公孫姓(xing):漢族復(fu)姓(xing)之(zhi)一(yi)。據傳,源(yuan)于5000多年前(qian)的華夏時(shi)代(dai),是(shi)中(zhong)國最(zui)古老的姓(xing)氏之(zhi)一(yi)。在《百家姓(xing)》中(zhong)排名第428位(wei)。在2007年全國姓(xing)氏人口排名第300位(wei)以(yi)外。
春秋時期,各國(guo)諸侯不(bu)論爵位(wei)(wei)大小,多喜(xi)歡稱(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)。按照周朝制度,國(guo)君一般由嫡長(chang)子繼位(wei)(wei),即位(wei)(wei)前稱(cheng)(cheng)為太子,其他的兒(er)子便(bian)稱(cheng)(cheng)為公(gong)子,公(gong)子的兒(er)子則稱(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)孫(sun)。他們的后代便(bian)有不(bu)少人便(bian)以公(gong)孫(sun)為姓。
《通志》載:"公孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi),春秋(qiu)時(shi)諸侯之孫(sun)(sun),亦(yi)以(yi)為氏(shi)者,曰公孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi),皆貴(gui)族之稱。或(huo)跟黃帝姓公孫(sun)(sun),因以(yi)為氏(shi)。”
公孫(Gōng sūn)姓(xing),源出有(you)二(er):
源于(yu)身(shen)份(fen),出自兩周(zhou)時期(qi)(qi)各諸(zhu)侯國(guo)王族(zu)的后(hou)裔,屬(shu)于(yu)以(yi)(yi)貴胄身(shen)份(fen)稱(cheng)謂為氏。春秋時期(qi)(qi),各國(guo)諸(zhu)侯不(bu)論爵位(wei)(wei)大(da)小,多(duo)有(you)被稱(cheng)為“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”者。按周(zhou)王朝(chao)的典禮制度(du),國(guo)君一(yi)般(ban)由嫡長子(zi)(zi)繼位(wei)(wei),即(ji)位(wei)(wei)前稱(cheng)為太子(zi)(zi),其他的兒子(zi)(zi)便(bian)稱(cheng)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)的兒子(zi)(zi)則稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)。在這些公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)的后(hou)裔子(zi)(zi)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)中,有(you)許(xu)多(duo)人便(bian)以(yi)(yi)身(shen)份(fen)稱(cheng)謂“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)”為姓氏者,稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)氏,因(yin)此,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)并(bing)非一(yi)族(zu)一(yi)姓的后(hou)人。
出自(zi)姬姓(xing),黃帝姬軒(xuan)(xuan)轅(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)裔有公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫氏。最(zui)初(chu)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫氏是(shi)在上古(gu)時(shi)期。據(ju)《路史》載:“神(shen)農同母弟勖,嗣少典國(guo)(guo)君(jun),世為諸侯,后(hou)以公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫為姓(xing)。軒(xuan)(xuan)轅(yuan)帝初(chu)名(ming)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫,后(hou)改姬。”所有他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai)(dai)里,有部分(fen)姓(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫,稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫氏。在春秋時(shi),各(ge)國(guo)(guo)各(ge)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸侯,大多喜(xi)歡被稱為“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。以當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度,國(guo)(guo)君(jun)將由國(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嫡系長子(zi)繼承(cheng)。