《樂毅論(lun)》共四十(shi)四行,小楷。是王羲之的(de)楷書書法作(zuo)品。原作(zuo)者為(wei)夏侯(hou)玄,真跡早已不存,一(yi)說真跡戰亂時(shi)為(wei)咸陽老嫗投于灶火,一(yi)說唐太宗所收。現存世刻本(ben)(ben)有多種,以《秘閣(ge)本(ben)(ben)》和《越(yue)州石氏本(ben)(ben)》最佳。
王(wang)羲(xi)之(zhi)書(shu)。小楷。褚遂良在《晉(jin)右(you)軍王(wang)羲(xi)之(zhi)書(shu)目》將(jiang)其列為第一。梁陶弘景說:“右(you)軍名跡(ji),合有(you)(you)數(shu)首:《黃(huang)庭經》、《曹娥(e)碑》、《樂(le)毅論(lun)》是(shi)也。”王(wang)羲(xi)之(zhi)書(shu)皆有(you)(you)真(zhen)跡(ji),惟此帖只有(you)(you)石刻。
《樂(le)毅論(lun)》是三國(guo)時(shi)期魏(wei)夏(xia)侯玄(字泰初)撰寫的(de)(de)(de)一篇(pian)文章(zhang),文中論(lun)述的(de)(de)(de)是戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)代燕國(guo)名將樂(le)毅及(ji)其(qi)(qi)征討(tao)各國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)事。傳王羲之(zhi)(zhi)抄寫這(zhe)篇(pian)文章(zhang),是書(shu)(shu)付其(qi)(qi)子官(guan)奴的(de)(de)(de)。有人考證說,官(guan)奴是王獻之(zhi)(zhi)。這(zhe)一書(shu)(shu)跡,早在去東晉(jin)未遠的(de)(de)(de)南朝(chao)(chao)曾被論(lun)及(ji)。梁(liang)(liang)武帝在與陶弘(hong)景討(tao)論(lun)內府所藏的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)篇(pian)書(shu)(shu)跡時(shi)說:“逸少(shao)跡無甚極細書(shu)(shu),《樂(le)毅論(lun)》乃微粗健,恐非真跡”,陶弘(hong)景表示贊同,曰:“《樂(le)毅論(lun)》愚(yu)心(xin)近甚疑是摹(mo)而(er)(er)不敢(gan)輕言,今旨(zhi)以為非真,竊自信頗(po)涉有悟。”那么,梁(liang)(liang)朝(chao)(chao)內府的(de)(de)(de)藏本,宜是摹(mo)本而(er)(er)非真跡。
盡管(guan)如(ru)此,陳、隋(sui)之(zhi)際釋智永卻視(shi)《樂毅論》為王羲之(zhi)正書(shu)第一。據(ju)他(ta)說:“梁世模出(chu),天(tian)(tian)下珍之(zhi)。自蕭、阮(ruan)之(zhi)流,莫不臨(lin)學(xue)。陳天(tian)(tian)嘉(650——565)中,人得以獻文帝(di)(di),帝(di)(di)賜始興王,王作牧境中,即以見示。吾昔聞其(qi)妙,今睹其(qi)真,閱玩(wan)良(liang)久,匪朝伊(yi)夕。始興薨後,仍屬廢帝(di)(di)。廢帝(di)(di)既(ji)歿,又屬余(yu)杭(hang)公主,公主以帝(di)(di)王所重,恒加寶愛,陳世諸王,皆(jie)求不得。及天(tian)(tian)下一統,四(si)海同文,處處追尋(xun),累(lei)載方得。”
唐朝初年(nian),《樂毅(yi)(yi)(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)》入於(wu)內(nei)府,曾(ceng)經褚(chu)遂(sui)良檢(jian)校鑒(jian)定,認定為(wei)真跡(ji)。褚(chu)氏著錄內(nei)府所收王羲之(zhi)書(shu)跡(ji),為(wei)《右軍書(shu)目》,列(lie)《樂毅(yi)(yi)(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)》為(wei)王氏正書(shu)第(di)一(yi),并(bing)注明“四(si)(si)十四(si)(si)行,書(shu)付官奴”。唐太宗最(zui)為(wei)寶(bao)重的書(shu)跡(ji)是《蘭亭序》與《樂毅(yi)(yi)(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)》。唐內(nei)府收藏的《樂毅(yi)(yi)(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)》,最(zui)初摹拓分賜大臣是在貞觀年(nian)間。褚(chu)遂(sui)良《榻本(ben)(ben)(ben)(樂毅(yi)(yi)(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun))記(ji)》曰:貞觀十三年(nian)(639)四(si)(si)月九日,命(ming)直(zhi)弘(hong)文館馮(feng)承(cheng)素(su)摹榻,分賜長(chang)孫無忌、房玄齡、高(gao)士廉、侯君集(ji)、魏徵、楊(yang)師道六人,“于是在外(wai)乃有(you)六本(ben)(ben)(ben)。”武平一(yi)《徐氏法書(shu)記(ji)》載:“至高(gao)宗又敕馮(feng)承(cheng)素(su)、諸葛貞榻《樂毅(yi)(yi)(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)》及雜帖數本(ben)(ben)(ben),賜長(chang)孫無忌等六人,在外(wai)方有(you)。”摹本(ben)(ben)(ben)的傳布范圍,限於(wu)皇親國戚或近侍大臣而已,世人罕見其貌。
《樂毅(yi)論》墨跡(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)今(jin)已不傳,真(zhen)跡(ji)(ji)則更(geng)不待言(yan)了。據唐(tang)韋述《敘書(shu)錄(lu)(lu)》稱,內(nei)府(fu)所藏的《樂毅(yi)論》,“長安(an)、神龍之(zhi)際(ji),太平安(an)樂公主奏借出外(wai)拓寫”,“因此遂失所在”。徐浩《古(gu)跡(ji)(ji)記》記載得更(geng)為(wei)具體(ti)一些,曰:後歸武(wu)則天女太平公主,其(qi)後為(wei)一咸(xian)陽(yang)老嫗竊(qie)去,縣吏(li)尋(xun)覺,老嫗投之(zhi)灶(zao)下(xia),真(zhen)跡(ji)(ji)遂永絕於(wu)世。宋朝(chao)程大昌(chang)肯定了這一說法(fa),其(qi)所著《考古(gu)編》卷八(ba)謂:“開(kai)元五年(nian)(717)裒大王真(zhen)跡(ji)(ji)為(wei)百(bai)五十八(ba)卷,以(yi)《黃(huang)庭經》為(wei)正書(shu)第(di)一,無《蘭亭》、《樂毅(yi)》,則開(kai)元時真(zhen)本(ben)(ben)不存明(ming)矣。今(jin)世傳本(ben)(ben),必是摹榻(ta)(ta)(ta),又未必正是當(dang)時傳本(ben)(ben)。按,褚(chu)遂良、武(wu)平一皆言(yan)貞觀中(zhong)嘗(chang)敕馮承(cheng)素等榻(ta)(ta)(ta)本(ben)(ben)賜長孫無忌等六人,人間(jian)遂有六本(ben)(ben),其(qi)內(nei)本(ben)(ben)之(zhi)經褚(chu)河南敘錄(lu)(lu)者,凡接縫及卷首、卷尾皆印(yin)‘貞觀二年(nian)’以(yi)識。今(jin)傳本(ben)(ben)又皆無之(zhi),知是榻(ta)(ta)(ta)非原榻(ta)(ta)(ta)不疑也。”《宣和書(shu)譜》著錄(lu)(lu)的《樂毅(yi)論》,恐怕就是程大昌(chang)所指的非原榻(ta)(ta)(ta)的再榻(ta)(ta)(ta)本(ben)(ben)。
