朱(zhu)檀墓(mu),又稱魯荒王(wang)墓(mu),坐(zuo)落(luo)在鄒城市區北(bei)九龍山南麓。朱(zhu)檀為明(ming)太祖朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋(zhang)第十子。洪(hong)武三年(nian)(1370年(nian)),出(chu)生兩(liang)個月受封(feng)魯王(wang),15歲(sui)就藩兗州(zhou)。他“好文(wen)禮(li)士,善詩歌(ge)”,篤(du)信道教(jiao)。為求長生不老(lao)藥(yao),終日(ri)焚香誦經,燒煉“仙丹”,結果“餌金石(shi)藥(yao),毒(du)發發傷目”,洪(hong)武二十二年(nian)薨,年(nian)僅19歲(sui)。朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋(zhang)惡其(qi)荒唐,謚為“荒”。墓(mu)坐(zuo)北(bei)面南,依山建造,有巨大(da)的封(feng)土(tu)堆,占地(di)1.3萬余平方米。
歷史魯王(wang)(wang)朱(zhu)(zhu)檀(tan)陵墓,座(zuo)落(luo)在(zai)鄒城東北12公(gong)里的(de)(de)九(jiu)龍(long)山(shan)南麓(lu),紅墻護圍,松(song)柏掩映,為埋葬和(he)祭祀朱(zhu)(zhu)檀(tan)的(de)(de)地(di)方。據《明史》記載,朱(zhu)(zhu)檀(tan),系(xi)明太祖(zu)第十(shi)子(zi),洪(hong)武三年(nian)(1370年(nian))生。生兩月(yue)而(er)封為魯王(wang)(wang)。洪(hong)武十(shi)八年(nian)(1385年(nian))15歲時(shi)就藩兗州,轄(xia)四州二十(shi)三縣。朱(zhu)(zhu)檀(tan)“謙恭下(xia)士,博學多識,好文(wen)禮士,善詩歌(ge)”,甚為朱(zhu)(zhu)元璋所(suo)喜愛(ai)。但住進兗州魯王(wang)(wang)府后(hou),誤入邪(xie)路,信奉道教,終日焚香(xiang)誦(song)經,燒煉(lian)“仙丹”,求不(bu)老之藥,希冀長生,結果卻“餌金石藥,毒(du)發(fa)傷目”,僅活了(le)19歲。朱(zhu)(zhu)元璋獲(huo)悉后(hou)十(shi)分惱怒(nu),認為他(ta)的(de)(de)行為實在(zai)荒唐(tang),遂(sui)賜惡謚曰“荒王(wang)(wang)”。 [2]
明魯荒王(wang)墓未經盜(dao)掘,經過清理,共出(chu)土遺物1100余件,其中珍品(pin)文物有(you)織金(jin)(jin)緞龍(long)袍、九旒冕、九縫皮(pi)弁(biàn,古代男(nan)子戴的帽子)、“魯王(wang)之寶”貼(tie)金(jin)(jin)木印、金(jin)(jin)鑲(xiang)玉透雕玉帶、唐代“天風(feng)海濤”琴、宋高宗題詩扇面、元代錢選白蓮手卷、元版(ban)古籍、戧(chuang)金(jin)(jin)云(yun)龍(long)紋漆箱、青(qing)白釉云(yun)龍(long)紋罐、等(deng)等(deng)。
擇選風水(shui)寶地不(bu)(bu)惜人力財力,大興土(tu)木,為(wei)(wei)(wei)其修(xiu)建(jian)了這處(chu)規模(mo)宏(hong)大的(de)(de)陵(ling)墓。荒王(wang)陵(ling),背依九(jiu)龍山(shan)(shan)(為(wei)(wei)(wei)九(jiu)龍山(shan)(shan)第(di)(di)一(yi)峰,號稱“龍頭”,又(you)名(ming)“玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)”),東有(you)(you)臥虎山(shan)(shan),西(xi)有(you)(you)玉皇(huang)山(shan)(shan)(又(you)名(ming)曰“青龍”、“白虎”),南與(yu)朱雀山(shan)(shan)遙遙相對,按古代“四神方(fang)位”定(ding)穴。《禮(li)記·曲禮(li)上(shang)》:“行(xing)前(qian)朱鳥(niao)而后玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)”。下有(you)(you)白馬(ma)泉(quan),為(wei)(wei)(wei)白馬(ma)河源頭。陵(ling)園居(ju)高(gao)臨下,向(xiang)陽瀕水(shui),四望山(shan)(shan)川(chuan)回環,林(lin)木葳蕤,風景如畫(hua)。不(bu)(bu)僅是(shi)一(yi)處(chu)人間勝境,還(huan)是(shi)一(yi)座典型的(de)(de)明代親王(wang)陵(ling)園。陵(ling)區原占地面積(ji)7萬平方(fang)米(mi),規模(mo)宏(hong)大,氣勢莊(zhuang)嚴(yan),分為(wei)(wei)(wei)陵(ling)園和地宮兩部(bu)(bu)分。陵(ling)園:陵(ling)區分內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),修(xiu)有(you)(you)內(nei)外護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河。進入神道的(de)(de)第(di)(di)一(yi)座門(men)(men)坊是(shi)午朝門(men)(men),前(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)單拱石橋(qiao),名(ming)“御橋(qiao)”。石橋(qiao)攔(lan)板上(shang)飾有(you)(you)透雕(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)寶瓶靈芝等(deng)圖(tu)案。橋(qiao)東西(xi)兩側既是(shi)白馬(ma)二(er)泉(quan),泉(quan)水(shui)明澈,常年不(bu)(bu)涸,號稱“龍泉(quan)”。過“御橋(qiao)”便(bian)是(shi)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)環以四周的(de)(de)紅墻高(gao)3.70米(mi),寬(kuan)0.70米(mi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)冰盤(pan)檐(yan)式磚石結構,陵(ling)園分前(qian)后兩進院(yuan)落,布局嚴(yan)謹(jin),建(jian)筑典雅富麗。