《樂毅論(lun)》共(gong)四十(shi)四行,小(xiao)楷。是王羲之的楷書(shu)書(shu)法作(zuo)品。原作(zuo)者為(wei)(wei)夏侯玄,真跡早已不(bu)存(cun),一(yi)說真跡戰(zhan)亂時(shi)為(wei)(wei)咸陽(yang)老嫗投于灶(zao)火,一(yi)說唐太宗所收。現存(cun)世(shi)刻本有多種,以(yi)《秘閣本》和《越州石氏本》最佳。
王羲(xi)之書(shu)。小楷。褚(chu)遂良在《晉右軍王羲(xi)之書(shu)目》將其列為第(di)一。梁(liang)陶(tao)弘景說:“右軍名跡(ji)(ji),合有數首:《黃庭經(jing)》、《曹娥碑》、《樂毅(yi)論》是也。”王羲(xi)之書(shu)皆有真跡(ji)(ji),惟此帖只有石刻。
《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)(lun)》是三國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)魏夏侯玄(字泰初)撰寫的(de)一篇文章(zhang),文中(zhong)論(lun)(lun)述的(de)是戰國(guo)時(shi)代燕(yan)國(guo)名將樂(le)毅(yi)及其征(zheng)討各國(guo)之事(shi)。傳王羲之抄寫這(zhe)(zhe)篇文章(zhang),是書(shu)(shu)(shu)付(fu)其子(zi)官奴(nu)的(de)。有人考證說,官奴(nu)是王獻之。這(zhe)(zhe)一書(shu)(shu)(shu)跡(ji),早在(zai)去東晉未遠的(de)南朝(chao)曾被(bei)論(lun)(lun)及。梁武帝在(zai)與陶弘景討論(lun)(lun)內(nei)府(fu)所藏的(de)這(zhe)(zhe)篇書(shu)(shu)(shu)跡(ji)時(shi)說:“逸(yi)少跡(ji)無甚極(ji)細書(shu)(shu)(shu),《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)(lun)》乃微粗健,恐非真(zhen)跡(ji)”,陶弘景表示(shi)贊(zan)同,曰:“《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)(lun)》愚心近甚疑是摹而(er)不敢輕言,今旨以為非真(zhen),竊自(zi)信頗涉有悟。”那么,梁朝(chao)內(nei)府(fu)的(de)藏本(ben)(ben),宜是摹本(ben)(ben)而(er)非真(zhen)跡(ji)。
盡管如(ru)此,陳(chen)、隋之(zhi)(zhi)際釋智永卻視《樂毅論》為王羲之(zhi)(zhi)正書第一。據(ju)他說:“梁世模出,天(tian)下珍之(zhi)(zhi)。自蕭、阮之(zhi)(zhi)流,莫不(bu)臨學。陳(chen)天(tian)嘉(650——565)中,人得(de)以獻文帝(di)(di),帝(di)(di)賜始興王,王作牧境中,即(ji)以見示(shi)。吾昔聞其(qi)妙,今睹(du)其(qi)真(zhen),閱玩良久,匪朝(chao)伊夕。始興薨後,仍(reng)屬廢帝(di)(di)。廢帝(di)(di)既歿(mo),又屬余杭公(gong)主,公(gong)主以帝(di)(di)王所(suo)重,恒加寶愛,陳(chen)世諸王,皆(jie)求不(bu)得(de)。及天(tian)下一統,四海(hai)同文,處處追尋(xun),累載方(fang)得(de)。”
唐朝初年(nian),《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》入於內府,曾經褚遂良檢校鑒(jian)定(ding),認定(ding)為真跡。褚氏(shi)著錄內府所收王羲之書(shu)跡,為《右軍書(shu)目(mu)》,列《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》為王氏(shi)正書(shu)第一(yi),并注(zhu)明(ming)“四十四行,書(shu)付官奴”。唐太宗(zong)最(zui)為寶重的(de)書(shu)跡是(shi)《蘭亭(ting)序》與《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》。唐內府收藏的(de)《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》,最(zui)初摹拓(tuo)分賜(si)大(da)臣是(shi)在(zai)貞(zhen)(zhen)觀年(nian)間。褚遂良《榻本(ben)(樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun))記》曰(yue):貞(zhen)(zhen)觀十三年(nian)(639)四月九日(ri),命直(zhi)弘文館(guan)馮承(cheng)素摹榻,分賜(si)長孫無忌(ji)、房玄齡、高士廉、侯君集、魏(wei)徵(zhi)、楊師道六人(ren)(ren),“于是(shi)在(zai)外乃(nai)有(you)六本(ben)。”武平一(yi)《徐氏(shi)法書(shu)記》載:“至(zhi)高宗(zong)又敕馮承(cheng)素、諸(zhu)葛貞(zhen)(zhen)榻《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》及雜帖數本(ben),賜(si)長孫無忌(ji)等六人(ren)(ren),在(zai)外方有(you)。”摹本(ben)的(de)傳布范圍(wei),限於皇親(qin)國戚或近侍大(da)臣而已(yi),世人(ren)(ren)罕見其貌(mao)。
《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》墨跡(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)今已(yi)不傳,真跡(ji)則(ze)更不待(dai)言了(le)。據唐韋述《敘書錄》稱,內(nei)府所藏的《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》,“長安、神龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)際,太平(ping)安樂(le)(le)公(gong)主奏借出外拓寫”,“因此遂(sui)失(shi)所在”。徐(xu)浩《古跡(ji)記》記載得更為(wei)具(ju)體一(yi)些,曰(yue):後(hou)歸(gui)武(wu)則(ze)天女太平(ping)公(gong)主,其(qi)後(hou)為(wei)一(yi)咸陽老(lao)嫗(yu)竊去,縣(xian)吏尋覺,老(lao)嫗(yu)投之(zhi)(zhi)灶下,真跡(ji)遂(sui)永絕於世。宋朝程(cheng)大(da)昌肯定了(le)這一(yi)說法,其(qi)所著《考(kao)古編》卷(juan)八謂:“開元五年(717)裒大(da)王真跡(ji)為(wei)百五十八卷(juan),以《黃庭經》為(wei)正書第一(yi),無《蘭亭》、《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)》,則(ze)開元時(shi)真本(ben)(ben)(ben)不存(cun)明矣。今世傳本(ben)(ben)(ben),必(bi)是摹榻(ta),又未必(bi)正是當時(shi)傳本(ben)(ben)(ben)。按,褚遂(sui)良、武(wu)平(ping)一(yi)皆(jie)言貞觀中嘗敕馮承素等榻(ta)本(ben)(ben)(ben)賜(si)長孫(sun)無忌等六人,人間遂(sui)有(you)六本(ben)(ben)(ben),其(qi)內(nei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)之(zhi)(zhi)經褚河(he)南敘錄者,凡接縫(feng)及卷(juan)首、卷(juan)尾皆(jie)印(yin)‘貞觀二年’以識。今傳本(ben)(ben)(ben)又皆(jie)無之(zhi)(zhi),知是榻(ta)非原(yuan)榻(ta)不疑也。”《宣和書譜》著錄的《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》,恐怕就是程(cheng)大(da)昌所指的非原(yuan)榻(ta)的再(zai)榻(ta)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。
