《樂毅論》共四(si)(si)十四(si)(si)行,小楷。是王羲之的楷書書法作(zuo)品。原(yuan)作(zuo)者為(wei)夏侯玄,真跡(ji)早已不(bu)存,一說真跡(ji)戰(zhan)亂時為(wei)咸陽老嫗投于灶火,一說唐太宗所收。現(xian)存世刻本有多種(zhong),以《秘閣本》和《越(yue)州石氏本》最佳。
王(wang)羲之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)。小楷。褚遂良在《晉右(you)軍王(wang)羲之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)目》將(jiang)其列為(wei)第一。梁(liang)陶弘景說:“右(you)軍名跡,合有數首:《黃庭(ting)經》、《曹娥碑》、《樂毅論》是也。”王(wang)羲之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)皆有真跡,惟此帖(tie)只(zhi)有石刻。
《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》是(shi)三(san)國(guo)時(shi)期魏夏侯(hou)玄(字泰初)撰寫的(de)(de)一篇(pian)文(wen)章(zhang),文(wen)中論(lun)述的(de)(de)是(shi)戰國(guo)時(shi)代燕國(guo)名將樂(le)(le)毅(yi)及其征討(tao)各國(guo)之事(shi)。傳(chuan)王(wang)羲之抄寫這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)篇(pian)文(wen)章(zhang),是(shi)書(shu)付其子官(guan)奴的(de)(de)。有人考證說,官(guan)奴是(shi)王(wang)獻之。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一書(shu)跡,早(zao)在去東(dong)晉(jin)未遠的(de)(de)南朝曾被論(lun)及。梁(liang)武帝在與陶(tao)弘景討(tao)論(lun)內府(fu)所(suo)藏(zang)的(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)篇(pian)書(shu)跡時(shi)說:“逸少跡無甚極(ji)細書(shu),《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》乃微粗健,恐非(fei)真跡”,陶(tao)弘景表示贊(zan)同,曰:“《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》愚心近甚疑是(shi)摹(mo)而(er)不敢輕言,今(jin)旨以為非(fei)真,竊自信頗涉有悟。”那么(me),梁(liang)朝內府(fu)的(de)(de)藏(zang)本(ben),宜是(shi)摹(mo)本(ben)而(er)非(fei)真跡。
盡管如(ru)此,陳(chen)、隋(sui)之(zhi)際釋(shi)智永卻視《樂(le)毅論(lun)》為(wei)王(wang)(wang)羲之(zhi)正書第(di)一。據他說:“梁世(shi)模(mo)出,天下珍(zhen)之(zhi)。自(zi)蕭、阮之(zhi)流(liu),莫不(bu)臨(lin)學。陳(chen)天嘉(650——565)中(zhong),人得以(yi)獻文帝,帝賜(si)始興王(wang)(wang),王(wang)(wang)作牧境中(zhong),即以(yi)見示。吾昔聞其(qi)妙,今睹其(qi)真,閱(yue)玩良久,匪朝(chao)伊夕(xi)。始興薨後,仍屬(shu)(shu)廢(fei)帝。廢(fei)帝既歿,又(you)屬(shu)(shu)余杭公主,公主以(yi)帝王(wang)(wang)所重,恒加寶(bao)愛(ai),陳(chen)世(shi)諸王(wang)(wang),皆(jie)求不(bu)得。及(ji)天下一統,四海同(tong)文,處處追尋(xun),累載方(fang)得。”
唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝初年(nian),《樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)論》入(ru)於內(nei)府,曾經褚(chu)(chu)遂良檢校鑒定,認定為真跡。褚(chu)(chu)氏(shi)著(zhu)錄內(nei)府所收王羲之書跡,為《右軍書目》,列《樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)論》為王氏(shi)正書第一,并注明(ming)“四(si)十四(si)行,書付官奴”。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)太宗最(zui)為寶重(zhong)的書跡是《蘭亭(ting)序(xu)》與《樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)論》。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)內(nei)府收藏(zang)的《樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)論》,最(zui)初摹拓分(fen)賜(si)(si)大臣(chen)是在(zai)貞觀年(nian)間。褚(chu)(chu)遂良《榻(ta)本(ben)(樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)論)記》曰:貞觀十三年(nian)(639)四(si)月九日,命直弘文館(guan)馮(feng)承素摹榻(ta),分(fen)賜(si)(si)長孫(sun)無(wu)忌、房玄齡、高(gao)士廉、侯(hou)君(jun)集、魏徵、楊師道六(liu)人,“于是在(zai)外(wai)乃有(you)六(liu)本(ben)。”武(wu)平一《徐氏(shi)法(fa)書記》載:“至高(gao)宗又敕(chi)馮(feng)承素、諸葛貞榻(ta)《樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)論》及雜帖數本(ben),賜(si)(si)長孫(sun)無(wu)忌等六(liu)人,在(zai)外(wai)方(fang)有(you)。”摹本(ben)的傳布(bu)范(fan)圍,限(xian)於皇(huang)親國戚或(huo)近侍大臣(chen)而已,世人罕見其貌。
《樂(le)毅論(lun)》墨跡(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)今已(yi)不傳(chuan)(chuan),真跡(ji)則更不待言(yan)了。據唐韋述(shu)《敘書(shu)錄(lu)》稱(cheng),內(nei)府所藏的(de)《樂(le)毅論(lun)》,“長安、神龍之(zhi)際,太平(ping)安樂(le)公(gong)主奏借出外拓寫”,“因此遂失所在”。徐浩《古跡(ji)記(ji)》記(ji)載(zai)得更為(wei)具體一些,曰:後歸武則天女太平(ping)公(gong)主,其後為(wei)一咸陽老(lao)(lao)嫗竊去,縣吏尋覺,老(lao)(lao)嫗投之(zhi)灶下,真跡(ji)遂永絕(jue)於世(shi)。宋朝程大昌(chang)肯定了這一說法,其所著(zhu)《考古編》卷八謂:“開(kai)元五(wu)年(nian)(717)裒大王(wang)真跡(ji)為(wei)百五(wu)十八卷,以《黃庭(ting)經》為(wei)正書(shu)第一,無《蘭亭》、《樂(le)毅》,則開(kai)元時真本(ben)(ben)(ben)不存明矣。