正(zheng)式登基前,應先立(li)為太(tai)子(zi),此時(shi)其他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子(zi)將稱為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi),同時(shi)諸侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子(zi)也是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi),而公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子(zi)就(jiu)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫。這些(xie)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫們的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai)(dai)為突出祖出祖先曾有過的(de)(de)(de)(de)皇室血統(tong),就(jiu)改姓(xing)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫。這樣,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫作為一(yi)種姓(xing)氏的(de)(de)(de)(de)榮譽而流(liu)傳甚廣。此時(shi)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)姓(xing)氏來源就(jiu)五花八門,不一(yi)而足了。故公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫氏的(de)(de)(de)(de)始(shi)祖是(shi)黃帝軒(xuan)(xuan)轅(yuan)。
這在史(shi)籍《廣韻》中有記載(zai):“古封公(gong)之(zhi)后,皆(jie)自稱公(gong)孫,故其姓(xing)多,非一族也。”又據史(shi)籍《通(tong)志》記載(zai):“公(gong)孫氏(shi),春秋時(shi)諸(zhu)侯之(zhi)孫,亦以為氏(shi)者,曰(yue)公(gong)孫氏(shi),皆(jie)貴族之(zhi)稱。或眼(yan)黃(huang)帝(di)姓(xing)公(gong)孫,因以為氏(shi)。”
存(cun)疑:黃帝姬姓,不可能姓公孫
黃帝姓(xing)公孫的說法主要來源于《史記(ji)(ji)·五帝本紀(ji)》,而早于《史記(ji)(ji)》的《國語(yu)(yu)·晉語(yu)(yu)》卻記(ji)(ji)載:“黃帝以姬水(shui)(今陜甘的渭、湟之間)成,炎(yan)帝以姜水(shui)(經岐山、扶風、武功入渭之岐水(shui))成,故黃帝為(wei)(wei)姬,炎(yan)帝為(wei)(wei)姜。“
《史(shi)記(ji)》記(ji)載(zai):“黃帝二十(shi)五子,其得姓(xing)者十(shi)四人。”
《國(guo)語(yu)·晉語(yu)》謂十四人實有十二(er)姓,即(ji)姬(ji)、酉、祁、己、滕(teng)、葴、任、荀、僖、姞(ji)、儇、衣。其中青(qing)陽與夷鼓同(tong)為己姓,玄(xuan)囂與蒼(cang)林同(tong)為姬(ji)姓。十四個兒(er)子中并(bing)無姓公孫(sun)(sun)者(zhe)。兒(er)子中沒有姓公孫(sun)(sun)的,那(nei)么(me)孫(sun)(sun)子中會有么(me)?
清崔述《補(bu)上古考信錄(lu)》指(zhi)出:“公孫是(shi)公之孫,上古時無此(公孫)稱。”
黃帝(di)是(shi)少典的兒子,姓(xing)公(gong)孫,名(ming)軒(xuan)轅(yuan)。傳說是(shi)神農(nong)的同父異(yi)母弟(di):“嗣(si)少典國君,世為諸侯”,在(zai)他的后(hou)(hou)代中,就(jiu)有(you)人以公(gong)孫為姓(xing)。黃帝(di)軒(xuan)轅(yuan)氏曾姓(xing)過“公(gong)孫”,后(hou)(hou)來改成姬(ji)姓(xing),所有(you)他的后(hou)(hou)代里,有(you)部(bu)分姓(xing)公(gong)孫,另(ling)有(you)部(bu)分姓(xing)姬(ji),再有(you)少數(shu)以軒(xuan)轅(yuan)為姓(xing)。
漢魏(wei)時期(qi)遼(liao)東公孫氏世家(jia):
第一代:公孫延
第二代:公孫度
第(di)三代:公(gong)孫康(kang)、公(gong)孫恭(gong)
第(di)四代:公孫晃、公孫淵
第五代:公孫修
公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)是(shi)一個古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)漢族(zu)(zu)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi),但人(ren)口總數在中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大陸和(he)臺灣(wan)省均未列入百(bai)家姓(xing)(xing)(xing)前三百(bai)位(wei),在宋版(ban)《百(bai)家姓(xing)(xing)(xing)》中排序(xu)為(wei)第四百(bai)二(er)十(shi)九位(wei)門(men)閥。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)一姓(xing)(xing)(xing)源(yuan)遠流長,據《路(lu)史》上記(ji)載(zai),軒轅(yuan)氏(shi)(shi)初(chu)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),后(hou)改姓(xing)(xing)(xing)姬。