南門(men)(men)三(san)座,中(zhong)門(men)(men)獨高(gao),旁(pang)門(men)(men)稍矮,翼然并列,系門(men)(men)洞(dong)式斗(dou)拱建(jian)筑。雕(diao)(diao)梁畫(hua)棟,色(se)彩絢麗,重檐(yan)斗(dou)拱,凌空(kong)欲飛,中(zhong)門(men)(men)坊額上(shang)書“荒王(wang)陵(ling)”三(san)個鎏金大字。第(di)(di)二(er)道門(men)(men)與(yu)南門(men)(men)建(jian)筑在同一(yi)條中(zhong)軸(zhou)線上(shang),為(wei)(wei)(wei)四柱三(san)楹(ying)式歇(xie)山(shan)(shan)飛檐(yan)建(jian)筑。后部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)享殿,殿七楹(ying),歇(xie)山(shan)(shan)重檐(yan)飛角,是(shi)當年祭祀魯王(wang)朱檀(tan)的(de)(de)殿宇。據說當年內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)四角上(shang)還(huan)建(jian)有(you)(you)角樓。
地(di)(di)(di)宮(gong):出陵園后(hou)(hou)(hou)門(men)(men)(men)便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)城(cheng)明(ming)樓,是(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)下宮(gong)殿的(de)重(zhong)要標志。方(fang)城(cheng)高(gao)(gao)7.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),周圍(wei)建(jian)有(you)(you)2.70米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)回(hui)廊,供游人(ren)飽覽陵區風光。方(fang)城(cheng)上(shang)建(jian)有(you)(you)明(ming)樓,為(wei)(wei)(wei)歇山式飛檐(yan)斗拱(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),氣勢雄偉。方(fang)城(cheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)宮(gong)。地(di)(di)(di)宮(gong)距地(di)(di)(di)表深26米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),由墓道(dao)(dao)(dao)、前室(shi)(shi)(shi)、后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng),依山鑿(zao)石(shi)(shi)開(kai)擴(kuo),青磚筑(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi),上(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)大封(feng)土(tu)。地(di)(di)(di)宮(gong)建(jian)有(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)石(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)(men),墓道(dao)(dao)(dao)全(quan)長50余米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),并(bing)筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)用石(shi)(shi)灰和(he)(he)糯米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)汁混合澆(jiao)鑄而成(cheng)的(de)三(san)(san)道(dao)(dao)(dao)擋土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)。墓門(men)(men)(men)前為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)高(gao)(gao)8.86米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)封(feng)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang),墻(qiang)(qiang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)8.20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)(kuan)5.35米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)紅色(se)(se)金剛墻(qiang)(qiang),墻(qiang)(qiang)沿飾綠色(se)(se)琉璃瓦和(he)(he)吻獸。第一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)(men)位(wei)于入洞口1.50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)中(zhong),為(wei)(wei)(wei)雙扉樞(shu)(shu)軸式。門(men)(men)(men)以(yi)巨石(shi)(shi)制成(cheng),高(gao)(gao)2.40米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)1.30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),厚0.18—0.20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),每扇重(zhong)約2噸,門(men)(men)(men)樞(shu)(shu)鑲有(you)(you)重(zhong)約15公斤的(de)合金銅套。門(men)(men)(men)的(de)正面雕有(you)(you)縱橫九(jiu)排(pai)門(men)(men)(men)釘和(he)(he)鐵質(zhi)涂金的(de)鋪首銜環(huan)。