另外,宋沈(shen)(shen)括在《夢溪(xi)筆談(tan)》卷十七中還提出一(yi)新說(shuo),他認(ren)為(wei)“王(wang)羲(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書,舊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)惟《樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)論(lun)》乃羲(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)親(qin)書於(wu)石(shi),其(qi)他皆紙素所(suo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。唐太(tai)宗(zong)裒聚(ju)二王(wang)墨(mo)跡,惟《樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)論(lun)》石(shi)本(ben)(ben)在。其(qi)後隨太(tai)宗(zong)人昭(zhao)(zhao)陵。朱梁時,耀州(zhou)節(jie)度使溫韜發(fa)昭(zhao)(zhao)陵得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),復傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人間。或曰‘公主以偽本(ben)(ben)易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),元石(shi)曾(ceng)入(ru)曠」。本(ben)(ben)朝(chao)高紳學士家(jia),皇(huang)佑中紳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子高安世(shi)(shi)為(wei)錢塘主簿,《樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)論(lun)》在其(qi)家(jia),予嘗見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。時石(shi)已(yi)破缺,末(mo)后獨有一(yi)‘海’字者(zhe)是(shi)也。其(qi)後十余年,安世(shi)(shi)在蘇州(zhou),石(shi)已(yi)破為(wei)數片,以鐵束之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),後安世(shi)(shi)死(si),石(shi)不知(zhi)所(suo)在。或云‘蘇州(zhou)一(yi)富家(jia)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’亦(yi)不復見。今傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)《樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)論(lun)》,皆摹本(ben)(ben)也。筆畫無復昔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清勁(jing)。羲(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小楷字於(wu)此殆絕,《遺教經(jing)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類,皆非其(qi)比也。”沈(shen)(shen)括此說(shuo)實際(ji)上(shang)是(shi)把傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)世(shi)(shi)的石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)榻本(ben)(ben)追認(ren)到王(wang)羲(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)那里,以他所(suo)見的刻(ke)(ke)石(shi)為(wei)原石(shi)。權作一(yi)說(shuo)存之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
夏侯泰初
世人(ren)多(duo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)樂毅不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)時拔(ba)(ba)莒即墨(mo)為劣(lie)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)敘而(er)論之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)求(qiu)古賢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,宜(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)遠者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)先之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)迂廻而(er)難通,然后已(yi)焉可(ke)也,今(jin)樂氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣或者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)未盡(jin)乎(hu),而(er)多(duo)劣(lie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。是(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)前(qian)賢失指于將來不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亦惜哉,觀(guan)樂生(sheng)遺燕(yan)惠王(wang)(wang)書,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)殆(dai)庶乎(hu)機,合乎(hu)道以(yi)(yi)(yi)終始者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)與(yu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)喻(yu)昭王(wang)(wang)曰:伊(yi)尹放(fang)太甲而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)疑(yi),太甲受放(fang)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)怨,是(shi)(shi)存大(da)(da)業(ye)于至公,而(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)下(xia)為心(xin)(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也,夫(fu)(fu)(fu)欲極道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量,務以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)下(xia)為心(xin)(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),必(bi)致(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)盛(sheng)隆(long),合其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)趣於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)先王(wang)(wang),茍君臣同(tong)符,斯(si)大(da)(da)業(ye)定矣(yi)(yi)。于斯(si)時也,樂生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志,千載一遇(yu)也,亦將行千載一隆(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,豈其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)局跡當時,止於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)兼并而(er)已(yi)哉,夫(fu)(fu)(fu)兼并者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)非樂生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)屑(xie)(xie),強燕(yan)而(er)廢(fei)道,又(you)非樂生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)求(qiu)也。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屑(xie)(xie)茍得(de)則(ze)心(xin)(xin)無近事,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)求(qiu)小成(cheng),斯(si)意兼天(tian)下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也。則(ze)舉(ju)(ju)齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)運(yun)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機而(er)動四(si)海(hai)也,夫(fu)(fu)(fu)討齊以(yi)(yi)(yi)明燕(yan)主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi),此兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)興于為利(li)矣(yi)(yi)。