毒(du)隱翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)是隱翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)科毒(du)隱翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)屬(shu)昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。其成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)小(xiao)到中(zhong)型,細長,兩(liang)側略平(ping)行,或(huo)末端尖削,略扁平(ping),整個身體由(you)黑黃(huang)二色相(xiang)間(jian)構成。毒(du)隱翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)頭黑色,觸(chu)(chu)角絲狀或(huo)棒狀,較(jiao)長,一般10-11節。前(qian)(qian)胸、腹(fu)基(ji)部(bu)(bu)桔(jie)紅或(huo)桔(jie)黃(huang)色,有(you)翅(chi)(chi)兩(liang)對(dui),前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)(chi)很短且堅硬,呈金(jin)屬(shu)藍色或(huo)綠色,腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)全(quan)裸;后翅(chi)(chi)膜質,長而大,飛行時(shi)展開,靜止時(shi)折疊在(zai)前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)(chi)下面。3對(dui)足黃(huang)色或(huo)黑色;腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)除(chu)腹(fu)末黑色外(wai)全(quan)為黃(huang)色;尾(wei)(wei)部(bu)(bu)有(you)兩(liang)個尾(wei)(wei)刺。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)細長,除(chu)無翅(chi)(chi)外(wai),形似成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),觸(chu)(chu)角3節;腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)第9節有(you)尾(wei)(wei)突一對(dui)。中(zhong)國已報道(dao)的毒(du)隱翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)21種。
毒(du)隱(yin)翅蟲遍(bian)及全(quan)世(shi)界的熱帶和(he)(he)亞(ya)熱帶地(di)區。毒(du)隱(yin)翅蟲成蟲行動迅速,善于飛翔,常晝伏夜出,具有(you)明顯(xian)的向光性和(he)(he)向高性,喜歡在湖(hu)泊邊的濕地(di)。毒(du)隱(yin)翅蟲成蟲在避風、多草、土(tu)壤疏松的地(di)方越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)。越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)時間(jian)從10月下(xia)旬開始(shi),翌年越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)的成蟲3月下(xia)旬離開越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)地(di)飛入農(nong)田、灌木、草叢中覓食(shi),并開始(shi)產卵繁殖,1年發生2-3代(dai),7-9月份為(wei)毒(du)隱(yin)翅蟲大量繁殖的季節(jie)。越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)期(qi)間(jian)無明顯(xian)的休(xiu)眠現象。
現代醫學發現毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)素Pederin可(ke)抑制細胞的(de)有絲分裂,阻礙(ai)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)與DNA的(de)合成,可(ke)醫治慢性壞死(si)潰瘍(yang)濕疹、神經性皮(pi)炎(yan),甚至癌腫瘤等。毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)體內具有強烈的(de)接觸性毒素,與人體接觸后可(ke)導致皮(pi)炎(yan),出現癢、紅腫痛、水皰、液皰等癥狀。
毒隱翅(chi)蟲成蟲小(xiao)到中型,細(xi)長,兩(liang)(liang)側略平行,或(huo)末端尖削,略扁平,外形很(hen)像(xiang)大(da)螞(ma)蟻。整個身(shen)體由(you)黑(hei)黃(huang)二色(se)相間構成。頭(tou)黑(hei)色(se);觸角絲狀(zhuang)或(huo)棒狀(zhuang),較長,一般10~11節(jie)。前胸、腹基部(bu)(bu)桔(jie)紅(hong)或(huo)桔(jie)黃(huang)色(se),有翅(chi)兩(liang)(liang)對(dui),前翅(chi)很(hen)短且堅(jian)硬,呈金屬(shu)藍色(se)或(huo)綠(lv)色(se),腹部(bu)(bu)全(quan)裸;后(hou)翅(chi)膜(mo)質,長而大(da),飛行時(shi)展開,靜止時(shi)折疊(die)在前翅(chi)下面。3對(dui)足黃(huang)色(se)或(huo)黑(hei)色(se);腹部(bu)(bu)除(chu)腹末黑(hei)色(se)外全(quan)為黃(huang)色(se);尾部(bu)(bu)有兩(liang)(liang)個尾刺(ci)。幼蟲細(xi)長,除(chu)無翅(chi)外,形似成蟲,觸角3節(jie);腹部(bu)(bu)第9節(jie)有尾突一對(dui)。
毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)由卵經幼蟲(chong)(chong)、預(yu)蛹(yong)、蛹(yong)變為成蟲(chong)(chong)。卵黃白(bai)色,略呈球形(xing)(xing),單個(ge)地(di)產在潮濕的基層;幼蟲(chong)(chong)2齡(ling),具(ju)骨化頭(tou)殼及適于穿刺的大而(er)呈鐮(lian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的上顆(ke);預(yu)蛹(yong)與幼蟲(chong)(chong)相(xiang)似,但(dan)靜止不(bu)動,呈“C”字形(xing)(xing);蛹(yong)為離蛹(yong),在淺表層土(tu)室中(zhong),借(jie)前胸與腹節上的毛狀(zhuang)(zhuang)突起(qi)支(zhi)撐在土(tu)室底部。
毒隱翅蟲(chong)每年發(fa)(fa)生3代(dai),多(duo)(duo)以成(cheng)蟲(chong)在避(bi)風(feng)、多(duo)(duo)草、土壤疏松的(de)(de)地方越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)。越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)時間(jian)(jian)從(cong)10月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)開始,越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)期間(jian)(jian)無明(ming)顯的(de)(de)休(xiu)眠現象(xiang),其活動情況(kuang)與環境(jing)溫度(du)(du)變化(hua)密切相關(guan),影響越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)主要因素是溫度(du)(du)和濕度(du)(du),其次是食物。翌年越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)3月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)離開越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)地飛入(ru)農(nong)田、灌木、草叢中覓食,并開始產卵繁殖,1年發(fa)(fa)生2~3代(dai)。7~9月(yue)份為毒隱翅蟲(chong)大(da)量繁殖的(de)(de)季節。
毒隱翅蟲(chong)(chong)蟲(chong)(chong)態(tai)歷期研(yan)究較少,日木的黃足毒隱翅蟲(chong)(chong),卵在(zai)3~19天內變動;一齡幼蟲(chong)(chong)4~22天;二(er)齡7~36天;預蛹(yong)1~7天;蛹(yong)3~12天。成蟲(chong)(chong)壽命約(yue)11個月,活動能(neng)力強(qiang),活動范圍大,具有自相殘殺的習性。
隱翅蟲行動(dong)迅(xun)速,善于飛(fei)翔,如(ru)遇驚擾立(li)即逃逸,喜孳生潮濕(shi)場(chang)所。常晝伏(fu)夜(ye)出,其夜(ye)間活動(dong)的頻率受氣溫、風向(xiang)、光亮等(deng)諸多因(yin)素影響。食(shi)性(xing)復雜,多食(shi)腐敗的植物(wu)與腐爛(lan)的動(dong)物(wu)、糞(fen)肥、菌類,植物(wu)花粉、動(dong)物(wu)尸體、糞(fen)便、垃圾(ji)以及枯(ku)葉、朽木(mu)、樹皮(pi)等(deng),而且也(ye)捕食(shi)小型昆蟲,如(ru)玉米螟、葉蟬、飛(fei)虱、蚜蟲和薊馬(ma)等(deng)昆蟲,且具(ju)有(you)明顯的向(xiang)光性(xing)(特別(bie)是對熒(ying)光)和向(xiang)高(gao)性(xing)。
大(da)多數(shu)毒(du)(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)可捕(bu)食農業(ye)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong),已(yi)被視為農業(ye)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)的(de)重(zhong)要天敵。如塔毒(du)(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)Paederus tamulusErichson和(he)梭毒(du)(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)P.fuscipesCurtis可捕(bu)食水稻(dao)、小麥、棉(mian)花、玉(yu)米、豆類(lei)等多種農作(zuo)物(wu)上的(de)蚜蟲(chong)、葉蟬、飛(fei)虱、薊馬、盲蝽(chun)、棉(mian)紅蜘蛛等多種害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)。高密度(du)的(de)農田毒(du)(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)在害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)生物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)中起到了(le)重(zhong)要作(zuo)用(yong)。