由(you)此看來(lai),“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)”一詞,自(zi)(zi)(zi)古(gu)以(yi)來(lai)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義便(bian)十(shi)分尊(zun)榮(rong)也(ye)就不足為(wei)奇了。從《廣韻》上記(ji)載(zai):“封公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之后(hou),自(zi)(zi)(zi)皆稱(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。”可知(zhi),春(chun)秋時期列國(guo)諸侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),被尊(zun)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。從《通(tong)志·氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)略》記(ji)載(zai)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi),皆貴者之稱(cheng)(cheng)。”可見,后(hou)來(lai)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義延(yan)伸(shen)了,一般人(ren)也(ye)尊(zun)稱(cheng)(cheng)貴胄的(de)(de)(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)弟為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。如如今的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)”稱(cheng)(cheng)謂。據說春(chun)秋時代出身于諸侯之家的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),干脆(cui)以(yi)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)”為(wei)姓(xing)(xing)(xing),也(ye)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)了。由(you)此可見,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)為(wei)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)人(ren)中,并不完全是(shi)一脈(mo)相承自(zi)(zi)(zi)黃帝,其(qi)中有(you)一部(bu)分是(shi)春(chun)秋貴族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)裔。
公(gong)孫(sun)姓(xing)在(zai)(zai)大陸和臺(tai)灣百家姓(xing)中名列一(yi)百位之(zhi)后(hou)。在(zai)(zai)古代(dai)(dai),孫(sun)字可泛(fan)指(zhi)后(hou)代(dai)(dai)人,而公(gong)孫(sun)兩字,也可用來泛(fan)指(zhi)王公(gong)貴(gui)(gui)族的(de)后(hou)代(dai)(dai)。有(you)些(xie)王公(gong)貴(gui)(gui)族的(de)后(hou)代(dai)(dai)以(yi)公(gong)孫(sun)的(de)稱(cheng)呼為(wei)榮,便(bian)(bian)相延世代(dai)(dai)成為(wei)姓(xing)。古書(shu)《通志》說,相傳(chuan)遠(yuan)古時黃帝姓(xing)公(gong)孫(sun),于是便(bian)(bian)有(you)這(zhe)一(yi)姓(xing)的(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)流(liu)傳(chuan)。
公孫氏(shi)望(wang)族(zu)(zu)居高陽(yang)郡(今山(shan)東臨淄)、扶風郡(今陜西咸陽(yang))。今山(shan)東、云南兩省(sheng)還(huan)有公孫氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)人分布。
扶(fu)風郡(jun):周朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)置郡(jun),其(qi)時(shi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)在今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)省興平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、咸陽(yang)(yang)市一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)。漢朝(chao)(chao)武帝太初元(yuan)年(丁丑,公元(yuan)前104年)置右扶(fu)風,與京兆、左馮翊合為三輔,治所在今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)省興平(ping)市,其(qi)時(shi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)在今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)省長安縣(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)西(xi)、鳳翔縣(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)。