圍城(cheng)而(er)害不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)加於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)百姓,此仁心(xin)(xin)著於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)遐(xia)邇(er)矣(yi)(yi),舉(ju)(ju)國(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)謀其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功,除暴不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)威(wei)(wei)力,此至德(de)令於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)下(xia)矣(yi)(yi);邁全德(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)率(lv)列國(guo),則(ze)幾(ji)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)湯武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事矣(yi)(yi),樂生(sheng)方恢大(da)(da)綱,以(yi)(yi)(yi)縱二城(cheng),牧民明信(xin),以(yi)(yi)(yi)待其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)弊,使(shi)(shi)即墨(mo)莒人(ren),顧(gu)仇(chou)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上,愿釋干戈(ge),賴我(wo)猶(you)親(qin),善(shan)守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智,無所(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)施,然則(ze)求(qiu)仁得(de)仁,即墨(mo)大(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)也,任窮則(ze)從(cong),微子適周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道也,開彌(mi)廣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)待田單(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu),長(chang)容善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風,以(yi)(yi)(yi)申(shen)齊士(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志。使(shi)(shi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)忠者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)遂節,通者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)義(yi)著,昭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)海(hai),屬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華裔。我(wo)澤(ze)如春,下(xia)應如草,道光宇宙(zhou),賢者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)托心(xin)(xin),鄰國(guo)傾慕,四(si)海(hai)延頸,思戴燕(yan)主,仰望風聲,二城(cheng)必(bi)從(cong),則(ze)王(wang)(wang)業(ye)隆(long)矣(yi)(yi),雖淹留於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)兩(liang)邑,乃致(zhi)(zhi)速(su)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)下(xia),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變,世所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)圖(tu),敗(bai)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)垂成(cheng),時運(yun)固然,若乃逼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)威(wei)(wei),劫(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)兵,則(ze)攻取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,求(qiu)欲速(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,使(shi)(shi)燕(yan)齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)流(liu)血(xue)于二城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,侈殺傷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殘(can),示四(si)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),是(shi)(shi)縱暴易(yi)亂,貪以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)私,鄰國(guo)望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)猶(you)犲(chai)虎(hu)。既大(da)(da)墮稱兵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi),而(er)喪濟弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁,虧齊士(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節,廢(fei)廉善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風,掩宏通之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度,棄(qi)王(wang)(wang)德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隆(long),雖二城(cheng)幾(ji)于可(ke)拔(ba)(ba),覇王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,逝其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遠矣(yi)(yi)。然則(ze)燕(yan)雖兼齊,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)世主,何(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)殊哉?其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)鄰敵,何(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)相傾?樂生(sheng)豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)拔(ba)(ba)二城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)速(su)了哉?顧(gu)城(cheng)拔(ba)(ba)而(er)業(ye)乖,豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)速(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)致(zhi)(zhi)變(哉),顧(gu)業(ye)乖與(yu)變同(tong),由是(shi)(shi)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),樂生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屠二城(cheng),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亦未可(ke)量也。