毒(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)皮炎(yan)(Paederus dermatitis),又名(ming)隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)皮炎(yan)或線狀(zhuang)皮炎(yan),當人(ren)捂碎(sui)毒(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)蟲(chong)體時,體液(ye)接觸(chu)人(ren)體后引起的急性(xing)紅斑皰疫性(xing)損害的皮膚(fu)病。一般以面部(bu)、頸部(bu)和(he)雙臂(bei)等裸出部(bu)位的病例最(zui)為(wei)常見,嚴重者全身感染(ran),所致(zhi)皮炎(yan)大多呈線狀(zhuang),也(ye)有(you)點狀(zhuang)、片狀(zhuang)、點片和(he)條片狀(zhuang)的。
毒(du)(du)(du)隱(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的(de)地(di)理區域,遍(bian)及全(quan)世(shi)界的(de)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)和(he)亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)地(di)區。自上世(shi)紀60年代在四川省(sheng)首例(li)報(bao)道(dao)以(yi)(yi)來(lai),該(gai)線狀(zhuang)皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)在我國多地(di)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng),如安徽、重慶、福建、廣東、廣西、貴(gui)州(zhou)、海(hai)南(nan)、河南(nan)、湖北、湖南(nan)、江蘇、山東、上海(hai)、新疆等省(sheng)、自治(zhi)區。其中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)我國南(nan)方多見,重慶和(he)四川一(yi)直(zhi)是高發(fa)(fa)區,2006年爆發(fa)(fa)的(de)毒(du)(du)(du)隱(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)給人(ren)們的(de)生(sheng)活帶(dai)(dai)來(lai)很大的(de)不便。能導(dao)致毒(du)(du)(du)隱(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)并在一(yi)定地(di)區流行的(de)病原毒(du)(du)(du)隱(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),全(quan)世(shi)界已(yi)報(bao)道(dao)20種(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)毒(du)(du)(du)隱(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),文(wen)獻記載2種(zhong),即梭毒(du)(du)(du)隱(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)P. fuscipes Curtis和(he)塔毒(du)(du)(du)隱(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)P. tamulus Erichson。
毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)體(ti)內具有(you)強烈的(de)接觸性毒素(su)(毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)素(su)、擬(ni)毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)素(su)、毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)酮(tong))。現代醫學發(fa)現毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)素(su)Pederin可(ke)抑制(zhi)細胞的(de)有(you)絲分裂,阻礙(ai)蛋白質與(yu)DNA的(de)合成,可(ke)醫治慢(man)性壞死潰瘍(yang)濕疹、神經性皮炎(yan),甚(shen)至癌腫(zhong)瘤等(deng)。在癌癥治療(liao)及細胞生物學研究中有(you)著重要意義,現已成為(wei)一種試驗性抗(kang)菌素(su)。
氣象因素對隱翅蟲皮炎暴發有明顯的作用和影響,特別是連續3~5年高溫、干旱后,遇到氣候適于土壤昆蟲繁殖,對種群數量增加有明顯作用,是造成隱翅蟲皮炎暴發的基礎條件;其次短期氣象因素的變化,尤其是成蟲交配、繁殖期如遇較長期低溫降水可致種群數量劇減;并可因潮濕、陰霆,悶熱氣候激發種群超常活躍,釀成隱翅蟲皮炎暴發;土壤擁有一個相當大的生物群落,約6000種,而甲蟲占重要位置。土壤理化性狀對昆蟲有重要影響,如在含水量低時(<5%)可干縮死亡。因而環境衛生狀況不好,垃圾、有機物堆集,糞便不及時清運均為隱翅蟲皮炎暴發創造了條件。
打掃(sao)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)外衛生(sheng),清(qing)除(chu)房(fang)屋(wu)四周的(de)(de)(de)朽木(mu)、廢料、雜草(cao),搗毀隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)棲息地(di)和孳生(sheng)場所,及(ji)時清(qing)除(chu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外的(de)(de)(de)雜草(cao)、污水和垃(la)圾等,必要(yao)時可噴(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)適(shi)量的(de)(de)(de)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)霧劑。