另外,宋沈(shen)括在(zai)《夢(meng)溪筆談》卷十(shi)七中還(huan)提出一新說(shuo),他(ta)認(ren)為“王羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書,舊(jiu)傳(chuan)惟《樂(le)毅論》乃(nai)羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)親書於石(shi)(shi),其(qi)他(ta)皆紙素所傳(chuan)。唐太宗裒(pou)聚二王墨(mo)跡,惟《樂(le)毅論》石(shi)(shi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)在(zai)。其(qi)後(hou)隨太宗人昭陵(ling)。朱梁(liang)時,耀州(zhou)(zhou)節度使溫韜(tao)發昭陵(ling)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),復傳(chuan)人間。或(huo)(huo)曰‘公主以(yi)(yi)偽(wei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),元石(shi)(shi)曾入曠」。本(ben)(ben)(ben)朝高紳(shen)(shen)學士(shi)家,皇佑(you)中紳(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子高安世為錢塘主簿,《樂(le)毅論》在(zai)其(qi)家,予嘗見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。時石(shi)(shi)已(yi)破(po)缺,末后(hou)獨有一‘海(hai)’字者(zhe)是也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)後(hou)十(shi)余年,安世在(zai)蘇州(zhou)(zhou),石(shi)(shi)已(yi)破(po)為數(shu)片,以(yi)(yi)鐵束(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),後(hou)安世死,石(shi)(shi)不(bu)知所在(zai)。或(huo)(huo)云(yun)‘蘇州(zhou)(zhou)一富家得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’亦不(bu)復見。今傳(chuan)《樂(le)毅論》,皆摹本(ben)(ben)(ben)也(ye)(ye)。筆畫(hua)無復昔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清勁。羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)楷(kai)字於此殆(dai)絕,《遺教經》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類,皆非其(qi)比也(ye)(ye)。”沈(shen)括此說(shuo)實(shi)際(ji)上是把傳(chuan)世的石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)榻本(ben)(ben)(ben)追認(ren)到王羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)那里,以(yi)(yi)他(ta)所見的刻(ke)(ke)石(shi)(shi)為原石(shi)(shi)。權作(zuo)一說(shuo)存之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
夏侯泰初
世(shi)人多(duo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)樂(le)毅不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)時拔莒即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)為劣(lie)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)敘而論之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫(fu)(fu)求古賢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi),宜(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)大者(zhe)(zhe)遠(yuan)者(zhe)(zhe)先(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必迂廻(hui)而難(nan)通(tong),然(ran)(ran)后已(yi)焉可(ke)也(ye),今樂(le)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣或者(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)未盡乎,而多(duo)劣(lie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。是(shi)使(shi)(shi)前賢失指于將來不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亦(yi)(yi)惜哉,觀(guan)樂(le)生遺燕(yan)惠王書,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)殆庶乎機(ji)(ji),合乎道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)終始者(zhe)(zhe)與,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)喻昭王曰:伊尹放太(tai)甲而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)疑,太(tai)甲受放而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)怨,是(shi)存大業(ye)于至公,而以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)下(xia)為心者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye),夫(fu)(fu)欲(yu)極道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang),務(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)下(xia)為心者(zhe)(zhe),必致其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)盛隆(long)(long),合其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)趣於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)先(xian)王,茍(gou)(gou)君(jun)臣同符,斯大業(ye)定矣。