三國時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)曹魏國改名為扶(fu)風郡(jun),治所在隗(wei)里(今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)興平(ping)),其(qi)時(shi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)在今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)省麟游縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、干(gan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)西(xi),秦嶺以(yi)(yi)北(bei)、山東省平(ping)原縣(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)南一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)。五(wu)代時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)后漢將其(qi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)定(ding)在今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)省咸陽(yang)(yang)市一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)。西(xi)晉朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)移治到池陽(yang)(yang)(今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)涇陽(yang)(yang)),南北(bei)朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的北(bei)魏移治所到好(hao)疇(今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)乾(qian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian))。隋、唐兩朝(chao)(chao)以(yi)(yi)今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)岐州一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)為扶(fu)風郡(jun)。
高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun):歷史上的高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)有三(san):①戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)為(wei)高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)邑,亦(yi)稱高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)鄉(xiang),在(zai)今(jin)河(he)(he)南杞縣(xian)(xian)西(xi)北(bei)部(bu),秦(qin)朝(chao)末期(qi)(qi)酈(li)食其自(zi)稱“高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)酒(jiu)徒”,其“高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)”即指該地(di)區。②東(dong)漢(han)桓帝時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(公元147~167年(nian))又(you)置(zhi)高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun),治所(suo)在(zai)高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(今(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)),其時(shi)轄(xia)地(di)在(zai)今(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)省(sheng)高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)一帶。晉(jin)朝(chao)泰始初期(qi)(qi)(乙酉,公元265年(nian))置(zhi)高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)國(guo),治所(suo)在(zai)博陸(lu)(今(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)蠡縣(xian)(xian)),時(shi)轄(xia)四縣(xian)(xian),轄(xia)境包括(kuo)今(jin)保定、清苑、高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)、博野、蠡縣(xian)(xian)等縣(xian)(xian)地(di)。③北(bei)魏時(shi)期(qi)(qi)另置(zhi)青州高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun),轄(xia)地(di)在(zai)今(jin)山東(dong)省(sheng)淄(zi)博市臨淄(zi)區西(xi)北(bei)部(bu)一帶,隋朝(chao)開皇初年(nian)(辛丑,公元581年(nian))被廢黜。公孫氏(shi)望族的高(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun),是(shi)指③之所(suo)處。