不要(yao)在室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)堆放(fang)廢舊物品,保持(chi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)清(qing)潔、整齊(qi),使(shi)侵入(ru)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)無隱(yin)藏(zang)之處。同時要(yao)在家中安裝紗門、紗窗,防(fang)止(zhi)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)飛(fei)入(ru);夜晚(wan)關(guan)燈(deng)睡(shui)覺,睡(shui)覺前檢查床上(shang)是否有(you)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),以(yi)免壓死(si);盡量采取各(ge)種措(cuo)施,如(ru)點滅蚊器、擦花(hua)露水等,一(yi)旦發現家里有(you)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),也可適(shi)當(dang)噴(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa)氣(qi)霧殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑。在野外或(huo)(huo)草(cao)地(di)上(shang)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)人,最(zui)好穿上(shang)長(chang)衣長(chang)褲,或(huo)(huo)使(shi)用(yong)一(yi)些(xie)驅蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)液(ye)。農村夏秋季節割回的(de)(de)(de)稻(dao)草(cao)要(yao)及(ji)時打曬,不要(yao)堆積太久(jiu);在隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)活(huo)動(dong)高峰季節,用(yong)藥(yao)物殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)消毒,在室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)用(yong)凱素靈或(huo)(huo)奮斗吶等擬(ni)除(chu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)菊酯類(lei)農藥(yao)滯(zhi)留噴(pen)(pen)灑(sa)(sa),2~3個月內(nei)能(neng)有(you)效殺滅飛(fei)入(ru)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),或(huo)(huo)在樓房(fang)附(fu)近(jin)設置(zhi)燈(deng)光誘殺。在建筑物外圍的(de)(de)(de)周邊環境,不建議大規模使(shi)用(yong)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑滅殺隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),以(yi)免破(po)壞(huai)生(sheng)態平(ping)衡和造成(cheng)環境污染。
由于隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)血(xue)液(ye)中含有(you)隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)毒素,能(neng)引起人(ren)及動物皮(pi)(pi)膚壞(huai)死和(he)組織變(bian)性(如潰瘍和(he)壞(huai)疽)。因此,當其(qi)爬上人(ren)體(ti)叮咬時,可(ke)用嘴將其(qi)吹走即可(ke),切忌像對待(dai)蚊蟲(chong)那樣把它(ta)拍死,以(yi)免其(qi)體(ti)內的毒液(ye)濺到(dao)皮(pi)(pi)膚上。皮(pi)(pi)膚被隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)爬過(guo)后(hou),務必保(bao)持患處清(qing)潔,一般可(ke)以(yi)自(zi)動痊愈。一旦(dan)接觸到(dao)毒隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)毒素,可(ke)采(cai)取多(duo)種措施(shi)進(jin)行治療(liao),常見的有(you)創口(kou)清(qing)洗(xi)、藥物治療(liao)和(he)物理療(liao)法等。
接觸蟲(chong)體的部位應(ying)盡早用(yong)肥(fei)皂水洗(xi)滌或(huo)涂以堿性溶液(ye),忌(ji)用(yong)強堿性溶液(ye)。可用(yong)爐(lu)甘石洗(xi)劑清洗(xi)患處(chu),每日洗(xi);3~5次,也可用(yong)無菌(jun)紗(sha)布蘸(zhan)取濃(nong)度為1:8000的高錳酸鉀溶液(ye)或(huo)5%的碳酸氫鈉溶液(ye)或(huo)10%的氨水溶液(ye)濕敷(fu)患處(chu)。
治療原則,局部治療主要使用止痛、解(jie)毒(du)、止癢(yang)、消炎(yan)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)物,合并全身感染和(he)全身癥狀者,亦可口(kou)服撲爾敏或其他抗(kang)組織胺藥(yao)(yao)等(deng)抗(kang)過(guo)敏藥(yao)(yao)物,癥狀特別(bie)嚴(yan)重(zhong)者,除處理好局部外,還可內服皮(pi)質類固醇(chun)激素(su)治療。臨床常見使用且有效的(de)藥(yao)(yao)物有季德(de)勝(sheng)蛇(she)藥(yao)(yao)片、云南(nan)白藥(yao)(yao)、藿香正(zheng)氣水(shui)+慶大霉素(su)、黃柏水(shui)等(deng)。