金(jin)銅套。門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正面雕(diao)有(you)縱(zong)橫九排門(men)(men)(men)釘(ding)和(he)(he)(he)鐵(tie)質涂(tu)金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪首銜環。石(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)(men)涂(tu)紅漆(qi)(qi),釘(ding)貼金(jin),六百年(nian)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)今(jin)天(tian),色(se)澤(ze)仍十分鮮(xian)艷(yan)。這第一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)(men)即(ji)為(wei)前(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)拱(gong)券(quan)式(shi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)結構(gou),磨(mo)光(guang)方(fang)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)鋪地(di)(di)(di)。南北長8.25米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)西(xi)寬(kuan)(kuan)5.25米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),為(wei)東(dong)西(xi)向券(quan)頂(ding)。墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑規模宏偉(wei),高大(da)(da)(da)寬(kuan)(kuan)敞(chang),堅固嚴密,防水性強,在建(jian)筑藝(yi)術(shu)上(shang)(shang)有(you)獨(du)到之處(chu)。前(qian)(qian)部(bu)(bu)當中置一(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)瓷缸,直徑1.70米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),內裝(zhuang)鐵(tie)燈(deng)芯(xin)座(zuo)、豆油,稱為(wei)長明燈(deng),又叫萬年(nian)燈(deng)。后部(bu)(bu)中間設有(you)一(yi)(yi)張朱紅御案(an),案(an)上(shang)(shang)放(fang)盝(lu)頂(ding)寶匣三(san)只。內裝(zhuang)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)制(zhi)帖金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“魯(lu)王(wang)之寶”金(jin)印。室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內還隨葬(zang)有(you)龐大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)雕(diao)彩繪俑(yong)群,共432件,分別為(wei)儀(yi)仗俑(yong)和(he)(he)(he)樂(le)(le)俑(yong)。木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)俑(yong)雕(diao)刻精細,刀法簡練(lian),神態各異,手(shou)持各種儀(yi)仗和(he)(he)(he)樂(le)(le)器,其中有(you)拱(gong)手(shou)而立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)官和(he)(he)(he)身材魁偉(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侍衛。尤為(wei)引人注目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是一(yi)(yi)匹高頭大(da)(da)(da)馬,昂首而立(li),是出土24匹馬中最為(wei)健壯肥大(da)(da)(da)華麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)匹。第二道(dao)(dao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)(men)與前(qian)(qian)門(men)(men)(men)基本(ben)相同,兩(liang)(liang)(liang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間有(you)一(yi)(yi)甬道(dao)(dao)。后室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)棺室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),東(dong)西(xi)長8.20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),南北寬(kuan)(kuan)5.45米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高5.50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。中部(bu)(bu)砌(qi)有(you)南北3.85米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、東(dong)西(xi)3.10米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高0.50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)須彌座(zuo)式(shi)棺床(chuang),朱漆(qi)(qi)楠(nan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)棺槨置于棺床(chuang)上(shang)(shang)。棺內朱檀(tan)身著龍袍(pao),腰束玉帶,頭貫金(jin)簪(zan),身下(xia)鋪19枚金(jin)錢。棺床(chuang)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)邊各有(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)張木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)桌和(he)(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)描金(jin)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)箱。箱內裝(zhuang)有(you)冠、袍(pao)、靴、衣、帽、玉圭、玉帶和(he)(he)(he)梳妝(zhuang)具等。桌上(shang)(shang)擺(bai)放(fang)著文(wen)房四寶和(he)(he)(he)琴棋詩畫等物。東(dong)西(xi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)壁并擺(bai)著葬(zang)儀(yi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匾牌。其它隨葬(zang)品為(wei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、竹、銅、錫(xi)制(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些小冥器和(he)(he)(he)瓷器等。
出土(tu)珍(zhen)貴文(wen)物(wu):朱檀墓(mu)共出土(tu)各類文(wen)物(wu)1100余件,保存基本完(wan)好,這批(pi)豐(feng)富寶貴文(wen)物(wu)的出土(tu),對研究明初(chu)社會(hui)政治、經濟、文(wen)化以及官(guan)制(zhi)、輿服(fu)、紡(fang)織、書法、繪畫等提(ti)供了極為珍(zhen)貴的資料。朱檀墓(mu)文(wen)物(wu)曾(ceng)在我國北京和日(ri)本展出,引起人們極大的興趣(qu)。