世人大多(duo)認為樂毅不能(neng)按時攻(gong)克即墨是錯誤的,因此,(我在此)記敘并論(lun)述(shu)他。
探(tan)求古代賢(xian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi),應該先(xian)從大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面和遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面想(xiang),一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(先(xian)感覺)曲折難懂,然后方(fang)可(ke)領(ling)會(hui)(hui)(hui)啊(a)。如(ru)今(對)樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲折有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)還未能(neng)徹底了(le)(le)(le)解,因(yin)而大(da)(da)多認為(wei)他(ta)(ta)錯了(le)(le)(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)讓前(qian)代賢(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)將來被人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)誤解不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)(hen)可(ke)惜嗎,看樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)贈給燕(yan)惠王的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin),他(ta)(ta)大(da)(da)概(gai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)謀(mou)略上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)差不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)多了(le)(le)(le),合乎于(yu)(yu)仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而且能(neng)始(shi)終如(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。他(ta)(ta)告(gao)喻昭王說:伊(yi)尹(yin)流(liu)放(fang)太(tai)甲(jia)而沒(mei)有(you)猜疑,太(tai)甲(jia)被流(liu)放(fang)而沒(mei)有(you)抱怨,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(因(yin)為(wei))把大(da)(da)業放(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)最公正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)處,并(bing)且是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以天下(xia)(xia)為(wei)考慮(lv)了(le)(le)(le)。如(ru)果(guo)想(xiang)極盡(jin)仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)度(du)量,一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)以天下(xia)(xia)為(wei)己任(ren),一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)使得他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主興盛發(fa)達,與先(xian)君(jun)情(qing)趣相合,君(jun)臣(chen)同心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)協力,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),大(da)(da)業就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)穩定(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個時候,樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志向(xiang),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)千年一(yi)(yi)(yi)遇(yu)啊(a),也(ye)將推(tui)行千年一(yi)(yi)(yi)遇(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇(chong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。哪里是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)拘泥于(yu)(yu)時局,僅(jin)僅(jin)為(wei)滿足兼并(bing)呢(ni),兼并(bing)(齊魯)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)所希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),使燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)強大(da)(da)而廢除仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)所希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屑于(yu)(yu)茍且有(you)成(cheng)(cheng),也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)眼前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小事(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)了(le)(le)(le),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)渴(ke)求小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)獲,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)意(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)統天下(xia)(xia)啊(a)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)看來,攻(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)齊國(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)借此機會(hui)(hui)(hui)來撼動(dong)天下(xia)(xia),討伐(fa)齊國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)闡明燕(yan)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)(ren)義,沒(mei)有(you)動(dong)用(yong)(yong)武(wu)力是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)謀(mou)求更大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益。