于斯時也(ye),樂(le)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi),千載一遇也(ye),亦(yi)(yi)將行千載一隆(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),豈其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)局跡當時,止(zhi)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)兼(jian)并而已(yi)哉,夫(fu)(fu)兼(jian)并者(zhe)(zhe)非(fei)樂(le)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)屑,強燕(yan)而廢道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),又(you)非(fei)樂(le)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)求也(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屑茍(gou)(gou)得則(ze)心無近事(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)求小成(cheng),斯意(yi)(yi)兼(jian)天(tian)下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。則(ze)舉(ju)齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)運其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)而動四(si)海(hai)也(ye),夫(fu)(fu)討齊以(yi)(yi)(yi)明燕(yan)主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義,此兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)興(xing)于為利矣。圍(wei)城(cheng)而害(hai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)加於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)百姓,此仁心著(zhu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)遐邇矣,舉(ju)國(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)謀其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong),除暴不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)威力,此至德令於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)下(xia)矣;邁全德以(yi)(yi)(yi)率列(lie)國(guo),則(ze)幾於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)湯武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)矣,樂(le)生方恢(hui)大綱,以(yi)(yi)(yi)縱(zong)二(er)城(cheng),牧民明信,以(yi)(yi)(yi)待(dai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)弊,使(shi)(shi)即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)莒人,顧(gu)仇其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上,愿(yuan)釋干戈,賴我猶親,善守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智(zhi),無所(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)施,然(ran)(ran)則(ze)求仁得仁,即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)大夫(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義也(ye),任窮則(ze)從(cong),微子適周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye),開彌(mi)廣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路,以(yi)(yi)(yi)待(dai)田單之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒,長容(rong)善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)申(shen)齊士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)。使(shi)(shi)夫(fu)(fu)忠者(zhe)(zhe)遂節,通(tong)者(zhe)(zhe)義著(zhu),昭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)海(hai),屬(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華裔。我澤如(ru)春(chun),下(xia)應如(ru)草,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)光(guang)宇宙,賢者(zhe)(zhe)托心,鄰國(guo)傾(qing)慕,四(si)海(hai)延頸,思(si)戴燕(yan)主,仰望(wang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)聲,二(er)城(cheng)必從(cong),則(ze)王業(ye)隆(long)(long)矣,雖(sui)淹留於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)兩邑,乃(nai)致速(su)(su)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)下(xia),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian),世(shi)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)圖,敗於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)垂成(cheng),時運固然(ran)(ran),若乃(nai)逼(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)威,劫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)兵(bing)(bing),則(ze)攻(gong)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),求欲(yu)速(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),使(shi)(shi)燕(yan)齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士流(liu)血(xue)于二(er)城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,侈殺傷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殘(can),示(shi)四(si)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,是(shi)縱(zong)暴易亂(luan),貪(tan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)私,鄰國(guo)望(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)猶犲(chai)虎(hu)。