扶風堂(tang):以望立(li)堂(tang)。
高(gao)陽堂:以望立(li)堂。
白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)堂:東漢末期(qi)公孫瓚被封為討虜將軍,屢次打(da)敗胡虜,除遼東屬國長史。常(chang)乘白(bai)(bai)馬(ma),烏桓怕他,互相告語:“我們要避開(kai)白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)長史。”
忠義堂:春秋時(shi)公孫杵(chu)(chu)(chu)臼(jiu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)程(cheng)嬰(ying)(ying)(ying)都是(shi)趙(zhao)朔(shuo)的(de)(de)門客。趙(zhao)朔(shuo)為屠岸(an)賈(jia)所殺(sha),朔(shuo)妻遺腹生(sheng)一(yi)子(zi)。杵(chu)(chu)(chu)臼(jiu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)程(cheng)嬰(ying)(ying)(ying)設(she)計保(bao)存趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤兒(er)(er)(er):杵(chu)(chu)(chu)臼(jiu)把自(zi)己的(de)(de)兒(er)(er)(er)子(zi)藏在山中(zhong),派程(cheng)嬰(ying)(ying)(ying)向屠岸(an)賈(jia)回報(bao)說是(shi)趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤兒(er)(er)(er)。屠岸(an)賈(jia)就把公孫杵(chu)(chu)(chu)臼(jiu)的(de)(de)兒(er)(er)(er)子(zi)當成趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤兒(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)(he)公孫杵(chu)(chu)(chu)臼(jiu)一(yi)起殺(sha)了。程(cheng)嬰(ying)(ying)(ying)保(bao)護著趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤兒(er)(er)(er)長大成人(ren)(ren),終于報(bao)了趙(zhao)朔(shuo)被殺(sha)之(zhi)仇。人(ren)(ren)稱公孫杵(chu)(chu)(chu)臼(jiu)舍掉自(zi)己的(de)(de)兒(er)(er)(er)子(zi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)自(zi)己的(de)(de)命存主人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)孤,既(ji)忠且(qie)義。
人稱書庫,力卻弓旌
上聯典(dian)指隋(sui)朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期的(de)阜城人(ren)公(gong)(gong)孫景茂(mao),字元蔚,博覽經(jing)史(shi)(shi),在西魏時(shi)(shi)任(ren)(ren)太常博士(shi),對經(jing)史(shi)(shi)的(de)錯誤多有改動(dong),當時(shi)(shi)人(ren)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“書(shu)庫”。隋(sui)開皇初年官汝南太守,后歷任(ren)(ren)息(xi)州(zhou)刺史(shi)(shi)、道州(zhou)刺史(shi)(shi)、淄州(zhou)刺史(shi)(shi),所(suo)到之(zhi)處,常用(yong)自(zi)己的(de)薪俸幫(bang)助病人(ren)、窮人(ren)。下聯典(dian)指晉朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期的(de)上谷人(ren)公(gong)(gong)孫鳳,字上鸞,隱居(ju)在昌黎的(de)九城山谷,冬穿(chuan)單衣,夏吃(chi)餿(sou)食,彈琴吟詠,悠(you)然自(zi)得。朝(chao)廷屢次征(zheng)召,不為(wei)(wei)(wei)所(suo)動(dong)。“弓旌”,為(wei)(wei)(wei)古(gu)代征(zheng)聘士(shi)大(da)夫(fu)之(zhi)禮。
趙家義士,孟氏門人
上聯(lian)典(dian)指春(chun)秋時期的(de)晉國(guo)公孫杵臼(jiu)。下聯(lian)典(dian)指春(chun)秋戰國(guo)時期的(de)齊國(guo)公孫丑。
脫粟稱平津儉,舞劍示懷素書
上聯典指漢(han)朝(chao)時期的薛人(ren)公(gong)孫弘(hong),字(zi)季,小時候家里貧窮,四十(shi)多歲始學《春(chun)秋·雜說》,漢(han)武帝兩(liang)次征召(zhao)為(wei)博士,后任(ren)丞相,封平津侯,生(sheng)活(huo)儉樸,經常吃(chi)糙米,人(ren)們都佩(pei)服他的勤儉。下聯典指唐朝(chao)時期的教(jiao)坊舞(wu)伎(ji)公(gong)孫大娘,善舞(wu)劍器,名(ming)(ming)冠(guan)一時。杜甫(fu)曾有《觀公(gong)孫大娘弟子(zi)舞(wu)劍器行》詩。書法(fa)(fa)家懷(huai)素曾見(jian)她舞(wu)西河劍器,遂凈其舞(wu)姿化用于書法(fa)(fa),從此其草書大有長(chang)進,以(yi)狂草著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)。