石(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)(men)涂紅漆(qi)(qi),釘貼金,六百年后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)今天,色(se)(se)澤仍十分(fen)(fen)鮮艷(yan)。這第一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)(men)即為(wei)(wei)(wei)前室(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)拱(gong)(gong)券式磚結構,磨光方(fang)磚鋪地(di)(di)(di)。南北長8.25米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西寬(kuan)(kuan)5.25米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西向券頂(ding)。墓室(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規模宏(hong)偉,高(gao)(gao)大寬(kuan)(kuan)敞,堅固嚴密,防水性(xing)強(qiang),在建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)藝術上(shang)有(you)(you)獨到之(zhi)處(chu)。前部(bu)(bu)當中(zhong)置一(yi)(yi)大瓷缸(gang),直徑1.70米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),內(nei)裝鐵燈芯座、豆油,稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)長明(ming)燈,又(you)叫萬年燈。后(hou)(hou)(hou)部(bu)(bu)中(zhong)間(jian)設有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)張朱(zhu)紅御案(an)(an),案(an)(an)上(shang)放盝頂(ding)寶(bao)(bao)匣三(san)(san)只。內(nei)裝木(mu)制帖金的(de)“魯王之(zhi)寶(bao)(bao)”金印(yin)。室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)還隨葬有(you)(you)龐大的(de)木(mu)雕彩繪俑群,共432件,分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)儀(yi)(yi)仗俑和(he)(he)樂俑。木(mu)俑雕刻精(jing)細,刀(dao)法(fa)簡練(lian),神態各(ge)異,手持各(ge)種儀(yi)(yi)仗和(he)(he)樂器(qi),其中(zhong)有(you)(you)拱(gong)(gong)手而立的(de)文官和(he)(he)身材(cai)魁(kui)偉的(de)侍衛。尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)引人(ren)注目的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)匹(pi)高(gao)(gao)頭大馬(ma),昂首而立,是(shi)(shi)(shi)出土(tu)24匹(pi)馬(ma)中(zhong)最為(wei)(wei)(wei)健壯肥(fei)大華麗的(de)一(yi)(yi)匹(pi)。第二道(dao)(dao)(dao)石(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)(men)與前門(men)(men)(men)基本相(xiang)同,兩(liang)(liang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)棺(guan)室(shi)(shi)(shi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西長8.20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),南北寬(kuan)(kuan)5.45米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)5.50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)砌有(you)(you)南北3.85米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)西3.10米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)0.50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)須彌座式棺(guan)床,朱(zhu)漆(qi)(qi)楠(nan)木(mu)棺(guan)槨置于棺(guan)床上(shang)。棺(guan)內(nei)朱(zhu)檀身著龍袍,腰束玉(yu)帶,頭貫金簪,身下鋪19枚金錢。棺(guan)床兩(liang)(liang)邊各(ge)有(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)張木(mu)桌和(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)個描金木(mu)箱。箱內(nei)裝有(you)(you)冠、袍、靴、衣、帽、玉(yu)圭、玉(yu)帶和(he)(he)梳妝(zhuang)具等。桌上(shang)擺(bai)(bai)放著文房(fang)四寶(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)琴棋(qi)詩(shi)畫(hua)等物。東(dong)(dong)(dong)西兩(liang)(liang)壁并(bing)擺(bai)(bai)著葬儀(yi)(yi)用的(de)匾牌。其它隨葬品為(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)、竹、銅、錫制作的(de)一(yi)(yi)些小(xiao)冥器(qi)和(he)(he)瓷器(qi)等。