今世(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)本(ben)(ben)(ben),必是(shi)(shi)摹榻,又未必正是(shi)(shi)當時傳(chuan)(chuan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。按,褚(chu)遂良、武平(ping)一皆言(yan)貞觀(guan)中嘗敕(chi)馮承素等榻本(ben)(ben)(ben)賜(si)長孫無忌等六(liu)人(ren),人(ren)間遂有六(liu)本(ben)(ben)(ben),其內(nei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)之(zhi)經褚(chu)河(he)南敘錄(lu)者,凡接縫及卷首(shou)、卷尾(wei)皆印‘貞觀(guan)二年(nian)’以識(shi)。今傳(chuan)(chuan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)又皆無之(zhi),知(zhi)是(shi)(shi)榻非原榻不疑也(ye)。”《宣和書(shu)譜》著(zhu)錄(lu)的(de)《樂(le)毅論(lun)》,恐怕就是(shi)(shi)程大昌(chang)所指的(de)非原榻的(de)再榻本(ben)(ben)(ben)。
另外,宋沈括(kuo)在(zai)《夢溪筆談(tan)》卷十(shi)(shi)七中還提出一新說,他(ta)認為“王(wang)(wang)羲之(zhi)(zhi)書,舊(jiu)傳(chuan)惟(wei)《樂毅(yi)論》乃羲之(zhi)(zhi)親書於石(shi)(shi),其他(ta)皆(jie)紙素所(suo)傳(chuan)。唐太宗裒聚二王(wang)(wang)墨跡,惟(wei)《樂毅(yi)論》石(shi)(shi)本在(zai)。其後(hou)(hou)隨太宗人(ren)昭陵。朱梁(liang)時,耀州節度使溫(wen)韜發(fa)昭陵得之(zhi)(zhi),復(fu)傳(chuan)人(ren)間。或曰‘公主(zhu)以偽(wei)本易之(zhi)(zhi),元石(shi)(shi)曾入(ru)曠(kuang)」。本朝高紳(shen)(shen)學士家,皇佑(you)中紳(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)子高安世為錢塘主(zhu)簿(bu),《樂毅(yi)論》在(zai)其家,予嘗見之(zhi)(zhi)。時石(shi)(shi)已破(po)缺,末后獨(du)有一‘海’字者是也(ye)(ye)。其後(hou)(hou)十(shi)(shi)余年,安世在(zai)蘇(su)(su)州,石(shi)(shi)已破(po)為數片,以鐵束之(zhi)(zhi),後(hou)(hou)安世死,石(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)。或云‘蘇(su)(su)州一富家得之(zhi)(zhi)。’亦不(bu)(bu)復(fu)見。今傳(chuan)《樂毅(yi)論》,皆(jie)摹本也(ye)(ye)。筆畫無復(fu)昔之(zhi)(zhi)清勁。羲之(zhi)(zhi)小楷(kai)字於此殆絕,《遺教經》之(zhi)(zhi)類,皆(jie)非(fei)其比也(ye)(ye)。”沈括(kuo)此說實際上是把傳(chuan)世的石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)榻本追認到王(wang)(wang)羲之(zhi)(zhi)那里,以他(ta)所(suo)見的刻(ke)石(shi)(shi)為原(yuan)石(shi)(shi)。權作(zuo)一說存之(zhi)(zhi)。
夏侯泰初
世(shi)人(ren)(ren)多(duo)以(yi)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)毅不(bu)時(shi)拔莒即(ji)墨為(wei)(wei)劣(lie)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)敘而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)論之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫(fu)求(qiu)古(gu)賢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,宜以(yi)大(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)遠者(zhe)(zhe)先之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必迂廻而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)難(nan)通(tong),然(ran)后已焉可也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),今樂(le)(le)(le)(le)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣或者(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)(qi)未盡乎,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)多(duo)劣(lie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。是(shi)(shi)使(shi)前賢失指于(yu)將(jiang)來不(bu)亦惜(xi)哉(zai),觀樂(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)遺燕(yan)(yan)(yan)惠王(wang)書,其(qi)(qi)殆庶(shu)乎機,合乎道(dao)(dao)以(yi)終始者(zhe)(zhe)與(yu),其(qi)(qi)喻昭王(wang)曰(yue):伊尹(yin)放(fang)太甲而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)疑,太甲受(shou)放(fang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)怨,是(shi)(shi)存大(da)(da)業于(yu)至公,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)以(yi)天下(xia)為(wei)(wei)心(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),夫(fu)欲極道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量,務以(yi)天下(xia)為(wei)(wei)心(xin)者(zhe)(zhe),必致其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)於(wu)盛隆,合其(qi)(qi)趣於(wu)先王(wang),茍(gou)君臣同符,斯(si)大(da)(da)業定矣。