出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)量隨葬品大(da)(da)致分為(wei)(wei)冠服、儀仗、家具、和(he)文房四(si)寶(bao)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)棋書(shu)畫(hua)幾類,其中(zhong)最突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)“王(wang)冠”。此(ci)冠通(tong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)18厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),長(chang)49.4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)30厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。系藤篾(mie)編制(zhi),鑲(xiang)以金圈(quan)、金邊、冠兩側飾(shi)(shi)梅花(hua)穿,貫一(yi)金簪。九旒(liu)(liu)、旒(liu)(liu)貫紅、白(bai)(bai)、青、黃、黑五色(se)(se)(se)玉(yu)珠(zhu)(zhu)。它體現了魯王(wang)朱(zhu)(zhu)檀的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)貴(gui)(gui)地(di)位。出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)袍(pao)服衣著之(zhi)(zhi)類,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盤領(ling)窄(zhai)(zhai)袖(xiu)金織(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)袍(pao),中(zhong)紗單袍(pao)和(he)交領(ling)暗花(hua)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)袍(pao),織(zhi)(zhi)錦(jin)圖(tu)案(an)非常(chang)漂亮,大(da)(da)多用(yong)(yong)金線織(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)。龍(long)(long)(long)袍(pao)是(shi)朱(zhu)(zhu)檀在(zai)大(da)(da)典的(de)(de)(de)(de)日子里穿的(de)(de)(de)(de),身長(chang)1.30米(mi)(mi)(mi),袖(xiu)長(chang)約1.10米(mi)(mi)(mi),交領(ling)窄(zhai)(zhai)袖(xiu),米(mi)(mi)(mi)黃色(se)(se)(se),兩肩及(ji)胸背上繡金織(zhi)(zhi)盤龍(long)(long)(long)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen),袖(xiu)及(ji)膝欄飾(shi)(shi)行(xing)龍(long)(long)(long)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)花(hua)草、胸下部飾(shi)(shi)三組九行(xing)盤線,圖(tu)案(an)花(hua)色(se)(se)(se)豐富多彩,對了解和(he)研究明代(dai)絲(si)織(zhi)(zhi)品有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)重要參考價值。玉(yu)制(zhi)品在(zai)出(chu)土(tu)文物中(zhong)占較大(da)(da)比例(li)(li),其中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)件玉(yu)帶,玉(yu)質潤澤,刻工(gong)精(jing)美。它以25節羊(yang)(yang)脂(zhi)玉(yu)組成(cheng),用(yong)(yong)金片鑲(xiang)嵌,雕(diao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)縷空靈芝圖(tu)案(an)。帶頭三節用(yong)(yong)雙層透花(hua)金片鑲(xiang)嵌著一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)藍寶(bao)石、兩顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)較小藍寶(bao)石、十二(er)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)紅寶(bao)石、八(ba)粒(li)珍珠(zhu)(zhu)、六顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)綠松(song)石、兩塊長(chang)方(fang)形螢石(分別呈綠色(se)(se)(se),粉色(se)(se)(se)),一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)祖母綠和(he)一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)稀有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貓眼寶(bao)石,通(tong)體總計鑲(xiang)嵌各(ge)色(se)(se)(se)寶(bao)石33顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。其工(gong)藝(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)超(chao),實(shi)屬罕見(jian)。此(ci)外,還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)只白(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)蓋罐,口(kou)徑24.4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),底徑21.2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),通(tong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)37.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。圓唇(chun),直口(kou),圓鼓腹,平底。胎體厚(hou)重,通(tong)體施(shi)青白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)釉(you)(you)。蓋呈倒荷葉形,脈絡(luo)清(qing)晰,寶(bao)珠(zhu)(zhu)鈕(niu)。腹部刻暗雙龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen),昂(ang)首在(zai)云(yun)(yun)中(zhong)遨游相逐,龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)上下間隔以卷草紋(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)飾(shi)(shi)。出(chu)土(tu)時罐內(nei)盛(sheng)放(fang)梨、棗、肉、米(mi)(mi)(mi)飯、雞蛋、菜葉等(deng)(deng)。和(he)兩塊質地(di)分別為(wei)(wei)碧玉(yu)和(he)羊(yang)(yang)脂(zhi)玉(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)圭,以及(ji)玉(yu)硯、玉(yu)佩、玉(yu)筆(bi)管、玉(yu)筆(bi)架等(deng)(deng)。從這(zhe)批玉(yu)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)水平看(kan),充分體現了我國古代(dai)勞動人(ren)(ren)民(min)高(gao)(gao)(gao)超(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技藝(yi)和(he)聰明才智。“天風(feng)海(hai)濤”琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)。桐木制(zhi)成(cheng),黑漆琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身,裂(lie)似蛇蚹,背刻篆書(shu)“天風(feng)海(hai)濤”。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)腹有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)龍(long)(long)(long)池(chi)(chi)、鳳沼兩共鳴槽(cao)。龍(long)(long)(long)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“圣宋(song)(song)(song)隆興甲申口(kou)口(kou),大(da)(da)唐雷威親(qin)斫(zhuo)”兩行(xing)銘(ming)文。