既大墮稱(cheng)兵(bing)(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義,而喪濟弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁,虧齊士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節,廢廉(lian)善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng),掩宏通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度,棄王德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隆(long)(long),雖(sui)二(er)城(cheng)幾于可(ke)拔,覇(ba)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),逝其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遠(yuan)矣。然(ran)(ran)則(ze)燕(yan)雖(sui)兼(jian)齊,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與世(shi)主,何以(yi)(yi)(yi)殊哉?其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與鄰敵(di),何以(yi)(yi)(yi)相傾(qing)?樂(le)生豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)拔二(er)城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)速(su)(su)了哉?顧(gu)城(cheng)拔而業(ye)乖(guai),豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)速(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)致變(bian)(哉),顧(gu)業(ye)乖(guai)與變(bian)同,由是(shi)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),樂(le)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屠二(er)城(cheng),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亦(yi)(yi)未可(ke)量(liang)也(ye)。
世(shi)人(ren)大多認為樂毅不能按時攻(gong)克即墨是錯誤的,因此,(我(wo)在此)記敘(xu)并論述他。
探求(qiu)古代賢能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)意(yi)(yi)(yi),應該先(xian)從大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面(mian)和遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面(mian)想,一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(先(xian)感覺)曲(qu)折難(nan)懂(dong),然后(hou)方(fang)可領(ling)(ling)會啊(a)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)今(jin)(對)樂(le)毅(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)折有(you)(you)人(ren)還未能(neng)徹(che)底(di)了(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie),因(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)大(da)(da)多認為(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)錯了(le)(le)(le)(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)讓前(qian)代賢人(ren)在(zai)(zai)將來(lai)被人(ren)誤解(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)可惜嗎,看(kan)樂(le)毅(yi)贈(zeng)給(gei)燕(yan)惠王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin),他(ta)(ta)大(da)(da)概在(zai)(zai)謀略上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)差不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)多了(le)(le)(le)(le),合(he)乎(hu)于(yu)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)能(neng)始終如(ru)(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)。他(ta)(ta)告喻昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)說:伊尹流(liu)放太甲而(er)(er)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)猜疑,太甲被流(liu)放而(er)(er)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)抱(bao)怨(yuan),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei))把大(da)(da)業(ye)(ye)(ye)放在(zai)(zai)最(zui)公正之(zhi)(zhi)處,并(bing)且(qie)(qie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以天(tian)下(xia)為(wei)(wei)考慮了(le)(le)(le)(le)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)想極盡仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)度量(liang)(liang),一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)要(yao)(yao)以天(tian)下(xia)為(wei)(wei)己任,一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)要(yao)(yao)使(shi)得他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主興盛發達,與先(xian)君(jun)情趣相合(he),君(jun)臣同心(xin)(xin)協力(li)(li)(li),這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),大(da)(da)業(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)個時候,樂(le)毅(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志(zhi)向(xiang),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)千年一(yi)(yi)遇啊(a),也(ye)(ye)(ye)將推行(xing)千年一(yi)(yi)遇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇高(gao)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。