大狐(hu)姓氏(shi)作為中國為數不多的(de)稀(xi)有(you)姓氏(shi)之一,它(ta)的(de)淵源、遷徙、分布都是有(you)史可(ke)循,有(you)據可(ke)查的(de)!
單一(yi)淵源:源于(yu)姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing),出自(zi)(zi)春秋(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)期(qi)晉(jin)國(guo)大(da)夫狐(hu)(hu)(hu)突(tu),屬(shu)于(yu)以先祖(zu)名(ming)字為(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)。大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)春秋(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)期(qi)晉(jin)國(guo)很早即出現的(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)。宋朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi)著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)學者鄧名(ming)世(shi)在《古(gu)今姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)書辯證·去·十四泰》中記載(zai):“大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu),出自(zi)(zi)姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)。晉(jin)大(da)夫狐(hu)(hu)(hu)突(tu),字伯行,文(wen)公(gong)重耳(er)外祖(zu)父也,生毛(mao)及偃(yan),毛(mao)生溱(zhen),皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)晉(jin)卿,別為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)。”姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)學界一(yi)般認為(wei)(wei)(wei),大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)本姓(xing)(xing)(xing)姬(ji),因(yin)其(qi)先祖(zu)被分封在狐(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)大(da)戎(rong)(rong)(今山西(xi)交城(cheng)一(yi)帶(dai)),故改姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)。在史籍(ji)《左傳》中記載(zai),后(hou)來(lai)晉(jin)獻公(gong)姬(ji)佹諸(zhu)(公(gong)元(yuan)前676~前651年在位)“又娶二(er)女(nv)于(yu)戎(rong)(rong),大(da)戎(rong)(rong)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)姬(ji)生重耳(er),小(xiao)戎(rong)(rong)子生夷吾”。漢朝(chao)著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)史學家司馬遷也認為(wei)(wei)(wei),“重耳(er)母,翟(zhai)之(zhi)(zhi)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)女(nv)也”。不過,當時(shi)也有其(qi)他民族(zu)是(shi)(shi)姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de),那(nei)么狐(hu)(hu)(hu)突(tu)的(de)(de)祖(zu)上是(shi)(shi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)姬(ji)還是(shi)(shi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)狐(hu)(hu)(hu),是(shi)(shi)土(tu)著(zhu)(zhu)民族(zu)還是(shi)(shi)宗周后(hou)裔?如果是(shi)(shi)出自(zi)(zi)土(tu)著(zhu)(zhu)民族(zu),那(nei)么到(dao)底是(shi)(shi)戎(rong)(rong)還是(shi)(shi)翟(zhai)?均已(yi)渺茫難考了(le)(le)(le)。山西(xi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)上古(gu)唐(tang)“帝堯初都”之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),又是(shi)(shi)夏王朝(chao)統治時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)根據地(di),但是(shi)(shi)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)商末西(xi)周初,該地(di)區(qu)已(yi)經(jing)基本上是(shi)(shi)戎(rong)(rong)、翟(zhai)(狄)、氐、羌諸(zhu)民族(zu)出沒游牧(mu)的(de)(de)地(di)方了(le)(le)(le)。
據史籍《左(zuo)傳(chuan)·定公四年》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載,周(zhou)成(cheng)王(wang)姬誦“分(fen)唐叔(叔虞(yu))以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)路,密須之鼓,闕鞏,沽洗,懷姓九宗,職官五(wu)正。命以(yi)(yi)(yi)《唐誥》,而封于(yu)夏虛,啟以(yi)(yi)(yi)夏政(zheng),疆以(yi)(yi)(yi)戎索(suo)。”這里的(de)(de)(de)“啟以(yi)(yi)(yi)夏政(zheng),疆以(yi)(yi)(yi)戎索(suo)”,實際上(shang)是(shi)就晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本治國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)略,就是(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)央政(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)建設上(shang),堅持(chi)周(zhou)王(wang)朝比(bi)較先進的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治制度,但(dan)是(shi)在(zai)地域管理方(fang)面又(you)遵(zun)循和順應當(dang)地各個(ge)游牧(mu)民族的(de)(de)(de)風俗(su)。在(zai)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建立初期(qi),真正的(de)(de)(de)宗周(zhou)貴族是(shi)不多的(de)(de)(de),姬叔虞(yu)當(dang)時只(zhi)帶去了(le)“懷姓九宗,職官五(wu)正”等少量姬姓族人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及一(yi)軍(jun)之卒(zu)(凡制軍(jun),萬有二(er)千五(wu)百(bai)人(ren)為(wei)一(yi)軍(jun)),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)部分(fen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)還(huan)是(shi)當(dang)地土(tu)著居民。事(shi)實上(shang),在(zai)整(zheng)個(ge)春秋時期(qi),各諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“胡”風一(yi)直是(shi)很濃厚的(de)(de)(de),從西周(zhou)初期(qi)受(shou)封于(yu)唐邑,后(hou)改(gai)唐為(wei)晉(jin)(jin),建立晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)與周(zhou)邊的(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)民族通商、通婚的(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)一(yi)直就十(shi)分(fen)普遍,就連國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君也不例外,這與燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)情況大(da)體(ti)相同。