雷威為(wei)(wei)唐代(dai)制(zhi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)大(da)(da)師,以善制(zhi)蛇蚹琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)而著名。南宋(song)(song)(song)大(da)(da)詩人(ren)(ren)陸(lu)游詩云(yun)(yun):“古琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)蛇蚹評(ping)無(wu)(wu)價,魚腸寶(bao)劍讬有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)靈”,可見(jian)雷威制(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)蛇蚹琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin),在(zai)明代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)中(zhong)實(shi)為(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)世珍品了。宋(song)(song)(song)葵(kui)花(hua)蛺(jia)蝶扇面。高(gao)(gao)(gao)24.3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)25.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。絹本(ben)、金粉設色(se)(se)(se),畫(hua)上方(fang)鈐有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“皇女(nv)市圖(tu)書(shu)”朱(zhu)(zhu)印(yin),左下方(fang)鈐有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“司印(yin)”二(er)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)騎縫(feng)朱(zhu)(zhu)印(yin)。背面有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)宋(song)(song)(song)高(gao)(gao)(gao)宗趙構為(wei)(wei)葵(kui)花(hua)扇面題的(de)(de)(de)(de)金字跋文:“白(bai)(bai)露才過(guo)催八(ba)月,紫房紅葉共凄涼;黃花(hua)冷淡無(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)看(kan),獨自傾(qing)心向夕陽(yang)” 元(yuan)錢選(xuan)工(gong)筆(bi)白(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)畫(hua)。紙本(ben)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)42厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),長(chang)90.3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),下有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)錢選(xuan)自提七言詩一(yi)首:“裊(niao)裊(niao)瑤池(chi)(chi)白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)花(hua),往(wang)來青島靜無(wu)(wu)嘩(hua);幽人(ren)(ren)不飲閑攜杖(zhang),但憶清(qing)香伴月華。”錢選(xuan),宋(song)(song)(song)末(mo)元(yuan)初人(ren)(ren)。善畫(hua)山水花(hua)鳥人(ren)(ren)物,為(wei)(wei)元(yuan)初畫(hua)界八(ba)俊(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。這(zhe)些宋(song)(song)(song)、元(yuan)古畫(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)土(tu),為(wei)(wei)研究我國古代(dai)書(shu)畫(hua)藝(yi)術(shu)提供了寶(bao)貴(gui)(gui)資料。隨葬品還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)各(ge)種書(shu)籍共7種21冊(ce)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《朱(zhu)(zhu)子訂(ding)定(ding)蔡(cai)氏(shi)集傳(chuan)(chuan)》、《增入音注括例(li)(li)始末(mo)胡文定(ding)公(gong)春(chun)秋傳(chuan)(chuan)》、《四(si)書(shu)集注》、《少微家塾點校(xiao)附(fu)音通(tong)簽節要》、《朱(zhu)(zhu)文公(gong)校(xiao)昌(chang)黎先生文集》、《黃氏(shi)補千家注紀年杜(du)工(gong)部詩史》等(deng)(deng)。這(zhe)些宋(song)(song)(song)元(yuan)版本(ben)已是(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)世珍品,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更是(shi)海(hai)內(nei)孤本(ben),實(shi)為(wei)(wei)瑰寶(bao)。
中(zhong)國歷代帝王(wang)為了(le)顯(xian)示地(di)位和尊貴,提倡“厚葬(zang)以(yi)明孝”,不惜動用大量(liang)人(ren)(ren)力物力修建(jian)(jian)巨大的陵(ling)墓(mu),朱檀陵(ling)園的建(jian)(jian)造,在(zai)當時實(shi)為一項(xiang)浩(hao)大的系統工程。僅掘石開擴,填積(ji)封土(tu),動用土(tu)石方(fang)量(liang)約計20余萬立(li)方(fang)米(mi)。這座具有600多(duo)年歷史的古建(jian)(jian)筑群,充分展示了(le)古代勞動人(ren)(ren)民的智(zhi)慧和力量(liang)。
1970年春至1971年,山(shan)東省(sheng)、濟寧地區和鄒縣(xian)考古工作者在有(you)關部門配合下,對(dui)荒王(wang)陵地宮進行了發掘(jue),出土文物(wu)1300余種,不僅是(shi)山(shan)東省(sheng)至今(jin)發現(xian)最(zui)大的(de),而(er)且是(shi)京南江北最(zui)大的(de)地下宮殿。
從1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)始,鄒城市人(ren)民政府(fu)投入(ru)巨(ju)資對荒(huang)(huang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陵進行(xing)修復(fu)建設,歷時兩年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),今日的荒(huang)(huang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陵重現(xian)昔日雄(xiong)姿(zi)。現(xian)已(yi)建立(li)了(le)朱檀墓(mu)(mu)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)管(guan)理所,復(fu)制文(wen)(wen)物(wu)近(jin)300件,按墓(mu)(mu)內原貌(mao)布置(zhi)陣列,每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)都吸引著大(da)批中外(wai)游人(ren)來(lai)此覽勝,現(xian)已(yi)被公(gong)布為(wei)山東省重點(dian)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保護單位。附:魯荒(huang)(huang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)世(shi)襲(xi)(xi)(xi)表魯荒(huang)(huang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)檀,太祖庶(shu)(shu)十(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),洪武三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封。