脫粟稱平津之(zhi)儉(jian),舞劍示懷素之(zhi)書
上聯典(dian)指漢朝(chao)時期的薛人公(gong)孫弘。下聯典(dian)指唐朝(chao)時期的教坊(fang)舞伎(ji)公(gong)孫大(da)娘。
孟門受精微之學,行(xing)人(ren)擅修飾之能
上聯典指(zhi)(zhi)戰國時期的齊國人(ren)公(gong)孫丑,孟(meng)子(zi)弟子(zi),非常(chang)傾慕春(chun)秋(qiu)時齊國大(da)夫(fu)管仲、晏(yan)嬰,曾(ceng)向孟(meng)子(zi)請教他們建功立業的精(jing)細隱(yin)微的問(wen)題。下聯典指(zhi)(zhi)春(chun)秋(qiu)時期的鄭(zheng)(zheng)國大(da)夫(fu)公(gong)孫揮,字子(zi)羽(yu),鄭(zheng)(zheng)簡公(gong)時任行人(ren)(掌管朝(chao)覲(jin)聘問(wen)的官)。《論(lun)語·憲問(wen)》中曾(ceng)說:“鄭(zheng)(zheng)國外交辭令的創制,裨湛起草,世叔(shu)討論(lun),行人(ren)子(zi)羽(yu)修飾,東里(li)子(zi)產潤色(se)。”
孟(meng)氏及門,受精微之(zhi)(zhi)學;行人子(zi)羽,擅修飾之(zhi)(zhi)能
上(shang)聯典指戰國(guo)時期的公(gong)孫丑,孟子(zi)(zi)弟子(zi)(zi),曾向孟子(zi)(zi)問(wen)何(he)謂(wei)“不動心”和“浩然之(zhi)氣”。又(you)請問(wen)管(guan)仲和晏嬰的功(gong)業。下聯典指春秋時期的公(gong)孫揮,字子(zi)(zi)羽(yu)。熟諳諸侯(hou)政令,且嫻于辭令。仕(shi)行人。《論(lun)語(yu)》:“行人子(zi)(zi)羽(yu)修飾之(zhi)。”《左(zuo)傳》論(lun)述(shu):“鄭國(guo)將有諸侯(hou)(外交)之(zhi)事,子(zi)(zi)產乃問(wen)四(si)國(guo)之(zhi)事于子(zi)(zi)羽(yu)。”
黃帝:姓(xing)公(gong)孫(一說(shuo)為姬姓(xing)),名軒轅(yuan)(yuan),號軒轅(yuan)(yuan)氏、有熊(xiong)氏和歸(gui)藏(zang)氏,被(bei)尊(zun)奉為“中華始(shi)祖(zu)”。據《史記(ji)·五帝本(ben)記(ji)》記(ji)載:“黃帝者,少典之(zhi)子,姓(xing)公(gong)孫,名軒轅(yuan)(yuan)。……黃帝居(ju)軒轅(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)丘”。華夏族(zu)的締造(zao)者,五帝之(zhi)首(shou),有些說(shuo)法被(bei)列為三(san)皇(huang)之(zhi)一,是公(gong)認的中華民(min)族(zu)的祖(zu)先。
公孫僑(qiao):復姓(xing)公孫,名僑(qiao),字子(zi)產(chan),又(you)字子(zi)美,鄭(zheng)稱公孫。春秋(qiu)時期鄭(zheng)國的(de)政治家和思想家。子(zi)產(chan)具有人(ren)(ren)(ren)本(ben)主義的(de)思想,強調人(ren)(ren)(ren)事,但也(ye)不否認鬼神。提出“天(tian)(tian)道遠,人(ren)(ren)(ren)道邇,非(fei)所及也(ye)”。在(zai)子(zi)產(chan)看來,人(ren)(ren)(ren)道先于天(tian)(tian)道,天(tian)(tian)道可以(yi)存(cun)而不論(lun),人(ren)(ren)(ren)道則不能不察(cha)。被清朝的(de)王源推許(xu)為(wei)“春秋(qiu)第一人(ren)(ren)(ren)”。
公(gong)孫鞅(yang)(yang),衛國國君的后(hou)裔,姬姓、公(gong)孫氏,故稱(cheng)衛鞅(yang)(yang),又稱(cheng)公(gong)孫鞅(yang)(yang),后(hou)封于(yu)商,后(hou)人(ren)稱(cheng)之商鞅(yang)(yang)。在秦(qin)國執政十九(jiu)年,秦(qin)國大治(zhi),史(shi)稱(cheng)商鞅(yang)(yang)變法。戰國時(shi)期政治(zhi)家,著名法家代表(biao)人(ren)物。
公孫(sun)龍(前320年(nian)-前250年(nian)):傳說字子(zi)秉(bing),中國(guo)戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期趙國(guo)人(ren),曾經做過平原君的(de)(de)門客,名家的(de)(de)代表人(ren)物(wu),其主(zhu)要著(zhu)作為(wei)《公孫(sun)龍子(zi)》,西漢時(shi)(shi)共有(you)14篇(pian),唐代時(shi)(shi)分(fen)為(wei)三卷,北宋時(shi)(shi)遺失了(le)8篇(pian),到如今只(zhi)殘(can)留(liu)6篇(pian),共一(yi)(yi)卷。其中最重要的(de)(de)兩(liang)篇(pian)是(shi)《白(bai)(bai)馬論》和(he)《堅(jian)白(bai)(bai)論》,提出了(le)“白(bai)(bai)馬非(fei)馬”和(he)“離堅(jian)白(bai)(bai)”等(deng)論點(dian),是(shi)“離堅(jian)白(bai)(bai)”學(xue)派的(de)(de)主(zhu)要代表。是(shi)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)詭辯學(xue)代表著(zhu)作,提出了(le)邏輯學(xue)中的(de)(de)“個(ge)別”和(he)“一(yi)(yi)般”之間的(de)(de)相互關系,但把它(ta)們(men)之間的(de)(de)區別夸大(da),割(ge)斷二者的(de)(de)聯系,是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)形(xing)而上學(xue)的(de)(de)思想體系。