于(yu)斯(si)時(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),樂(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi),千(qian)(qian)載(zai)一遇(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),亦將(jiang)行千(qian)(qian)載(zai)一隆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),豈(qi)其(qi)(qi)局跡當時(shi),止於(wu)兼(jian)并(bing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)已哉(zai),夫(fu)兼(jian)并(bing)者(zhe)(zhe)非(fei)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所屑,強(qiang)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)廢道(dao)(dao),又非(fei)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所求(qiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)屑茍(gou)得(de)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)心(xin)無近事(shi)(shi),不(bu)求(qiu)小成(cheng),斯(si)意兼(jian)天下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)舉齊(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),所以(yi)運(yun)(yun)其(qi)(qi)機而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)動四(si)海(hai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),夫(fu)討齊(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)明燕(yan)(yan)(yan)主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義,此兵(bing)不(bu)興于(yu)為(wei)(wei)利矣。圍城而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)害不(bu)加於(wu)百姓,此仁心(xin)著於(wu)遐邇(er)矣,舉國(guo)不(bu)謀其(qi)(qi)功,除暴不(bu)以(yi)威力(li),此至德令(ling)於(wu)天下(xia)矣;邁全德以(yi)率列國(guo),則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)幾(ji)於(wu)湯武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)矣,樂(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)方恢(hui)大(da)(da)綱,以(yi)縱二(er)(er)城,牧(mu)民明信,以(yi)待其(qi)(qi)弊(bi),使(shi)即(ji)墨莒人(ren)(ren),顧(gu)仇其(qi)(qi)上(shang),愿釋干戈,賴我猶(you)親,善守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智,無所之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)施,然(ran)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)求(qiu)仁得(de)仁,即(ji)墨大(da)(da)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),任窮則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)從,微子(zi)適周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),開彌(mi)廣(guang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu),以(yi)待田單之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒,長容善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風,以(yi)申齊(qi)(qi)(qi)士(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)。使(shi)夫(fu)忠者(zhe)(zhe)遂(sui)節(jie),通(tong)者(zhe)(zhe)義著,昭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東海(hai),屬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華裔。我澤(ze)如春,下(xia)應如草,道(dao)(dao)光宇宙(zhou),賢者(zhe)(zhe)托心(xin),鄰(lin)(lin)國(guo)傾慕(mu),四(si)海(hai)延頸,思戴(dai)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)主(zhu),仰望風聲,二(er)(er)城必從,則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)王(wang)業隆矣,雖(sui)淹留於(wu)兩邑,乃(nai)致速於(wu)天下(xia),不(bu)幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian),世(shi)所不(bu)圖(tu),敗於(wu)垂成(cheng),時(shi)運(yun)(yun)固然(ran),若(ruo)乃(nai)逼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)威,劫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)兵(bing),則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)攻取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),求(qiu)欲速之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,使(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)流血于(yu)二(er)(er)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,侈殺傷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殘(can),示(shi)四(si)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)縱暴易亂,貪以(yi)成(cheng)私,鄰(lin)(lin)國(guo)望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)(qi)猶(you)犲虎。