包(bao)圍城池(chi)(chi)(chi)而沒(mei)有(you)加害于(yu)(yu)百姓,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)仁(ren)(ren)慈之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)將傳(chuan)(chuan)播很(hen)(hen)遠,攻(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)別國(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)謀(mou)求(私(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren))功勞(lao),除掉(diao)暴君(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)武(wu)力,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),最高(gao)(gao)(gao)尚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)德(de)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)普遍天下(xia)(xia);率領(ling)其他(ta)(ta)諸侯國(guo)(guo)倡(chang)導仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),近乎于(yu)(yu)商湯和周武(wu)王了(le)(le)(le),樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)恰好弘揚仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),放(fang)棄(qi)(攻(gong)(gong)打(da)(da))兩(liang)(liang)個城市,讓百姓安生(sheng)(sheng),表明誠(cheng)信(xin),來等(deng)待他(ta)(ta)們(齊國(guo)(guo))出現弊端,使得即墨縣和莒縣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)百姓回頭(tou)(tou)怨恨自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)君(jun),(最后)愿意(yi)放(fang)下(xia)(xia)兵(bing)器,像(xiang)親人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)依賴我(wo)們。善于(yu)(yu)守衛(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)慧,(是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)隨(sui)便做什么事(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),想(xiang)要(yao)仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)得到(dao)(dao)仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),(也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))即墨士大(da)(da)夫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)(ren)義啊(a)。責(ze)任(ren)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)盡(jin)頭(tou)(tou)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)隨(sui)從,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)微(wei)子(zi)順(shun)從周朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)理啊(a)。開通(tong)更廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渠道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),來等(deng)待田(tian)單一(yi)(yi)(yi)類人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(降(jiang)服(fu)),助長容納善良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風氣,申(shen)明齊國(guo)(guo)士人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志向(xiang)。使忠誠(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)實現節(jie)操,明理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)顯著道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)義,天下(xia)(xia)昭彰,傳(chuan)(chuan)給后世。我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩澤就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)像(xiang)春(chun)光(guang),百姓就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)如(ru)春(chun)草,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)義光(guang)耀宇宙,賢(xian)能(neng)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)托(tuo)付真心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),鄰(lin)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)傾心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)羨慕,天下(xia)(xia)向(xiang)往,(都)想(xiang)推(tui)戴燕(yan)王。隨(sui)著眾人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼聲,兩(liang)(liang)座城邑一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)會(hui)(hui)(hui)降(jiang)服(fu),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),霸(ba)王之(zhi)(zhi)業就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)實現。即使停(ting)留在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)(liang)城,也(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)很(hen)(hen)快告(gao)喻天下(xia)(xia)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)幸(xing)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)故,在(zai)(zai)(zai)當時形勢是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),功敗垂(chui)成(cheng)(cheng),乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)命中(zhong)注定(ding)(ding)。如(ru)果(guo)用(yong)(yong)威勢逼迫(po),用(yong)(yong)武(wu)力攻(gong)(gong)打(da)(da),則攻(gong)(gong)城只(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暫時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功勞(lao),讓燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)和齊國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)(liang)座城池(chi)(chi)(chi)間(jian)流(liu)血,拼殺形成(cheng)(cheng)很(hen)(hen)多傷(shang)殘,讓四個國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)來看,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))用(yong)(yong)放(fang)縱殘暴替換戰亂,貪婪私(si)利,鄰(lin)國(guo)(guo)看到(dao)(dao),我(wo)們就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)豺狼。既丟失(shi)了(le)(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義,也(ye)喪失(shi)了(le)(le)(le)扶(fu)弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),使齊國(guo)(guo)士人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)節(jie)操受(shou)損(sun),廢除清廉(lian)優良作(zuo)風。