公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述:西(xi)漢(han)(han)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),天下紛擾,群雄競起,公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述遂自稱輔漢(han)(han)將軍兼(jian)領益州牧。建武元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(25年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述稱帝于蜀,國號成(cheng)(cheng)家(jia)(一(yi)作(zuo)大成(cheng)(cheng)或成(cheng)(cheng)),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)號龍興。建武十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(35年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),漢(han)(han)廷乃派(pai)兵(bing)(bing)征討(tao),被公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述所(suo)拒。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),復命(ming)大司馬吳漢(han)(han)舉(ju)兵(bing)(bing)來(lai)伐(fa),攻破(po)成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou),縱兵(bing)(bing)大掠,盡誅公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi),“成(cheng)(cheng)家(jia)”為東漢(han)(han)所(suo)亡(wang)。計公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述割據益州稱帝,共在位(wei)十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。
公(gong)孫(sun)度(du)(du)(150-204年):字升濟,遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)襄平(ping)(ping)(遼(liao)陽(yang))人。有二子(zi),公(gong)孫(sun)康(kang),康(kang)弟(di)公(gong)孫(sun)恭,康(kang)子(zi)公(gong)孫(sun)晃、公(gong)孫(sun)淵。少隨(sui)父(fu)遷居(ju)玄菟郡(jun)。初為(wei)玄菟小吏,繼升尚書郎(lang)、冀州刺史(shi),后(hou)被免官(guan)。東(dong)(dong)漢中平(ping)(ping)六年(189年),經同鄉(xiang)徐榮推薦,被董卓任命為(wei)遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)太守。公(gong)孫(sun)度(du)(du)到任后(hou),厲行(xing)(xing)嚴刑峻法(fa),打擊豪強勢力(li),使(shi)令行(xing)(xing)政通,羽(yu)翼漸豐。漢獻(xian)帝初平(ping)(ping)元年(190年),中原地(di)區董卓亂起,各地(di)軍閥無暇東(dong)(dong)顧。公(gong)孫(sun)度(du)(du)趁機自(zi)立為(wei)遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)侯、平(ping)(ping)州牧。繼則東(dong)(dong)伐高句(ju)麗,西擊烏(wu)桓(huan),向南取遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島,開(kai)疆(jiang)擴土;又(you)招(zhao)賢納士,設(she)館開(kai)學(xue),廣(guang)招(zhao)流民,威行(xing)(xing)海外,儼然以遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)王(wang)自(zi)居(ju)。由(you)于公(gong)孫(sun)度(du)(du)的(de)銳意進取和苦(ku)心經營,使(shi)遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)地(di)區在漢末三國的(de)戰亂年代,獲得了暫(zan)時的(de)安寧,推動了當地(di)生產技術和封(feng)建文化的(de)發展。
公孫淵:字文(wen)懿(yi)。魏(wei)大司(si)馬,封樂浪公。公孫度之(zhi)孫。后自稱燕王(wang)。為司(si)馬懿(yi)所破(po)。
公(gong)孫瓚(?-199):字伯珪,漢(han)族,遼西令支(今河北(bei)遷安)人。東漢(han)末年獻帝年間(jian)占據幽州一帶的軍閥,漢(han)末群(qun)雄之一。后為(wei)袁紹(shao)所破。其子公(gong)孫續(xu),被(bei)公(gong)孫瓚派往黑山(shan)求張燕來救已遲(chi)。后為(wei)屠各(ge)(休(xiu)屠各(ge)的省稱,也稱休(xiu)屠)所殺。