出(chu)土珍貴文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu):朱(zhu)檀(tan)墓共(gong)出(chu)土各類文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)1100余件(jian),保(bao)存基本(ben)完好,這批豐富寶貴文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)的(de)(de)出(chu)土,對研究明初(chu)社(she)會政治、經濟、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化以及官制、輿服、紡(fang)織(zhi)、書法(fa)、繪(hui)畫等提(ti)供了極(ji)為珍貴的(de)(de)資料。朱(zhu)檀(tan)墓文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)曾(ceng)在我國(guo)北京和(he)日(ri)本(ben)展出(chu),引起人們(men)極(ji)大的(de)(de)興趣。
出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)量隨葬(zang)品(pin)大(da)(da)致分(fen)為(wei)(wei)冠(guan)服、儀仗、家(jia)具、和文房(fang)(fang)四寶(bao)、琴(qin)棋書(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)幾(ji)類(lei),其中最(zui)突(tu)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)是“王冠(guan)”。此冠(guan)通高(gao)(gao)(gao)18厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),長49.4厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬30厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。系藤篾編制(zhi),鑲(xiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)金圈、金邊、冠(guan)兩(liang)(liang)側飾梅花(hua)穿(chuan),貫一(yi)金簪(zan)。九旒、旒貫紅(hong)(hong)、白(bai)(bai)、青、黃(huang)、黑五色(se)(se)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)珠(zhu)。它體現了(le)(le)魯王朱(zhu)檀的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)貴(gui)地位(wei)。出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)袍服衣著(zhu)之(zhi)類(lei),有(you)盤領窄袖(xiu)金織(zhi)龍(long)袍,中紗(sha)單袍和交領暗花(hua)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)袍,織(zhi)錦圖案(an)非(fei)常漂(piao)亮,大(da)(da)多(duo)用金線織(zhi)成。龍(long)袍是朱(zhu)檀在(zai)大(da)(da)典的(de)(de)(de)(de)日子里(li)穿(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de),身長1.30米(mi)(mi)(mi),袖(xiu)長約1.10米(mi)(mi)(mi),交領窄袖(xiu),米(mi)(mi)(mi)黃(huang)色(se)(se),兩(liang)(liang)肩(jian)及胸(xiong)(xiong)背(bei)上(shang)(shang)繡金織(zhi)盤龍(long)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen),袖(xiu)及膝欄飾行(xing)龍(long)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)花(hua)草(cao)、胸(xiong)(xiong)下部(bu)飾三(san)組九行(xing)盤線,圖案(an)花(hua)色(se)(se)豐富(fu)多(duo)彩,對了(le)(le)解和研究(jiu)明代絲織(zhi)品(pin)有(you)重要參考價(jia)值(zhi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)品(pin)在(zai)出土(tu)文物中占較(jiao)大(da)(da)比例(li),其中有(you)件(jian)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帶(dai),玉(yu)(yu)(yu)質潤(run)澤(ze),刻(ke)工精美。它以(yi)(yi)(yi)25節羊脂玉(yu)(yu)(yu)組成,用金片鑲(xiang)嵌,雕有(you)縷空靈芝圖案(an)。帶(dai)頭三(san)節用雙(shuang)層(ceng)透花(hua)金片鑲(xiang)嵌著(zhu)一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)藍寶(bao)石(shi)、兩(liang)(liang)顆(ke)(ke)較(jiao)小(xiao)藍寶(bao)石(shi)、十二顆(ke)(ke)紅(hong)(hong)寶(bao)石(shi)、八粒珍珠(zhu)、六顆(ke)(ke)綠松石(shi)、兩(liang)(liang)塊長方(fang)形螢石(shi)(分(fen)別呈綠色(se)(se),粉(fen)色(se)(se)),一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)祖(zu)母綠和一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)稀有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貓(mao)眼寶(bao)石(shi),通體總計(ji)鑲(xiang)嵌各(ge)色(se)(se)寶(bao)石(shi)33顆(ke)(ke)。其工藝(yi)之(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)超(chao),實(shi)屬罕見。