既大(da)(da)墮稱兵(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)喪濟弱(ruo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁,虧齊(qi)(qi)(qi)士(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie),廢廉善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風,掩宏通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度,棄王(wang)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隆,雖(sui)二(er)(er)城幾(ji)于(yu)可拔,覇王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),逝其(qi)(qi)遠矣。然(ran)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)雖(sui)兼(jian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi),其(qi)(qi)與(yu)世(shi)主(zhu),何(he)以(yi)殊哉(zai)?其(qi)(qi)與(yu)鄰(lin)(lin)敵,何(he)以(yi)相傾?樂(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)豈(qi)不(bu)知(zhi)拔二(er)(er)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)速了哉(zai)?顧(gu)城拔而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)業乖,豈(qi)不(bu)知(zhi)不(bu)速之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)致變(bian)(bian)(哉(zai)),顧(gu)業乖與(yu)變(bian)(bian)同,由是(shi)(shi)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),樂(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)屠二(er)(er)城,其(qi)(qi)亦未可量也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
世(shi)人大多認(ren)為樂毅不能按時(shi)攻克即墨是錯(cuo)誤的(de),因此,(我在此)記敘并論述他。
探(tan)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)古代賢(xian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)意(yi),應該先從(cong)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面(mian)和遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面(mian)想(xiang),一定是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(先感覺)曲折(zhe)(zhe)難(nan)懂,然后(hou)方(fang)可領(ling)(ling)會(hui)(hui)啊。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)今(對)樂(le)毅(yi)之(zhi)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲折(zhe)(zhe)有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)還未能(neng)徹底了(le)(le)解,因而(er)(er)大(da)(da)多(duo)認為(wei)他(ta)錯(cuo)了(le)(le)。這(zhe)樣(yang)讓前代賢(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)將(jiang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)被人(ren)(ren)(ren)誤解不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)可惜嗎,看(kan)樂(le)毅(yi)贈給燕惠王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin),他(ta)大(da)(da)概在(zai)謀略上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)差不(bu)(bu)多(duo)了(le)(le),合乎于仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)能(neng)始終如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)一。他(ta)告喻(yu)昭(zhao)王(wang)說(shuo):伊尹流放(fang)(fang)太(tai)甲而(er)(er)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)猜疑,太(tai)甲被流放(fang)(fang)而(er)(er)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)抱怨(yuan),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(因為(wei))把大(da)(da)業放(fang)(fang)在(zai)最公正(zheng)之(zhi)處(chu),并(bing)且(qie)(qie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)為(wei)考慮(lv)了(le)(le)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)想(xiang)極盡仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)度量(liang),一定要(yao)以天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)為(wei)己(ji)任,一定要(yao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)(de)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主興盛發(fa)(fa)達,與(yu)先君(jun)情(qing)趣相(xiang)(xiang)合,君(jun)臣同心(xin)協(xie)力(li),這(zhe)樣(yang),大(da)(da)業就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)穩(wen)定了(le)(le)。在(zai)這(zhe)個時(shi)候(hou),樂(le)毅(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志(zhi)向,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)千年一遇(yu)啊,也(ye)(ye)將(jiang)推(tui)行(xing)千年一遇(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇高仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)。