遮掩博大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)度(du)量,丟棄(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)崇(chong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),即使兩(liang)(liang)座城池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)夠(gou)攻(gong)(gong)克,稱霸(ba)天下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)也(ye)背離很(hen)(hen)遠了(le)(le)(le)。再說,燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)即使兼并(bing)了(le)(le)(le)齊國(guo)(guo),對世人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)又如(ru)何誅伐(fa)?與(原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))鄰(lin)敵又怎樣(yang)(yang)相處?樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)難道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知攻(gong)(gong)克兩(liang)(liang)城很(hen)(hen)容易(yi)么,只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮(lv)到(dao)(dao)城池(chi)(chi)(chi)攻(gong)(gong)克時也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)背離霸(ba)業了(le)(le)(le);難道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)迅速攻(gong)(gong)克會(hui)(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)故?只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮(lv)到(dao)(dao)背離了(le)(le)(le)霸(ba)業與產生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)故是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)此說來,樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)沒(mei)有(you)屠(tu)戮(lu)兩(liang)(liang)座城池(chi)(chi)(chi),那也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
注:田(tian)(tian)單(dan)(生(sheng)卒年不詳):媯姓(xing),田(tian)(tian)氏,名(ming)單(dan),臨(lin)淄(zi)人,漢族,戰國時田(tian)(tian)齊宗室遠房的親屬,任齊都臨(lin)淄(zi)的市掾(yuan)(秘書(shu))。生(sheng)卒年不詳,后來到趙國作(zuo)將相(xiang)。前284年,燕國大將樂(le)毅出兵攻占臨(lin)淄(zi)(今(jin)山東(dong)淄(zi)博(bo)東(dong)北(bei)),接連(lian)攻下齊國七(qi)十余(yu)城。最后只剩了莒(ju)城(今(jin)山東(dong)莒(ju)縣)和即墨(mo)(今(jin)山東(dong)平度市東(dong)南),田(tian)(tian)單(dan)率族人以鐵皮(pi)護車軸(zhou)逃(tao)至即墨(mo)。
日本(ben)東京國立博物館藏(zang)。傳為(wei)宋高紳(shen)(shen)任湖北轉運使(shi)時得(de)《樂(le)(le)毅論(lun)(lun)》刻(ke)本(ben)殘(can)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)於(wu)秣陵(ling),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)存(cun)前半段(duan)二十(shi)余(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。沈(shen)括(kuo)嘗親見,并認為(wei)是王羲之(zhi)(zhi)親書於(wu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)刻(ke)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。宋歐陽修《集古錄跋尾》卷(juan)四亦有(you)類似沈(shen)括(kuo)之(zhi)(zhi)說的(de)記載:“右《樂(le)(le)毅論(lun)(lun)》石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),在故高紳(shen)(shen)學(xue)士家。紳(shen)(shen)死,人初不知惜,好(hao)事者往往就閱,或模傳其(qi)本(ben),其(qi)家遂(sui)秘密之(zhi)(zhi),漸為(wei)難得(de)。後其(qi)子弟以其(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質錢於(wu)富人,而富人家失火,遂(sui)焚其(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),今(jin)無復有(you)本(ben)矣(yi)。”傳世(shi)的(de)《樂(le)(le)毅論(lun)(lun)》,皆摹(mo)刻(ke)本(ben)。著名者,南(nan)宋有(you)越(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)邦哲《越(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏帖》本(ben),明朝有(you)文氏《停云館帖》本(ben)、陳巗《玉煙堂帖》本(ben)、吳廷《余(yu)清齋(zhai)帖》本(ben)、王肯堂《郁岡齋(zhai)帖》本(ben),清朝有(you)馮銓《快雪堂帖》本(ben)。《越(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏帖》本(ben),僅存(cun)二十(shi)九行(xing)(xing)(xing),帖首第一(yi)至五行(xing)(xing)(xing)下(xia)方(fang)缺(que)一(yi)角,第一(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)“初”字(zi)(zi),第二行(xing)(xing)(xing)“為(wei)劣(lie)是以敘而”六(liu)字(zi)(zi),第四行(xing)(xing)(xing)“必迂回(hui)”三字(zi)(zi),第五行(xing)(xing)(xing)“其(qi)”字(zi)(zi)。第二十(shi)九行(xing)(xing)(xing)僅剩行(xing)(xing)(xing)末“海”字(zi)(zi),亦稱(cheng)“海字(zi)(zi)本(ben)”,與沈(shen)括(kuo)所記相符,當是據高紳(shen)(shen)所藏(zang)殘(can)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)舊(jiu)本(ben)摹(mo)刻(ke)。
北(bei)京故宮博物院藏。《余清齋帖(tie)》乃吳廷(ting)摹刻(ke)(ke)於明朝萬歷二十四年(1596),摹刻(ke)(ke)皆精善,可(ke)惜(xi)刻(ke)(ke)於木(mu)板。但仍然是明朝叢(cong)帖(tie)名刻(ke)(ke),楊(yang)守敬認(ren)為“出明代(dai)諸集(ji)帖(tie)之(zhi)上(shang)。”今初榻本(ben),比之(zhi)《停云館帖(tie)》等,尤為難得。其中《樂(le)毅論》帖(tie),未有“異僧權”三(san)字,其下又增刻(ke)(ke)“永和(he)四年十二月廿(nian)四日書付官奴(nu)”一(yi)行。《珊瑚網》卷(juan)一(yi)錄董其昌(chang)跋(ba)“梁(liang)摹《樂(le)毅論》真(zhen)跡”云:“余所(suo)見(jian)《樂(le)毅論》宋榻本(ben),及唐貞觀摹真(zhen)跡,二本(ben)皆無'付官奴(nu)'三(san)字,獨此有之(zhi)。”董氏所(suo)見(jian),可(ke)能是吳廷(ting)收刻(ke)(ke)《樂(le)毅論》所(suo)據(ju)的(de)(de)原本(ben)。又,“異”為隋朝朱異的(de)(de)押署,“僧權”為梁(liang)朝徐僧權的(de)(de)押署,見(jian)唐張彥(yan)遠《歷代(dai)名畫記》“敘自古跋(ba)尾押署”條。