此外,還(huan)有(you)一(yi)只白(bai)(bai)釉云(yun)(yun)龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)蓋罐,口(kou)徑24.4厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),底徑21.2厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),通高(gao)(gao)(gao)37.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。圓(yuan)唇,直(zhi)口(kou),圓(yuan)鼓腹(fu),平底。胎體厚重,通體施青白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)釉。蓋呈倒荷葉形,脈絡清晰(xi),寶(bao)珠(zhu)鈕。腹(fu)部(bu)刻(ke)暗雙(shuang)龍(long)紋(wen)(wen),昂首(shou)在(zai)云(yun)(yun)中遨游相(xiang)逐,龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)上(shang)(shang)下間隔以(yi)(yi)(yi)卷草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)飾。出土(tu)時罐內(nei)盛放梨、棗(zao)、肉、米(mi)(mi)(mi)飯(fan)、雞蛋、菜葉等(deng)。和兩(liang)(liang)塊質地分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)碧玉(yu)(yu)(yu)和羊脂玉(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)圭,以(yi)(yi)(yi)及玉(yu)(yu)(yu)硯(yan)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)佩、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)筆管、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)筆架等(deng)。從這(zhe)批玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)水平看(kan),充分(fen)體現了(le)(le)我國(guo)古(gu)代勞動人(ren)(ren)民高(gao)(gao)(gao)超(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技藝(yi)和聰(cong)明才(cai)智。“天風海濤(tao)(tao)”琴(qin)。桐木制(zhi)成,黑漆琴(qin)身,裂似(si)蛇蚹,背(bei)刻(ke)篆(zhuan)書(shu)(shu)“天風海濤(tao)(tao)”。琴(qin)腹(fu)有(you)龍(long)池(chi)、鳳沼兩(liang)(liang)共(gong)鳴(ming)槽。龍(long)池(chi)內(nei)有(you)“圣宋隆興甲申口(kou)口(kou),大(da)(da)唐雷(lei)威親斫”兩(liang)(liang)行(xing)銘文。雷(lei)威為(wei)(wei)唐代制(zhi)琴(qin)大(da)(da)師,以(yi)(yi)(yi)善(shan)制(zhi)蛇蚹琴(qin)而著(zhu)名(ming)。南宋大(da)(da)詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)陸(lu)游詩(shi)云(yun)(yun):“古(gu)琴(qin)蛇蚹評無(wu)價(jia),魚(yu)腸寶(bao)劍(jian)讬有(you)靈”,可(ke)見雷(lei)威制(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)蛇蚹琴(qin),在(zai)明代的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)琴(qin)中實(shi)為(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)世珍品(pin)了(le)(le)。宋葵(kui)花(hua)蛺蝶扇面(mian)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)24.3厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬25.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。絹本(ben)、金粉(fen)設色(se)(se),畫(hua)(hua)上(shang)(shang)方(fang)鈐有(you)“皇女市(shi)圖書(shu)(shu)”朱(zhu)印(yin),左下方(fang)鈐有(you)“司(si)印(yin)”二字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)騎縫朱(zhu)印(yin)。背(bei)面(mian)有(you)宋高(gao)(gao)(gao)宗趙構為(wei)(wei)葵(kui)花(hua)扇面(mian)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)金字(zi)(zi)跋(ba)文:“白(bai)(bai)露才(cai)過(guo)催八月(yue)(yue),紫房(fang)(fang)紅(hong)(hong)葉共(gong)凄(qi)涼;黃(huang)花(hua)冷(leng)淡無(wu)人(ren)(ren)看(kan),獨自傾(qing)心向夕陽” 元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)選工筆白(bai)(bai)蓮畫(hua)(hua)。紙(zhi)本(ben)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)42厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),長90.3厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),下有(you)錢(qian)選自提(ti)七言詩(shi)一(yi)首(shou):“裊裊瑤(yao)池(chi)白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)花(hua),往來(lai)青島靜無(wu)嘩;幽(you)人(ren)(ren)不飲(yin)閑(xian)攜(xie)杖(zhang),但(dan)憶(yi)清香(xiang)伴月(yue)(yue)華。”