哪里是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)拘泥于時(shi)局,僅(jin)僅(jin)為(wei)滿(man)足兼(jian)(jian)(jian)并(bing)呢(ni),兼(jian)(jian)(jian)并(bing)(齊(qi)(qi)魯(lu))不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樂(le)毅(yi)所希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),使(shi)(shi)(shi)燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)強大(da)(da)而(er)(er)廢除(chu)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao),也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樂(le)毅(yi)所希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。不(bu)(bu)屑于茍且(qie)(qie)有(you)(you)(you)成,也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)心(xin)中沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)眼前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小事情(qing)了(le)(le),不(bu)(bu)渴求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收獲,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)意(yi)在(zai)一統天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)啊。這(zhe)樣(yang)看(kan)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),攻(gong)打(da)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)借(jie)此機會(hui)(hui)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)撼動天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia),討伐(fa)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)闡明(ming)燕王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)義(yi),沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)動用(yong)武(wu)力(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)謀求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)更大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益。包(bao)圍城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)而(er)(er)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)加害(hai)于百姓(xing),這(zhe)樣(yang)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)慈(ci)之(zhi)心(xin)將(jiang)傳播很(hen)遠(yuan),攻(gong)打(da)別國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)為(wei)謀求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(私人(ren)(ren)(ren))功(gong)(gong)勞,除(chu)掉暴君(jun)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)武(wu)力(li),這(zhe)樣(yang),最高尚(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)德就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)普(pu)遍天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia);率領(ling)(ling)其他(ta)諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)倡導仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao),近乎于商湯和周武(wu)王(wang)了(le)(le),樂(le)毅(yi)恰好(hao)弘(hong)揚仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao),放(fang)(fang)棄(攻(gong)打(da))兩個城(cheng)(cheng)市,讓百姓(xing)安(an)生,表明(ming)誠(cheng)信(xin),來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)等待(dai)他(ta)們(齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo))出現(xian)(xian)弊端(duan),使(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)(de)即墨縣(xian)和莒縣(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)百姓(xing)回頭怨(yuan)恨(hen)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),(最后(hou))愿意(yi)放(fang)(fang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)兵器,像親(qin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)一樣(yang)依賴我們。善于守衛(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧,(是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))不(bu)(bu)要(yao)隨便(bian)做什么事情(qing),這(zhe)樣(yang),想(xiang)要(yao)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)得(de)(de)到(dao)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao),(也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))即墨士(shi)大(da)(da)夫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)義(yi)啊。