哪里是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)拘泥于(yu)時局,僅僅為(wei)(wei)滿足兼并(bing)呢,兼并(bing)(齊(qi)(qi)魯)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樂(le)毅(yi)所希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),使(shi)燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)強大(da)(da)而(er)(er)廢除(chu)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樂(le)毅(yi)所希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屑于(yu)茍(gou)且(qie)(qie)有(you)(you)成,也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)心(xin)(xin)中(zhong)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)眼前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)事情了(le)(le)(le)(le),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)渴求(qiu)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收獲,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)統天(tian)下(xia)啊(a)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)看(kan)來(lai),攻打(da)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)借此機會來(lai)撼(han)動天(tian)下(xia),討(tao)伐齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)闡明(ming)燕(yan)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)義(yi),沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)動用武(wu)力(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)謀求(qiu)更大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益。包圍(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)(chi)而(er)(er)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)加害于(yu)百(bai)(bai)姓,這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)仁(ren)慈之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)將傳(chuan)播很(hen)遠,攻打(da)別國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)謀求(qiu)(私人(ren))功(gong)勞,除(chu)掉暴君(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用武(wu)力(li)(li)(li),這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),最(zui)高(gao)尚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美德(de)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)普(pu)遍(bian)天(tian)下(xia);率領(ling)(ling)其他(ta)(ta)諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)倡導仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),近乎(hu)于(yu)商湯和周武(wu)王(wang)(wang)了(le)(le)(le)(le),樂(le)毅(yi)恰(qia)好弘(hong)揚仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),放棄(qi)(攻打(da))兩(liang)個城(cheng)(cheng)市,讓百(bai)(bai)姓安生,表明(ming)誠信(xin),來(lai)等待他(ta)(ta)們(齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo))出現(xian)弊端,使(shi)得即(ji)墨(mo)(mo)縣(xian)和莒縣(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)百(bai)(bai)姓回頭(tou)怨(yuan)恨自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),(最(zui)后(hou))愿意(yi)(yi)(yi)放下(xia)兵(bing)器,像親人(ren)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)依賴我(wo)們。善于(yu)守衛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧,(是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)隨便(bian)做什(shen)么事情,這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),想要(yao)(yao)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)得到(dao)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),(也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))即(ji)墨(mo)(mo)士(shi)大(da)(da)夫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)義(yi)啊(a)。責任到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)盡頭(tou)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會隨從,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)微(wei)子順從周朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)理(li)啊(a)。