大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)氏(shi),歷(li)代(dai)皆為晉(jin)(jin)國重臣,傳到歷(li)晉(jin)(jin)文公(gong)姬重耳(公(gong)元前(qian)636~前(qian)628年在(zai)位(wei))、晉(jin)(jin)襄公(gong)姬歡(姬環,公(gong)元前(qian)627~前(qian)621年在(zai)位(wei))、晉(jin)(jin)靈公(gong)姬夷(yi)皋(公(gong)元前(qian)620~前(qian)607年在(zai)位(wei))三朝、史稱晉(jin)(jin)國“股肱”的大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)射(she)姑以后,因其(qi)封地在(zai)賈(今山西臨汾),其(qi)后裔子孫大(da)(da)(da)多省(sheng)文簡改為單(dan)姓狐(hu)氏(shi)、賈氏(shi),大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)氏(shi)復(fu)姓就此在(zai)歷(li)史上(shang)基本消失了。如今,僅在(zai)浙江省(sheng)西南部麗水地區(qu)還有極其(qi)稀少的復(fu)姓大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)氏(shi)族人,仍以平陽(今山西臨汾)為郡(jun)望。
大狐突(姬狐突)。
平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun):亦稱臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)郡(jun)(jun)。歷史上的平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)有二:①即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)市(shi)(shi)。西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(己(ji)亥,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前202年(nian)(nian)(nian))置(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),治所(suo)在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)(fen))。三國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)曹魏國(guo)正始八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(丁(ding)卯,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)247年(nian)(nian)(nian)),將河東郡(jun)(jun)分出一部分與平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)并,設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun),治所(suo)亦在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)),其(qi)時(shi)(shi)轄(xia)地在(zai)(zai)今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)藿縣(xian)(xian)(xian)以南的汾(fen)(fen)(fen)河流域(yu)及(ji)其(qi)以西(xi)(xi)地區,境(jing)內(nei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)司(si)州平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun),轄(xia)十(shi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。西(xi)(xi)晉時(shi)(shi)期(qi)仍為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun),轄(xia)十(shi)二縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。西(xi)(xi)晉永嘉三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(己(ji)巳,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)309年(nian)(nian)(nian))初,匈奴人劉(liu)淵(yuan)自(zi)蒲子(zi)城(cheng)(隰縣(xian)(xian)(xian))遷(qian)都平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang),稱帝建漢(han)(han),境(jing)內(nei)屬之。東晉時(shi)(shi)先后屬并州、雍州和冀州;北(bei)魏時(shi)(shi)境(jing)內(nei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東雍州,轄(xia)七郡(jun)(jun)二十(shi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian);北(bei)魏神鹿元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(戊辰,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)428年(nian)(nian)(nian))始筑白馬(ma)城(cheng)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)),因魏刑白馬(ma)祭祀(si)天地神靈筑城(cheng)而名(ming)。孝昌二年(nian)(nian)(nian)改置(zhi)(zhi)唐州,治所(suo)在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)故城(cheng)(劉(liu)村);北(bei)魏建義元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(戊申,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)528年(nian)(nian)(nian))改稱晉州,移(yi)治自(zi)馬(ma)城(cheng),與郡(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)同治,沿(yan)用至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)。②即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)鄒城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)。鄒城(cheng)在(zai)(zai)春秋(qiu)戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)古稱平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang),是(shi)“鄒魯(lu)圣(sheng)地”,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中國(guo)儒學(xue)發源地。夏王(wang)朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)屬九州徐(xu)州之域(yu),秦朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)開始設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)“騶縣(xian)(xian)(xian)”,歷漢(han)(han)、晉、南北(bei)朝(chao),及(ji)唐朝(chao)初期(qi)改“騶”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“鄒”,稱“鄒縣(xian)(xian)(xian)”,沿(yan)襲至(zhi)(zhi)1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月,撤縣(xian)(xian)(xian)設(she)市(shi)(shi),稱鄒城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)。大狐氏(shi)的郡(jun)(jun)望(wang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)①即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)。
平陽堂:以望立堂。
大狐氏(shi)復姓是一(yi)(yi)個非常古(gu)老的(de)(de)姓氏(shi),但在今中國大陸的(de)(de)姓氏(shi)排行榜上(shang)未列入百(bai)家姓前一(yi)(yi)千位(wei),在臺灣省(sheng)則(ze)沒(mei)有。今浙江省(sheng)西南部的(de)(de)麗水地區,有零星大狐氏(shi)族人(ren)(ren)分布,以平(ping)陽為郡望。人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)總數不及一(yi)(yi)百(bai),大概屬(shu)于人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)最稀(xi)少的(de)(de)姓氏(shi)群(qun)體(ti)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)了。