責任到(dao)了(le)(le)盡頭就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)隨從(cong),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)微(wei)子順從(cong)周朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)理啊。開通更廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渠道(dao)(dao),來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)等待(dai)田單一類人(ren)(ren)(ren)(降(jiang)服(fu)),助(zhu)長容(rong)納(na)善良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)氣,申(shen)明(ming)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志(zhi)向。使(shi)(shi)(shi)忠誠(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)節(jie)操,明(ming)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)顯(xian)著道(dao)(dao)義(yi),天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)昭(zhao)彰,傳給后(hou)世(shi)。我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩澤(ze)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)像春(chun)(chun)光(guang)(guang),百姓(xing)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)春(chun)(chun)草,道(dao)(dao)義(yi)光(guang)(guang)耀(yao)宇宙,賢(xian)能(neng)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)托付(fu)真心(xin),鄰(lin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)傾心(xin)羨慕,天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)向往,(都)想(xiang)推(tui)戴(dai)燕王(wang)。隨著眾人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼聲,兩座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)邑一定會(hui)(hui)降(jiang)服(fu),這(zhe)樣(yang),霸王(wang)之(zhi)業就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可實(shi)現(xian)(xian)。即使(shi)(shi)(shi)停留在(zai)兩城(cheng)(cheng),也(ye)(ye)會(hui)(hui)很(hen)快告喻(yu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)。不(bu)(bu)幸發(fa)(fa)生變故,在(zai)當時(shi)形勢(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),功(gong)(gong)敗(bai)垂成,乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)命中注定。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)用(yong)威勢(shi)逼迫,用(yong)武(wu)力(li)攻(gong)打(da),則攻(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)只為(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暫時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)勞,讓燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)兩座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)間流血,拼殺形成很(hen)多(duo)傷(shang)殘(can),讓四個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan),這(zhe)樣(yang)(是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))用(yong)放(fang)(fang)縱殘(can)暴替(ti)換戰(zhan)亂(luan),貪婪私利,鄰(lin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)看(kan)到(dao),我們就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)成了(le)(le)豺狼。既(ji)丟失了(le)(le)用(yong)兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi),也(ye)(ye)喪(sang)失了(le)(le)扶(fu)弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao),使(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)節(jie)操受損,廢除(chu)清廉優良作風(feng)。遮掩博大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)度量(liang),丟棄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)崇高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)道(dao)(dao),即使(shi)(shi)(shi)兩座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)能(neng)夠攻(gong)克(ke),稱霸天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事情(qing)也(ye)(ye)背(bei)離很(hen)遠(yuan)了(le)(le)。再說(shuo),燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)即使(shi)(shi)(shi)兼(jian)(jian)(jian)并(bing)了(le)(le)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),對世(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)又(you)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)何誅伐(fa)?