錢(qian)選,宋末元(yuan)(yuan)初人(ren)(ren)。善(shan)畫(hua)(hua)山水花(hua)鳥人(ren)(ren)物,為(wei)(wei)元(yuan)(yuan)初畫(hua)(hua)界八俊之(zhi)一(yi)。這(zhe)些(xie)宋、元(yuan)(yuan)古(gu)畫(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出土(tu),為(wei)(wei)研究(jiu)我國(guo)古(gu)代書(shu)(shu)畫(hua)(hua)藝(yi)術提(ti)供了(le)(le)寶(bao)貴(gui)資料。隨葬(zang)品(pin)還(huan)有(you)各(ge)種書(shu)(shu)籍共(gong)7種21冊。有(you)《朱(zhu)子訂定蔡氏集(ji)(ji)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》、《增入(ru)音(yin)注括(kuo)例(li)始末胡文定公春秋傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》、《四書(shu)(shu)集(ji)(ji)注》、《少微家(jia)塾(shu)點校(xiao)附音(yin)通簽(qian)節要》、《朱(zhu)文公校(xiao)昌黎(li)先(xian)生文集(ji)(ji)》、《黃(huang)氏補千家(jia)注紀年杜(du)工部(bu)詩(shi)史》等(deng)。這(zhe)些(xie)宋元(yuan)(yuan)版本(ben)已是傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)世珍品(pin),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更是海內(nei)孤本(ben),實(shi)為(wei)(wei)瑰寶(bao)。
中國歷(li)代(dai)帝(di)王為了顯(xian)示地位和(he)尊貴,提倡“厚(hou)葬以明孝”,不惜動(dong)用(yong)大量(liang)(liang)人力(li)(li)物力(li)(li)修(xiu)建巨大的(de)(de)陵(ling)墓,朱(zhu)檀陵(ling)園(yuan)的(de)(de)建造,在(zai)當時(shi)實為一項浩(hao)大的(de)(de)系統工程。僅掘石(shi)(shi)開擴(kuo),填積封(feng)土,動(dong)用(yong)土石(shi)(shi)方量(liang)(liang)約計20余萬立方米。這(zhe)座具有600多年歷(li)史的(de)(de)古建筑(zhu)群(qun),充(chong)分(fen)展(zhan)示了古代(dai)勞(lao)動(dong)人民的(de)(de)智慧(hui)和(he)力(li)(li)量(liang)(liang)。
1970年(nian)春至(zhi)1971年(nian),山(shan)東(dong)省、濟寧地區(qu)和鄒(zou)縣考古(gu)工作者在有關部門配(pei)合下,對荒王陵地宮進(jin)行了發掘,出土文物1300余種,不(bu)僅是山(shan)東(dong)省至(zhi)今(jin)發現最(zui)大(da)的,而且是京南江(jiang)北最(zui)大(da)的地下宮殿。
從(cong)1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)始,鄒城(cheng)市人民政府投(tou)入巨(ju)資對荒(huang)王(wang)陵(ling)進(jin)(jin)行修復建(jian)設,歷時兩年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),今日(ri)(ri)的荒(huang)王(wang)陵(ling)重(zhong)現昔日(ri)(ri)雄姿。現已(yi)建(jian)立了朱檀(tan)墓文物管(guan)理所,復制文物近300件,按墓內原貌布置陣列,每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)都吸引(yin)著大(da)批中外游(you)人來此(ci)覽勝,現已(yi)被公布為山(shan)東省重(zhong)點(dian)文物保護(hu)單位。附:魯(lu)荒(huang)王(wang)世襲(xi)(xi)表魯(lu)荒(huang)王(wang)檀(tan),太祖庶(shu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)(zi),洪武三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)就藩兗州府。二十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。靖(jing)王(wang)肇(zhao)輝,荒(huang)庶(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi),永樂元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)。成化二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。惠王(wang)泰(tai)堪,靖(jing)嫡(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi),成化三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)。九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。莊(zhuang)王(wang)陽鑄,惠嫡(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi),成化十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng),嘉(jia)靖(jing)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。當漇,莊(zhuang)嫡(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi),成化十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)世子(zi)(zi),弘治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。