開通更廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渠道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),來(lai)等待田單(dan)一(yi)(yi)類人(ren)(降(jiang)服),助長容納善良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風氣(qi),申(shen)明(ming)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)士(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志(zhi)向(xiang)。使(shi)忠誠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)實(shi)現(xian)節操,明(ming)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)顯著道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)義(yi),天(tian)下(xia)昭(zhao)彰,傳(chuan)給(gei)后(hou)世。我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩澤就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)像春(chun)(chun)光,百(bai)(bai)姓就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)春(chun)(chun)草,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)義(yi)光耀宇宙(zhou),賢能(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)托付(fu)真心(xin)(xin),鄰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)傾(qing)心(xin)(xin)羨(xian)慕,天(tian)下(xia)向(xiang)往,(都)想推戴燕(yan)王(wang)(wang)。隨著眾人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼聲(sheng),兩(liang)座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)邑一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)會降(jiang)服,這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可實(shi)現(xian)。即(ji)使(shi)停留在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)城(cheng)(cheng),也(ye)(ye)(ye)會很(hen)快告喻天(tian)下(xia)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)幸發生變故(gu),在(zai)(zai)當時形勢是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),功(gong)敗(bai)垂成,乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)命中(zhong)注定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)用威(wei)勢逼(bi)迫(po),用武(wu)力(li)(li)(li)攻打(da),則攻城(cheng)(cheng)只(zhi)為(wei)(wei)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暫時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)勞,讓燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)(chi)間(jian)流(liu)血,拼殺形成很(hen)多傷殘(can),讓四個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)來(lai)看(kan),這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))用放縱殘(can)暴替換戰亂,貪婪私利(li),鄰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)看(kan)到(dao),我(wo)們就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)成了(le)(le)(le)(le)豺狼。既丟失(shi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)用兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi),也(ye)(ye)(ye)喪失(shi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)扶弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),使(shi)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)士(shi)人(ren)節操受損,廢除(chu)清廉優(you)良作(zuo)風。遮掩博大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)度量(liang)(liang),丟棄(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)崇高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),即(ji)使(shi)兩(liang)座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)夠(gou)攻克,稱(cheng)霸(ba)(ba)天(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事情也(ye)(ye)(ye)背(bei)離(li)(li)很(hen)遠了(le)(le)(le)(le)。再說,燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)即(ji)使(shi)兼并(bing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),對世人(ren)又如(ru)(ru)(ru)何誅伐?與(原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))鄰敵又怎樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)相處?樂(le)毅(yi)難(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)攻克兩(liang)城(cheng)(cheng)很(hen)容易么,只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮到(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)(chi)攻克時也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)背(bei)離(li)(li)霸(ba)(ba)業(ye)(ye)(ye)了(le)(le)(le)(le);難(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)迅速攻克會產生變故(gu)?