十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)就藩兗州府(fu)。二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。靖(jing)(jing)(jing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)肇輝,荒(huang)(huang)庶(shu)(shu)一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),永樂元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)(xi)封。成(cheng)化(hua)(hua)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。惠(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)泰堪,靖(jing)(jing)(jing)嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),成(cheng)化(hua)(hua)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)(xi)封。九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。莊王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)鑄,惠(hui)嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),成(cheng)化(hua)(hua)十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)(xi)封,嘉靖(jing)(jing)(jing)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。當(dang)漇(xi),莊嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),成(cheng)化(hua)(hua)十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封世(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),弘治十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。以孫觀火(huo)定(ding)(ding) 襲(xi)(xi)(xi)封,追(zhui)封王(wang)(wang)(wang)。溢曰懷。健木戈 ,懷嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),弘治十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封世(shi)孫。正德十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong),以子(zi)(zi)(zi)觀火(huo)定(ding)(ding) 襲(xi)(xi)(xi)封。追(zhui)封王(wang)(wang)(wang),溢曰悼(dao)。端王(wang)(wang)(wang)觀火(huo)定(ding)(ding) ,悼(dao)嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),嘉靖(jing)(jing)(jing)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)(xi)封。二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。恭王(wang)(wang)(wang)頤坦,端一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),嘉靖(jing)(jing)(jing)三十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)(xi)封。萬歷二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。敬(jing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)壽(shou)增(zeng),恭庶(shu)(shu)六子(zi)(zi)(zi),初(chu)(chu)封富平王(wang)(wang)(wang)。二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。無(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。憲(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)壽(shou)钅宏,恭庶(shu)(shu)七子(zi)(zi)(zi),初(chu)(chu)封常德王(wang)(wang)(wang)。萬歷二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)九進封。崇(chong)禎(zhen)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。無(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。肅(su)王(wang)(wang)(wang)壽(shou)鏞、恭庶(shu)(shu)九子(zi)(zi)(zi),初(chu)(chu)封泰興王(wang)(wang)(wang)。崇(chong)禎(zhen)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)進封。十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)。自(zi)朱檀始,共傳十(shi)代十(shi)三王(wang)(wang)(wang),前后延續達283年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),貫穿(chuan)整個明代。
1970年(nian)春,山東省(sheng)博物館組織發掘(jue)朱檀墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室距地表深20余米,鑿石開壙,砌以(yi)磚室,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道居南(nan)側(ce)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室前(qian)(qian)(qian)有封門(men)墻、金剛(gang)墻、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室通長(chang)20.6米,有兩(liang)重門(men),分(fen)前(qian)(qian)(qian)后兩(liang)室,兩(liang)室間有甬道相連(lian),前(qian)(qian)(qian)室前(qian)(qian)(qian)部(bu)正中置(zhi)一大(da)缸,內有一盞萬年(nian)燈;后部(bu)中央設一紅(hong)御(yu)案,案面有藍頂寶匣,內盛(sheng)“魯王(wang)之(zhi)寶”印;御(yu)案之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)有木(mu)雕彩繪(hui)俑群,其中武士俑、儀仗俑、樂俑、侍衛(wei)俑380個(ge),馬俑24個(ge),車(che)2輛。后室正中朱檀棺槨置(zhi)磚雕棺床(chuang)之(zhi)長(chang)。因墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室長(chang)年(nian)積(ji)水,隨葬品6000余件大(da)多保存完(wan)好,出土有戧金漆箱、南(nan)宋“天風海濤”琴、織金緞龍袍、雙(shuang)層透雕玉帶、冕旒等(deng)衣物。最珍(zhen)貴的(de)是保存了(le)(le)宋高宗題跋的(de)金粉(fen)“葵花蛺蝶”扇面、元(yuan) 錢選(xuan)自跋的(de)白蓮手卷和無款金碧山水絹畫(hua)三件等(deng)均為國內罕見的(de)文物珍(zhen)品。以(yi)及(ji)《四書集注》、《通鑒(jian)節要(yao)》、《杜工部(bu)詩(shi)史(shi)》等(deng)七種二(er)十余冊元(yuan)刻(ke)本書籍。自1985年(nian)起,鄒縣(xian)(今鄒城市(shi))人民政府陸續修復了(le)(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)陵園(yuan)建筑,復原了(le)(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室的(de)陳列,并對(dui)外開放。