與(yu)(原來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))鄰(lin)敵又(you)怎樣(yang)相(xiang)(xiang)處(chu)?樂(le)毅(yi)難(nan)道(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)攻(gong)克(ke)兩城(cheng)(cheng)很(hen)容(rong)易么,只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮(lv)到(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)攻(gong)克(ke)時(shi)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)背(bei)離霸業了(le)(le);難(nan)道(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)迅速攻(gong)克(ke)會(hui)(hui)產生變故?只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮(lv)到(dao)背(bei)離了(le)(le)霸業與(yu)產生變故是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此說(shuo)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),樂(le)毅(yi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)屠戮兩座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi),那也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
注:田單(生(sheng)卒年(nian)(nian)不詳):媯姓,田氏(shi),名單,臨淄人,漢族(zu),戰國時田齊宗室遠房的(de)親(qin)屬,任齊都(dou)臨淄的(de)市掾(秘書)。生(sheng)卒年(nian)(nian)不詳,后來到趙國作(zuo)將相。前(qian)284年(nian)(nian),燕(yan)國大將樂毅(yi)出(chu)兵攻占(zhan)臨淄(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)淄博(bo)東(dong)北),接連攻下齊國七十余城。最后只剩(sheng)了莒城(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)莒縣(xian))和即(ji)墨(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)平度市東(dong)南),田單率族(zu)人以鐵皮護(hu)車軸逃(tao)至(zhi)即(ji)墨。
日(ri)本(ben)(ben)東京(jing)國(guo)立博物館(guan)藏。傳為宋高紳任湖北轉運使時得《樂(le)(le)毅論》刻本(ben)(ben)殘石(shi)於(wu)秣(mo)陵,石(shi)存前半段(duan)二(er)十余行(xing)(xing)(xing)。沈(shen)括嘗親(qin)見(jian),并認為是王羲之親(qin)書於(wu)石(shi)的刻石(shi)。宋歐陽修(xiu)《集古(gu)錄跋(ba)尾》卷四亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)類似(si)沈(shen)括之說的記載:“右《樂(le)(le)毅論》石(shi),在(zai)故高紳學(xue)士(shi)家。紳死,人初(chu)不知惜,好事者往(wang)往(wang)就閱,或(huo)模傳其(qi)(qi)本(ben)(ben),其(qi)(qi)家遂秘密之,漸為難得。後其(qi)(qi)子弟以其(qi)(qi)石(shi)質錢(qian)於(wu)富人,而富人家失火,遂焚其(qi)(qi)石(shi),今無復有(you)(you)本(ben)(ben)矣。”傳世的《樂(le)(le)毅論》,皆(jie)摹刻本(ben)(ben)。著名者,南宋有(you)(you)越州石(shi)邦哲《越州石(shi)氏(shi)帖(tie)(tie)》本(ben)(ben),明朝有(you)(you)文氏(shi)《停云館(guan)帖(tie)(tie)》本(ben)(ben)、陳巗《玉煙堂帖(tie)(tie)》本(ben)(ben)、吳廷《余清齋帖(tie)(tie)》本(ben)(ben)、王肯堂《郁岡(gang)齋帖(tie)(tie)》本(ben)(ben),清朝有(you)(you)馮銓(quan)《快雪堂帖(tie)(tie)》本(ben)(ben)。《越州石(shi)氏(shi)帖(tie)(tie)》本(ben)(ben),僅(jin)存二(er)十九(jiu)行(xing)(xing)(xing),帖(tie)(tie)首第(di)(di)一至五行(xing)(xing)(xing)下方缺一角(jiao),第(di)(di)一行(xing)(xing)(xing)“初(chu)”字(zi),第(di)(di)二(er)行(xing)(xing)(xing)“為劣是以敘而”六字(zi),第(di)(di)四行(xing)(xing)(xing)“必迂(yu)回”三(san)字(zi),第(di)(di)五行(xing)(xing)(xing)“其(qi)(qi)”字(zi)。第(di)(di)二(er)十九(jiu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)僅(jin)剩行(xing)(xing)(xing)末“海”字(zi),亦(yi)(yi)稱“海字(zi)本(ben)(ben)”,與沈(shen)括所記相符,當是據(ju)高紳所藏殘石(shi)舊本(ben)(ben)摹刻。
北京故(gu)宮博物院(yuan)藏(zang)。《余清齋帖(tie)》乃吳(wu)廷(ting)摹(mo)刻(ke)(ke)於明朝(chao)萬(wan)歷二(er)十(shi)四年(nian)(1596),摹(mo)刻(ke)(ke)皆精善,可(ke)惜刻(ke)(ke)於木板(ban)。但仍然(ran)是明朝(chao)叢帖(tie)名刻(ke)(ke),楊守(shou)敬(jing)認為“出明代諸集帖(tie)之上。”今初(chu)榻本,比之《停云館帖(tie)》等,尤(you)為難得(de)。其(qi)(qi)中《樂(le)(le)毅論(lun)》帖(tie),未有“異(yi)僧(seng)(seng)權”三(san)(san)字,其(qi)(qi)下又增(zeng)刻(ke)(ke)“永和四年(nian)十(shi)二(er)月廿四日書付官奴”一行。《珊(shan)瑚網》卷一錄董(dong)其(qi)(qi)昌跋“梁摹(mo)《樂(le)(le)毅論(lun)》真跡”云:“余所(suo)(suo)見《樂(le)(le)毅論(lun)》宋榻本,及(ji)唐(tang)貞觀摹(mo)真跡,二(er)本皆無'付官奴'三(san)(san)字,獨(du)此有之。”董(dong)氏(shi)所(suo)(suo)見,可(ke)能是吳(wu)廷(ting)收(shou)刻(ke)(ke)《樂(le)(le)毅論(lun)》所(suo)(suo)據的(de)原本。又,“異(yi)”為隋朝(chao)朱異(yi)的(de)押(ya)署(shu),“僧(seng)(seng)權”為梁朝(chao)徐僧(seng)(seng)權的(de)押(ya)署(shu),見唐(tang)張彥遠《歷代名畫記》“敘自(zi)古跋尾(wei)押(ya)署(shu)”條。