只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮到(dao)背(bei)離(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)霸(ba)(ba)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與產生變故(gu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)(yin)此說來(lai),樂(le)毅(yi)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)屠(tu)戮兩(liang)座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)(chi),那也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
注:田(tian)單(dan)(dan)(生卒年不詳):媯姓,田(tian)氏,名單(dan)(dan),臨淄(zi)人,漢族(zu),戰(zhan)國(guo)時田(tian)齊宗室(shi)遠房的親屬,任(ren)齊都臨淄(zi)的市掾(yuan)(秘書)。生卒年不詳,后來到趙國(guo)作將相。前284年,燕國(guo)大將樂(le)毅出兵攻(gong)占(zhan)臨淄(zi)(今山(shan)東淄(zi)博東北),接(jie)連攻(gong)下齊國(guo)七十余城。最后只剩(sheng)了莒(ju)城(今山(shan)東莒(ju)縣)和即墨(mo)(今山(shan)東平(ping)度市東南(nan)),田(tian)單(dan)(dan)率(lv)族(zu)人以鐵皮護車軸逃至即墨(mo)。
日本(ben)(ben)東京(jing)國立(li)博(bo)物館藏。傳(chuan)為(wei)宋(song)(song)高紳(shen)(shen)任湖北轉運使時得《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》刻(ke)本(ben)(ben)殘(can)(can)石(shi)於秣陵(ling),石(shi)存前(qian)半段二(er)十(shi)(shi)余行。沈括嘗(chang)親(qin)見,并(bing)認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)王羲之親(qin)書於石(shi)的(de)(de)刻(ke)石(shi)。宋(song)(song)歐陽修《集古錄跋尾(wei)》卷四(si)亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)類似(si)沈括之說的(de)(de)記(ji)載:“右《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》石(shi),在(zai)故高紳(shen)(shen)學士(shi)家(jia)(jia)。紳(shen)(shen)死,人初不知惜,好事者往(wang)往(wang)就閱(yue),或模傳(chuan)其本(ben)(ben),其家(jia)(jia)遂秘密之,漸為(wei)難得。後其子弟以(yi)其石(shi)質錢於富(fu)人,而富(fu)人家(jia)(jia)失火,遂焚其石(shi),今無復有(you)(you)(you)(you)本(ben)(ben)矣。”傳(chuan)世(shi)的(de)(de)《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》,皆摹(mo)(mo)刻(ke)本(ben)(ben)。著(zhu)名(ming)者,南(nan)宋(song)(song)有(you)(you)(you)(you)越州(zhou)(zhou)石(shi)邦哲(zhe)《越州(zhou)(zhou)石(shi)氏(shi)帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben),明朝(chao)(chao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)文氏(shi)《停云館帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben)、陳巗《玉煙堂帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben)、吳廷(ting)《余清(qing)齋(zhai)(zhai)帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben)、王肯堂《郁岡(gang)齋(zhai)(zhai)帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben),清(qing)朝(chao)(chao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)馮(feng)銓《快雪堂帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben)。《越州(zhou)(zhou)石(shi)氏(shi)帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben),僅存二(er)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)行,帖(tie)首第(di)一至五行下(xia)方(fang)缺一角(jiao),第(di)一行“初”字(zi),第(di)二(er)行“為(wei)劣是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)敘(xu)而”六字(zi),第(di)四(si)行“必迂回”三字(zi),第(di)五行“其”字(zi)。第(di)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)行僅剩行末(mo)“海”字(zi),亦(yi)稱“海字(zi)本(ben)(ben)”,與沈括所(suo)記(ji)相符,當是(shi)(shi)(shi)據高紳(shen)(shen)所(suo)藏殘(can)(can)石(shi)舊本(ben)(ben)摹(mo)(mo)刻(ke)。
北(bei)京故宮博(bo)物院藏。《余清齋帖》乃吳廷(ting)摹刻(ke)(ke)於明(ming)朝(chao)萬(wan)歷二(er)十四年(1596),摹刻(ke)(ke)皆精善,可惜刻(ke)(ke)於木板。但(dan)仍然是明(ming)朝(chao)叢帖名刻(ke)(ke),楊守敬認(ren)為“出明(ming)代諸集(ji)帖之上。”今初榻(ta)本,比之《停云館帖》等(deng),尤為難得。其(qi)中(zhong)《樂(le)毅論(lun)(lun)》帖,未有“異(yi)(yi)僧權(quan)”三字,其(qi)下(xia)又增刻(ke)(ke)“永(yong)和四年十二(er)月(yue)廿四日書付官奴”一行。《珊瑚(hu)網》卷一錄(lu)董(dong)其(qi)昌(chang)跋(ba)“梁摹《樂(le)毅論(lun)(lun)》真跡”云:“余所見(jian)《樂(le)毅論(lun)(lun)》宋(song)榻(ta)本,及唐(tang)貞觀(guan)摹真跡,二(er)本皆無(wu)'付官奴'三字,獨此有之。”董(dong)氏所見(jian),可能(neng)是吳廷(ting)收刻(ke)(ke)《樂(le)毅論(lun)(lun)》所據的原本。又,“異(yi)(yi)”為隋朝(chao)朱異(yi)(yi)的押(ya)署,“僧權(quan)”為梁朝(chao)徐僧權(quan)的押(ya)署,見(jian)唐(tang)張彥遠(yuan)《歷代名畫記》“敘(xu)自古跋(ba)尾押(ya)署”條(tiao)。