以(yi)孫(sun)觀火(huo)(huo)定(ding)(ding) 襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng),追封(feng)(feng)王(wang)。溢曰(yue)懷(huai)。健木戈 ,懷(huai)嫡(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi),弘治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)世孫(sun)。正德十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong),以(yi)子(zi)(zi)觀火(huo)(huo)定(ding)(ding) 襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)。追封(feng)(feng)王(wang),溢曰(yue)悼。端王(wang)觀火(huo)(huo)定(ding)(ding) ,悼嫡(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi),嘉(jia)靖(jing)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)。二十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。恭王(wang)頤(yi)坦,端一(yi)(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi),嘉(jia)靖(jing)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)。萬歷二十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。敬王(wang)壽增,恭庶(shu)六子(zi)(zi),初封(feng)(feng)富平王(wang)。二十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。無(wu)子(zi)(zi)。憲王(wang)壽钅宏,恭庶(shu)七子(zi)(zi),初封(feng)(feng)常(chang)德王(wang)。萬歷二十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)進(jin)(jin)封(feng)(feng)。崇(chong)禎九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。無(wu)子(zi)(zi)。肅王(wang)壽鏞、恭庶(shu)九(jiu)子(zi)(zi),初封(feng)(feng)泰(tai)興王(wang)。崇(chong)禎九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)進(jin)(jin)封(feng)(feng)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。自朱檀(tan)始,共傳十(shi)(shi)(shi)代十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)王(wang),前后延續達283年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),貫穿整個明代。
1970年春,山東(dong)省(sheng)博物(wu)館組織發掘朱(zhu)檀(tan)墓(mu)(mu)。墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)距地(di)表深20余米,鑿石開壙,砌(qi)以(yi)(yi)磚室(shi),墓(mu)(mu)道居(ju)南側(ce)。墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)前(qian)有(you)封門墻(qiang)(qiang)、金(jin)(jin)剛墻(qiang)(qiang)、墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)通長20.6米,有(you)兩重(zhong)門,分前(qian)后(hou)兩室(shi),兩室(shi)間有(you)甬道相(xiang)連,前(qian)室(shi)前(qian)部(bu)正中置一(yi)(yi)大缸,內(nei)有(you)一(yi)(yi)盞萬年燈;后(hou)部(bu)中央設一(yi)(yi)紅御案(an),案(an)面有(you)藍頂寶(bao)匣,內(nei)盛“魯王之(zhi)寶(bao)”印;御案(an)之(zhi)前(qian)有(you)木雕(diao)彩繪(hui)俑(yong)(yong)(yong)群,其中武士俑(yong)(yong)(yong)、儀仗俑(yong)(yong)(yong)、樂(le)俑(yong)(yong)(yong)、侍(shi)衛俑(yong)(yong)(yong)380個(ge),馬俑(yong)(yong)(yong)24個(ge),車2輛。后(hou)室(shi)正中朱(zhu)檀(tan)棺(guan)槨(guo)置磚雕(diao)棺(guan)床之(zhi)長。因墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)長年積水(shui),隨葬品(pin)6000余件大多保存完好(hao),出土有(you)戧金(jin)(jin)漆箱、南宋(song)“天風(feng)海(hai)濤”琴、織金(jin)(jin)緞龍袍(pao)、雙層透雕(diao)玉帶、冕(mian)旒等衣物(wu)。最珍(zhen)(zhen)貴的(de)是保存了(le)宋(song)高(gao)宗題跋的(de)金(jin)(jin)粉“葵花蛺蝶”扇(shan)面、元 錢選自跋的(de)白蓮手卷和(he)無款(kuan)金(jin)(jin)碧山水(shui)絹(juan)畫三件等均為國(guo)內(nei)罕見的(de)文物(wu)珍(zhen)(zhen)品(pin)。以(yi)(yi)及《四書集注》、《通鑒節要》、《杜(du)工部(bu)詩(shi)史》等七(qi)種二十余冊(ce)元刻本(ben)書籍。自1985年起,鄒縣(今(jin)鄒城市(shi))人民(min)政府陸續修復(fu)了(le)墓(mu)(mu)前(qian)的(de)陵(ling)園建筑(zhu),復(fu)原了(le)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)的(de)陳(chen)列(lie),并(bing)對(dui)外開放。